El derecho al aborto en la formación psi: Tensiones, demandas y desafíos

Desde la Cátedra Libre por el Derecho al Aborto Legal, Seguro y Gratuito de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, espacio conformado en 2016, se presentan aportes al debate sobre el aborto legal en el campo de la formación "psi". Los diferentes capítulos de esta obra surgen de las discusiones y producciones de distintas actividades (jornadas, talleres, seminarios, etc.). El libro se compone de tres partes: la primera presenta una genealogización de la demanda por el derecho al aborto y los debates en el campo de la psicología a partir de referentes como Graciela Zaldúa, Nina Brugo, Martha Rosenberg, Débora Tajer y Elsa Schvartzman. En la segunda parte se desarrollan dos trabajos: uno analiza el tratamiento del aborto en la formación de grado y otro, las prácticas de interrupción legal del embarazo desde los equipos de salud en el primer nivel de atención. El último apartado presenta la síntesis de producciones de fin de grado de estudiantes de Psicología acerca del tema del aborto. (AU)

Saúde e empoderamento das mulheres: estudo de caso do Programa Mais Médicos em municípios com presença de médicos cubanos / Women's health and empowerment: a case study of the More Doctors Program in municipalities with Cuban physicians / Salud y empoderamiento de las mujeres: estudio de caso del programa Mais Médicos en municipios con presencia de médicos cubanos

Objetivo. Descrever as representações de ser mulher das usuárias do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM), com perspectiva de gênero e raça, e as mudanças que o PMM trouxe quanto ao empoderamento e cuidado da saúde. Métodos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso descritivo, de corte transversal. O trabalho de campo foi realizado mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas, aplicação de uma técnica evocativa de associação de palavras e grupos focais em municípios com médicos cubanos, com amostras de tipo nominal para escolha dos municípios e de tipo intencional para a escolha de participantes. O tamanho das amostras foi definido em campo com base na técnica da saturação teórica. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo e análise prototípica. Resultados. A cobertura da atenção básica foi fortalecida com os aportes do programa, segundo os quatro gestores entrevistados. As mulheres (103 na técnica evocativa e 120 nos grupos focais) relataram mudanças no modelo de atendimento, que se tornou mais humanizado, com impacto sobre sua percepção sobre os serviços de saúde, sobre a consulta médica, sobre os médicos e sobre a imagem de si mesmas e, em menor medida, sobre as práticas de cuidado da saúde. Conclusões. O PMM trouxe ganhos no empoderamento individual das mulheres, com reflexos potencialmente positivos para os comportamentos em saúde.(AU)

Objective. To describe the representations of being a woman by users of the More Doctors Program (Programa Mais Médicos, PMM) in Brazil, exploring the perspectives of gender and race, and the changes produced by PMM in terms of empowerment and health care. Methods. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The field work was performed using semi-structured interviews, with application of an evocative word technique and focal groups in municipalities with Cuban physicians, with nominal selection of municipalities and intentional selection of participants. The size of the sample was defined in the field based on saturation. The data were analyzed by content and prototypical analyses. Results. Primary health care coverage was strengthened by the PMM, according to the four municipal health secretaries interviewed. Participants (103 in the evocative technique and 120 from focal groups) reported changes in the model of care, which became more humanized, with impact on their perception of health care services, medical consultations, and physicians, on the image they had of themselves and, to a lesser extent, on their health care practices. Conclusions. PMM produced individual empowerment gains for study participants, with potentially positive impacts on health care behaviors.(AU)

Objetivo. Describir las representaciones de la condición de ser mujer hechas por las usuarias del programa Mais Médicos, con una perspectiva de género y raza, y los cambios producidos por este programa en materia de empoderamiento y cuidado de la salud. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio de caso descriptivo y transversal. El trabajo de campo se realizó mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, con aplicación de una técnica evocadora de asociación de palabras y grupos focales en municipios con presencia de médicos cubanos, con muestras de tipo nominal para la selección de los municipios y de tipo intencional para la selección de las participantes. El tamaño de las muestras se definió sobre el terreno con base en la técnica de la saturación teórica. Los datos se sometieron a análisis prototípico y de contenido. Resultados. Los aportes del programa fortalecieron la cobertura de la atención básica, según lo expresado por los cuatro gestores entrevistados. Las mujeres (103 de las entrevistadas con la técnica evocadora y 120 de los grupos focales) relataron cambios en los modelos de atención que hicieron que la atención se torne más humanizada y que incidieron en su percepción de los servicios de salud, las consultas médicas, los médicos, la imagen de sí mismas y, en menor grado, las prácticas de cuidado de la salud. Conclusiones. El programa Mais Médicos implicó adelantos en materia de empoderamiento individual de las mujeres, con repercusiones potencialmente favorables en los patrones de comportamiento relacionados con la salud.(AU)

Women in (neuro)science: report of a meeting held at the University of Valencia, Spain, in February 2018.

February 11th is the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. To mark this day, research centers and universities were invited by the Spanish Neuroscience Association to organize a symposium. Twenty-five centers in Spain participated in the event, with the intent of giving visibility to the existing problem of the scarcity of women compared with men in (neuro)science in positions of responsibility and command. Fourteen neuroscientists, all staff members of the University of Valencia, arranged the meeting. The morning included lectures by women neuroscientists in different phases of their career: a PhD student, a junior and a senior postdoctoral investigator, and a well-established investigator. In the evening, a roundtable composed of expert women philosophists, STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) scientists, and social experts discussed why the gap exists. At the end of the meeting, the exhibition entitled, "Women in Science" commenced: pictures and a brief biography of women who made significant contributions to science were presented. More than 200 people attended the meeting, including the general public, scientists, and secondary school and university students.

Violência sexual na região do ABC Paulista: retrato de 142 casos / Sexual violence in the ABC Paulista: portrait of 142 cases

INTRODUÇÃO: O abuso sexual deixa sequelas graves, como limitações sociais. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil das vítimas de violência sexual atendidas em um serviço especializado, na cidade de Mauá, São Paulo, entre 2008 a 2009. MÉTODOS: Analisou-se 138 mulheres, assistidas em um Hospital Universitário. Estudo retrospectivo com levantamento de prontuários para coleta de dados. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, etnia, relacionamento conjugal e sexual, hora da violência, número de agressores, busca por auxílio médico, uso de medicações e exames protocolares, comunicação por parte da vítima às autoridades competentes, uso de arma pelo agressor e número de gestações decorrentes. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 22 anos. A maioria não possuía relação estável, tinha atividade sexual previamente à violência, etnia branca, procurou auxílio médico em até 72 horas após o ocorrido usou medicações protocolares. No período noturno ocorreram mais crimes e a violência nesse momento teve maior probabilidade de ser praticada por mais de um agressor. Apenas 26,7% pacientes reconheceram os agressores e somente 42,9% e 21,8% das mulheres fizeram boletim de ocorrência e exame de corpo de delito, respectivamente. Em 40,8% foi utilizado algum tipo de arma na abordagem ou durante o crime. Por fim, nenhuma das pacientes que fez contracepção de emergência engravidou. Somente quatro engravidaram em decorrência da agressão. CONCLUSÃO: A caracterização das pessoas que sofrem violência sexual é de extrema importância para a criação de estratégias de atendimento para a profilaxia de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e seguimento ambulatorial até finalizar o tratamento, além de acompanhamento psicológico.

INTRODUCTION: Sexual abuse leaves severe sequels, such as social limitations. OBJECTIVE: To investigate aspects of sexual violence and the victims treated at a specialized service in the city of Mauá, São Paulo, between 2008 to 2009. METHODS: We analyzed 138 women, assisted at a University Hospital. Study is retrospective with survey of medical records for data collection. We studied: age, ethnicity, marital and sexual relationship, time of violence, number of aggressors, search for medical assistance, use of medications and protocol examinations, communication to the competent authorities, use of the weapon by the aggressor and number of resulting pregnancies. RESULTS: The mean age was 22 years. Most had no stable relationship, had sexual activity before the violence, were of white ethnicity, sought medical help within 72 hours after the event and used protocol medications. At night there were more crimes and violence at that time was more likely to be committed by more than one perpetrator. Only 26.7% of the patients acknowledged the perpetrators and only 42.9% and 21.8% of the women did report bullying and examination of the body of crime, respectively. In 40.8% some kind of weapon was used in the approach or during the crime. Finally, none of the patients who did emergency contraception became pregnant. CONCLUSION: The characterization of people who suffer sexual violence is of extreme importance for the creation of strategies for the care of prophylaxis of sexually transmitted diseases and outpatient follow-up until the end of treatment, as well as psychological counseling.

[Gender perspectives: a transversal priority of the g20 2018.] / Perspectivas de género: una prioridad transversal del g20 2018.

El enfoque transversal ha asegurado que las perspectivas de género se hayan tenido en cuenta en todas las líneas de trabajo propuestas, lo que ha llevado a un progreso concreto hacia el logro de una perspectiva de desarrollo más justa.

La mujer cubana: evolución de derechos y barreras para asumir puestos de dirección / Cuban women: evolution of rights and barriers to occupy direction posts

Los derechos de las mujeres cubanas a través de la historia han ido evolucionando como resultado de una incansable lucha. Se realiza una revisión de esta problemática para valorar objetivamente dicha evolución y las barreras que aún existen para que las féminas ocupen cargos de dirección. Se establecen diferentes etapas para el análisis. Se precisaron los momentos de inicio de su derecho al voto, a la igualdad ante el matrimonio y al reclamo del divorcio, comprobándose que estos derechos conquistados por ellas fueron el fruto de grandes luchas por sus reivindicaciones políticas, sociales y culturales. Se expone que existen aún numerosos aspectos que constituyen barreras a la ocupación de cargos de dirección por parte de la mujer, entre ellos los conflictos entre lo laboral y lo doméstico, la necesidad de viajes y traslados al centro laboral diariamente, las responsabilidades familiares, los horarios excesivos y la poca flexibilidad en los mismos, así como el poco tiempo para dedicar a las actividades sociales y recreativas y al cuidado personal (AU).

The rights of Cuban women have evolved through the history as a result of an indefatigable fight. A review of this problem was carried out to objectively appraise that evolution and the barriers still existing for women to occupy managerial positions. Several stages are established to perform the analysis. It was confirmed the date women were given the right to vote, the equality of rights in the marriage and the right of asking for the divorce, stating that these rights conquered by them were the result of a long struggle for their political, social and cultural demands. It is exposed that there are still several aspects arising as barriers against women occupying direction posts, among them the conflicts between work tasks and house tasks, trips for working reasons, daily displacement to work, the excessive hours and the little flexibility in them, and also the few time for social and leisure time activities, and for personal care (AU).

'My body is mine': Qualitatively exploring agency among internally displaced women participants in a small-group intervention in Leogane, Haiti.

The 2010 earthquake resulted in the breakdown of Haiti's social, economic and health infrastructure. Over one-quarter of a million people remain internally displaced (ID). ID women experience heightened vulnerability to intimate partner violence (IPV) due to increased poverty and reduced community networks. Scant research has examined experiences of IPV among ID women in post-earthquake Haiti. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the impact of participating in Famn an Aksyon Pou Santé Yo (FASY), a small-group HIV prevention intervention, on ID women's agency in Leogane, Haiti. We conducted four focus groups with ID women, FASY participants (n = 40) and in-depth individual interviews with peer health workers (n = 7). Our study was guided by critical ethnography and paid particular attention to power relations. Findings highlighted multiple forms of IPV (e.g., physical, sexual). Participants discussed processes of intrapersonal (confidence), interpersonal (communication), relational (support) and collective (women's rights) agency. Yet structural factors, including patriarchal gender norms and poverty, silenced IPV discussions and constrained women's agency. Findings suggest that agency among ID women is a multi-level, non-linear and incremental process. To effectively address IPV among ID women in Haiti, interventions should address structural contexts of gender inequity and poverty and concurrently facilitate multi-level processes of agency.

Intimate partner violence in the Caribbean: State, activist and media responses.

Violence in the Caribbean is a major public health and criminal justice problem. In some Caribbean countries, women's share of morbidity and mortality due to violence outstrips men's, which demonstrates a reversal in how gender and violence have been typically and globally understood. This morbidity and mortality among women is frequently a consequence of intimate partner violence (IPV). Using qualitative analysis and feminist discourse and narrative analysis on data from Guyana, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Barbados, the authors of this paper contribute to the growing research on IPV. The central organising questions are how do state, activist and media responses reproduce and/or challenge asymmetrical relations of power and gender, and what does this mean for women's agency in the context of violent relationships. State, activist and media responses reveal how assumptions about gender and IPV contribute to a contradictory context in which women navigate their desired outcomes.

Exploring gender norms, agency and intimate partner violence among displaced Colombian women: A qualitative assessment.

Women displaced by conflict are often exposed to many factors associated with a risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) such as high levels of community violence and the breakdown of social support systems. Previous research found that Colombian women perceived IPV to increase after displacement. This study explored how the experience of displacement altered gendered roles in ways that influenced the risk of IPV. Thirty-three qualitative interviews were conducted with displaced partnered Colombian women. Women disclosed that couples often held patriarchal gender norms; however, the roles of each partner necessitated by conditions of displacement were often in conflict with these norms. Men's underemployment and women's employment outside the home were viewed as gender transgressive within some partnerships and increased relationship conflict. Economic resources intended to empower displaced women, notably women's earnings and home ownership, had unintended negative consequences for women's agency. These consequences included a corresponding decrease in partner financial contributions and reduced mobility. Women's ability to obtain support or leave violent relationships was hindered by interpersonal, social and structural barriers. For women to have agency to leave violent relationships, power relationships at all levels from the interpersonal to societal must be recognised and addressed.

Transnational issue-specific expert networking: A pathway to local policy change.

This article reports on key findings from a study of subnational governments in Mexico and Nigeria (O'Brien, 2013). With empirical richness of the case study method and small-n statistical analysis across the subnational units for each country, this study asks: How can we push the needle toward more progressive policy change on violence against women in developing and democratizing contexts? This study finds that issue-specific expert networking is a civic pathway to subnational policy responsiveness in Mexico and Nigeria. The dynamics of this pathway illuminate local-global political connections, and this study shows how issue-specific expert networking is important for the diffusion of an international norm and policies on violence against women.

La situación económica: social determinants of contraceptive use in rural Honduras.

Contraceptive use is an important determinant of unintended pregnancy, but little is known about the social and structural factors that determine women's contraceptive use in rural Honduras. In this study, we aim to characterise the individual and social determinants of contraceptive use among women in rural Honduras. In 2011 and 2012, we conducted 14 interviews and 2 focus groups with women 18 years and older. In our analysis, we created a family-planning narrative for each participant and coded transcripts around key emergent themes related to these determinants. We found that social determinants--including poverty, gender dynamics and availability of family-planning methods--had a strong influence on contraceptive use among women in our sample. Study participants stated that they were faced with a difficult economic situation compounded by rising prices of basic goods and diminishing job opportunities. Paradoxically, at the same time that the economic situation led women to seek contraception, it also contributed to the structural barriers that limited their ability to obtain their method of choice and maintain continuous contraceptive use. Our findings suggest the need for multi-level efforts to create an enabling and sustainable environment for family planning among women in rural Honduras.

Informe ejecutivo del taller: Bolivia mujer indígena: salud y derechos diagnóstico participativo con CIDOB, CNAMIB y CNMCIOB-BS. Necesidades de fortalecimiento para el trabajo en salud y derechos sexuales y reproductivos en las organizaciones de mujeres indígenas, originarias y campesinas / sss

En Bolivia también se realizó un taller nacional de tres días en Cochabamba, con la participaciónde las contrapartes: Confederación Nacional de Mujeres Bartolina Sisa, CIDOB y CNAMIB. El diagnóstico participativo, se centró en el tema de cómo fortalecer la capacidad de las organizaciones indigenas para trabajar en temas de género y salud reproductiva, pero los productos fueron diferentes para cada organización debido a sus diferentes dinámicas, estructuras y experiencia en el tema...

Right to protection from unsafe abortion and postabortion care.

The International Congress on Population and Development (ICPD) Programme of Action urged governments and intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations to reduce women's recourse to abortion through improved family planning services; reliable information and counseling should be readily accessible to women who have unwanted pregnancies; where abortion is legal, it should be safe; and in all cases, quality services for management of abortion complications should be accessible. Review of the extent to which these recommendations have been implemented over the last 15 years shows that, with few exceptions, little attention has been given to this serious problem. Because of its political and religious implications, abortion is mostly ignored. Those with the power to promote change have an obligation to raise the issue of abortion from the darkness in which it is currently hidden, and bring it into the public light as a human drama and a health problem that is not difficult to solve if the ICPD recommendations are taken seriously.

O corpo e a construção das desigualdades de gênero pela ciência / The body and the construction of the unevenness of gender by science

Este trabalho analisa, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica assistemática, como a distinção entre o corpo masculino e o feminino produzida pela ciência desde o século XIX, especialmente pelo discurso e prática médica, enunciadores legítimos dos desígnios naturais dos corpos, vem contribuir para a construção de uma inferioridade do corpo feminino que legitima desigualdades de gênero vigentes nas sociedades tradicionais que, de algum modo, ainda se reproduzem ou permanecem na contemporaneidade.

This paper analyzes, from an unsystematic literature review, how the distinction between male and female body produced by science since the 19th century, especially through the discourse and practice of medicine, legitimate enunciators of bodily legitimate designs, can help make the construction of inferiority of the female body that legitimizes gender inequality in traditional societies that, somehow, still reproduce or remain in the contemporary world.

El aborto en la agenda del desarrollo en América Latina / Abortion in Latin America's development schedule

Propone una visión regional sobre la lucha feminista por el derecho al aborto. Inicia con un recordatorio de cómo se da la materminidad de las mujeres latinoamericanas en contextos de pobreza y marginación, y de las consecuencias mortales del aborto ilegal. Luego ofrece un panorama acerca de la tensión política entre algunos go biernos de América Latina y las feministas, en especial a causa de la intervención de la jerarquía de la Iglesia católica. Se argumenta el derecho al aborto como un asunto de justicia social, una cuestión de salud pública y una aspiración democrática.(AU)

Una experiencia de promoción de los derechos de la mujer: sistematización del proyecto promoción de la mujer / sss

Con el presente estudio de sistematización de esta experiencia generaba en diferentes socios, se ha recuperado en cada uno de los ambitos los errores y aciertos, las fortalezas y debilidades, en otras papalbras los aprendizajes, que pueden ser utilizados desde una perspectiva de replicabilidad por aquellos que estén interesados en sus diversos componentes, así como en los temas específicos de género, lucha contra la violencia, potenciamiento, empoderamiento personal, derechos humanos y ciudadanía...