Radiomorphometric analysis of isolated zygomatic arch fractures: A comparison of classifications and reduction outcomes.

PURPOSE: Although different proposals have been made to categorize isolated zygomatic arch fractures (ZAF), an investigation about fracture type and clinical outcome has not been published. In this study, we analyzed the geometric fracture morphology in isolated ZAF and provide a survey of reduction outcomes in accordance with 4 independent classifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Geometric measurements were performed in radiologic images of 94 patients with isolated ZAF, which were consecutively treated by closed reduction over transbuccal approach. Fracture types were allocated to the classifications of Rowe and Williams, Honig and Merten, Yamamoto et al., and Ozyazgan et al. The odds of achieving a satisfactory outcome were calculated for all categories. RESULTS: Wide preoperative dislocation angles of more than 22° presented in M-type fractures (77.1%) more frequently compared to 2 fragments without the M-shape (33.3%) and one fragment (14.8%, p < 0.001). Favorable reduction outcome was significantly higher for M-shaped fractures than for differently configured fractures (83.3% vs. 30.4%, odds ratio 11.43, confidence interval 4.27-30.61). The rate of reduction in 100%-75% was most frequent for the Honig and Merten type I as well as Ozyazgan type IBV (both 85.4%, p < 0.001) and Yamamoto type II (84.2%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The classifications of Honig and Merten, Yamamoto et al., and Ozyazgan were quite applicable, and subgroups showed significant increments in reduction outcome. Our analysis emphasizes that the differentiation of two clinical relevant groups, M-shaped and variable arch fractures, is feasible to manage and efficient to determine the odds of reduction outcome.

Surgical treatment of unilateral zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures: A 7-year observational study assessing treatment outcome in 153 cases.

This study investigates treatment outcome in zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fracture repair. METHODS: The medical records and CT-images of patients that received treatment for a unilateral ZMC fracture in 2005-2011 were studied. ZMC fractures were categorised as incomplete (type A), tetrapod (type B) or comminuted (type C). The incidence of sequelae, wound infection and secondary surgical interventions was analysed per fracture category. RESULTS: A total of 153 patients were treated in the selected period. Persisting sensory disturbances in the area innervated by the infraorbital nerve were observed in 50 cases (37%), facial asymmetry in 19 cases (14%), enophthalmos in 10 cases (7%) and persisting diplopia in 9 cases (7%). Wound infection occurred in 6 cases (4%). Secondary surgical procedures of the ZMC, orbital floor, and/or extraocular muscles were performed in 14 cases (9%). C-type fractures were associated with more secondary corrections for ZMC malreduction (12%, p = 0.03), more secondary reconstructions of the orbital floor (10%, p < 0.01), and more functional corrections of diplopia by extraocular muscle correction (5%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Treatment outcome in C-type ZMC fractures is less favourable than treatment outcome in A-type and B-type fractures. Intraoperative imaging, surgical navigation devices and 3D-planning software may improve treatment outcome in C-type ZMC fractures.

Assessment of changing patterns of Le fort fracture lines using computed tomography scan: an observational study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the changing mid-face fracture patterns using a computed tomography scan. METHODOLOGY: Fifty patients with mid-face trauma requiring open reduction and fixation were studied using 1.6 mm axial, sagittal, coronal and 3D images. Images were evaluated clinically, intra-operatively and finally were compared with standard Le Fort lines. Results. The male population dominated the female at a ratio of 11.5:1. The majority of the mid-face fractures were seen in the age group of 21-30 years. Road traffic accident (78%) was the major etiological factor followed by work-related accidents (12%) and assaults (10%). The CT scan analysis included categorizing the patients into three groups: (1) Fracture patterns resembling Le Fort lines (24%); (2) Fracture patterns partially resembling Le Fort lines (56%); and (3) Fracture patterns that do not resemble Le Fort lines (20%). CONCLUSION: With the change in the velocity of wounding object, there is a change in the mid-face fracture patterns. The majority of the cases present as a variant of classical Le Fort fractures. Computed tomography is a valuable diagnostic tool in assessing the fractures of the mid-face. 2D images are more sensitive than 3D images. However, both the images are required in delivery of an optimal treatment plan.

Zygomatic arch fracture: a new classification and treatment algorithm with epidemiologic analysis.

Determining the optimal method for zygoma fracture reduction is a common challenge. Numerous methods for treating zygomatic arch fractures have been suggested. However, a substantial gap exists between suggested treatment strategies and real-world practice. A general consensus of classification and treatment guidelines for zygomatic arch reduction has not yet been established. We reviewed our cases and propose a new classification of zygomatic arch fracture and a treatment algorithm for successful reduction based on the injury vectors.

Surgical management of complex midfacial fractures.

This article presents an overview of surgical management for complex midfacial fractures for the practicing otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon. Discussion includes the important anatomic relationships; pathophysiology; clinical features; pertinent physical examination findings; imaging; surgical approaches; and techniques for repair of zygomaticomaxillary complex, orbital, naso-orbital-ethmoid, and Le Fort fractures.

Not only "nurture", but also "nature", influence the outcome of zygoma repair.

The present study aims to elucidate the relationship between preoperative deviation patterns of fractured zygomas and treatment outcomes. Forty-five randomly selected patients with tri-pod type zygoma fractures were classified into a medial rotation group and a lateral rotation group, depending on preoperative deviation patterns. A minimum of 6 months after the operation, symmetry of the cheek was evaluated by three plastic surgeons using a VAS system. The evaluated scores were compared between the two groups. Furthermore, simulation of postoperative secondary deformity was performed by applying hypothetically defined relapse forces on CAD models produced by referring to the CT data of 20 patients. The deviation values obtained by the simulation were compared between the two groups. The results demonstrate that VAS scores were higher for the lateral rotation group than for the medial rotation group and that the deviation values were higher for the medial rotation group than for the lateral rotation group. It is concluded that treatment outcomes of zygoma fractures are affected by preoperative deviation patterns. Cases with medial rotation are likely to present poorer outcomes than those with lateral rotation.

Zygoma reconstruction.

Ideal reconstruction of the zygoma position is essential in restoring facial width, projection, and symmetry. Reconstruction should be focused on the zygoma's 4 articulations and restoring the vertical and horizontal pillars of the facial skeleton. This article describes the applied surgical anatomy as it relates to zygomatic deformities, surgical approaches, and reconstruction. The basis for diagnosing and classifying zygoma deformities as they relate to severity of injury and associated displacement, comminution, and comorbidities is also discussed. Traditional and contemporary concepts in posttraumatic, postablative, and esthetic reconstruction are also described.

Fracturas del complejo orbitomalar. Reporte de casos / Management of Zygomatic Bone fractures and orbital fractures: Report of cases

Las fracturas de malar representan el 78% del total y afectan al suelo de la orbita, seno maxilar y sutura cigomático malar. El hueso malar o cigomático, es el acolchado principal del esqueleto en la zona media de la cara, sus fracturas representan el 13 % de las fracturas cráneo faciales. Las fracturas del hueso cigomático se acompañan frecuentemente de fracturas de la órbita o de fracturas de la apófisis cigomética del temporal, por lo que algunos autores prefieren hablar de fracturas del complejo cigomático, abarcando otros huesos. Alrededor del 15% de los casos se asocian con lesiones oculares. Parestesias secundarias a fracturas se presentan en un 70% y 90% de los casos, de ellos el 25% persistirán por largo tiempo. Se presentan dos casos que concurrieron al servicio del Hospital, con fractura orbito-malar, por traumatismos deportivos. Se procedió a la reducción y fijación abierta con osteosíntesis

Malar bone fractures represent 78% of the total amount of fractures that affect the orbit floor, maxillary sinus and malar zygomatic suture. The malar and zygomatic bone, are those which constitute the primary padding in the center of the face, their fractures represent 13% of the craniofacial fractures. Zygoma fractures usually go along with orbit fractures or zygomatic process of temporal fractures, so that some authors prefer to talk about zygomatic complex, including others bones. Almost 15% of the cases are associated with ocular lesions. Secondary paresthesia and fractures represents 70% to 90% of the cases, 25% of them will persist during a long time. We'll show you two cases from our surgery department, the patient present orbitomalar fracture, due to sports trauma, the interventions consists in open reduction and fixation with osteosynthesis

Fracturas del complejo orbitomalar. Reporte de casos / Management of Zygomatic Bone fractures and orbital fractures: Report of cases

Las fracturas de malar representan el 78% del total y afectan al suelo de la orbita, seno maxilar y sutura cigomático malar. El hueso malar o cigomático, es el acolchado principal del esqueleto en la zona media de la cara, sus fracturas representan el 13 % de las fracturas cráneo faciales. Las fracturas del hueso cigomático se acompañan frecuentemente de fracturas de la órbita o de fracturas de la apófisis cigomética del temporal, por lo que algunos autores prefieren hablar de fracturas del complejo cigomático, abarcando otros huesos. Alrededor del 15% de los casos se asocian con lesiones oculares. Parestesias secundarias a fracturas se presentan en un 70% y 90% de los casos, de ellos el 25% persistirán por largo tiempo. Se presentan dos casos que concurrieron al servicio del Hospital, con fractura orbito-malar, por traumatismos deportivos. Se procedió a la reducción y fijación abierta con osteosíntesis AU)

Malar bone fractures represent 78% of the total amount of fractures that affect the orbit floor, maxillary sinus and malar zygomatic suture. The malar and zygomatic bone, are those which constitute the primary padding in the center of the face, their fractures represent 13% of the craniofacial fractures. Zygoma fractures usually go along with orbit fractures or zygomatic process of temporal fractures, so that some authors prefer to talk about zygomatic complex, including others bones. Almost 15% of the cases are associated with ocular lesions. Secondary paresthesia and fractures represents 70% to 90% of the cases, 25% of them will persist during a long time. Well show you two cases from our surgery department, the patient present orbitomalar fracture, due to sports trauma, the interventions consists in open reduction and fixation with osteosynthesis(AU)

Analysis of zygomatic fractures.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the natural history of zygomatic fractures in 469 cases over 14 years. The medical records of patients seeking treatment for zygomatic fractures were reviewed. The zygomatic fractures were classified as monopod, dipod, or tripod fractures for most patients. The monopod fractures included (1) zygomaticofrontal, (2) zygomaticomaxillary, and (3) zygomatic arch fractures. The dipod fractures were subclassified into 3 types according to combination of the previously mentioned 3 sites, which were 1 and 2, 1 and 3, and 2 and 3. Tripod fracture included all 1, 2, and 3. Among 469 cases of zygomatic fractures, tripod fractures (n = 238, 50.7%), zygomaticomaxillary fracture (n = 121, 25.8%), and isolated fracture of the zygomatic arch (n = 98 20.9%) formed most of the cases (n = 457, 97.4%). About one-half cases were tripod fractures (n = 238, 50.7%), and another half cases were monopod fractures (n = 220, 46.9%). Only 11 cases (2.4%) were dipod fractures. Most of the monopod fractures were zygomaticomaxillary (n = 121, 25.8%) and zygomatic arch fractures (n = 98, 20.9%). Among the dipod fractures, no cases of zygomaticofrontal and zygomatic arch fractures were reported. An open reduction was performed in 73.8% (346 cases), closed reduction in 24.5% (115 cases), and conservative treatment in only 1.7%. In tripod fracture (n = 238), an open reduction and internal fixation was performed for most of the cases (n = 225, 94.5%), and closed reduction was performed in only 11 cases (4.6%). In monopod zygomaticomaxillary fracture (n = 121), internal fixation was performed for most of the cases (n = 108, 89.3%), and closed reduction was performed in only 9 cases (7.7%). However, in monopod fracture of the zygomatic arch (n = 98), most of the cases (n = 95, 96.9%) were treated with closed reduction; open reduction was performed in only 1 case (1.0%). At zygomaticofrontal area (n = 241), internal fixation was performed in most of the cases (n = 198, 82.2%). At the infraorbital rim (n = 364), internal fixation was carried out in most cases (n = 257, 70.6%). At the zygomaticomaxillary buttress (n = 279), internal fixation was performed in about one third of the cases (n = 91, 32.6%). At the zygomatic arch (n = 339), only 1 case (0.3%) was fixed internally. The postoperative complication rate occurred in 88 cases (19.1%) among 461 cases operated. The most common complication was hypesthesia (50 cases, 56.8%), followed by diplopia (15 cases, 17.0%), limitation of mouth opening or closure (11 cases, 12.5%), infection (6.8%), and hematoma (4.5%). Most patients with hypesthesia improved at 2 months. About 90% of the patients with diplopia improved within 2 months. Limitation of mouth opening was improved immediately after operation in most of the cases. Our findings demonstrate significant differences in the demographics and clinical presentation that will enable a more accurate diagnosis and prediction of concomitant injuries and sequelae.

Assessment of the adequacy of closed reduction in fractures of the zygomatic arch using "C"-arm image intensifier.

Major problems in closed reduction of isolated, minimally displaced, and depressed zygomatic arch fractures are blind nature of the technique, reliability on digital palpation, reduction click, and step deformity between fragments. The purpose of this study was to objectively confirm the adequacy of closed reduction intraoperatively and the usefulness of the "C"-arm image intensifier. A total of 12 patients with 1- to 8-day-old unilateral isolated and depressed zygomatic arch fracture underwent closed reduction under "C"-arm image intensifier. Of these patients, 9 were men and 3 were women, with age ranging from 18 to 32 years. Intraoperative prereduction and postreduction images were obtained using the "C"-arm image intensifier. Criteria for adequate reduction were the following: intrafragmentary gap less than 0.5 mm, no overriding of fragments, no depression of fragments, and no step deformity. After being clinically satisfied about the reduction, images on "C"-arm showed no intrafragmentary gap. In 3 patients, there were residual overriding and minimal rotation around the anteroposterior axis of the posterior fragment. In 1 patient, rotation and step deformity remained. In this patient, additional stabilization was provided. The "C"-arm image intensifier shows some poorly reduced or unstable isolated depressed zygomatic arch fractures that remain unidentified even after careful palpation. Thus, it plays a recognizable role to avoid the trouble of second intervention.

One-point fixation of tripod fractures of zygoma through a lateral brow incision.

The aims of this report were to analyze the cases of lateral brow incision and 1-point fixation and to introduce the criteria for application of this selective approach.Among 70 patients with tripod fractures, 14 patients (20%) underwent 1-point fixation technique through lateral brow incisions. Preoperative and postoperative displacements of the infraorbital rim were radiologically measured.Of these patients, 7 cases (50%) were type III, 6 cases (43%) were type IV, and 1 case (7%) was type V according to the Knight and North classification. Simple fracture of the infraorbital rim was seen in 10 patients (71%), and comminuted fracture was seen in 4 patients (29%). In 11 patients, zygomaticofrontal sutures were fixed with square microplates with 4 holes and 0.5 mm in thickness, and straight miniplates with 4 holes and 1.0 mm in thickness were used in 3 patients. Of 14 tripod fractures, 6 (43%) were associated with floor fractures. Seven had displacement of the infraorbital rim (range, 2.0-7.6 mm; mean, 4.6 +/- 0.8 mm), and the other 7 had no displacement of the infraorbital rim. After surgery, step deformities of the infraorbital rims were improved (range, 0.1-3.8 mm; mean, 1.4 +/- 0.5 mm). All 14 patients were satisfied with their postoperative appearance.Indications for using 1-point fixation of the tripod fracture are (1) minimal or moderate displacement of the infraorbital rim in the tripod fracture of the zygoma, (2) no ocular signs of diplopia or enophthalmos, and (3) comminuted infraorbital rim fractures where internal fixation is difficult.

Management of injuries of the orbital skeleton.

These clinical studies were carried out in maxillofacial unite, 10th floor, Surgical Specialties Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad. These orbital injuries included 236 patients during 15 years of experience. Their ages ranged from 2 to 72 years (mean, 37 years); 172 were male, and 64 were female. Orbital injuries are classified into isolated orbital walls, roof, floor, lateral wall, and zygoma and medial wall and complex wall injuries, as orbital skeleton injuries, or as part of cranio-orbito-facial injuries. There were 110 cases (46.6%) with orbital floor, and 85 cases (36%) with lateral wall and zygomatic complex injuries; 6 cases (3.6%) had isolated roof injuries; there were 15 cases (6.3%) with medial wall fractures and dislocation of medial canthal ligaments; 8 cases (3.3%) were orbital skeleton injuries with superior orbital fissure syndrome in 2 cases and eyeball laceration in 1 case, and 12 cases (5.08%) were cranio-orbito-facial injuries. These cases were treated and reconstructed by chrome-cobalt mesh for orbital floor, and also, Silastic rubber silicone was used in the floor and roof. Bone graft was used for reconstruction of large defect of the floor and medial wall, and Silastic was used for secondary operation for reconstruction of the floor as additional layer in cases with slight resorption of bone graft to correct residual enophthalmos, and lyophilized dura was used for reconstruction of the roof. Follow-up of the cases was extended for 15 years. The aim of these studies was to show some interesting clinical cases and surgical challenges for the management of these cases.

[Fractured zygoma: a review of 356 cases]. / Les fractures de l'os zygomatique : à propos de 356 cas.

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of the zygomatic complex with its accompanying functional and esthetic deficits are a fairly common phenomenon in the practice of maxillofacial and plastic surgery. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review, based on collected data, on the topic of "fractured zygoma". The review is presented under the headings of epidemiology, fracture patterns, treatment modalities and complications. Throughout the paper comparison is made with published data from around the world. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective audit was undertaken of all hospitalized patients, at the department of maxillo facial and plastic surgery in Charles Nicolle Hospital (Tunisia), who had sustained a fractured zygoma from 1995 to 2004. RESULTS: A total of 356 fractures were sustained. Patients in the third decade of life (34%) recorded the highest incidence. The sex distribution is markedly higher for males than for females (9/1). Road traffic accidents (31%) were the predominant etiology. Tetrapod fractures (43.7%) were the most frequent type of fractures followed by zygomatic arch fractures (34.53%). Cases were managed by either closed or open reduction. Percutaneous reduction was the commonest technique employed. However, in unstable fractures necessitated open reduction, transosseous wiring was the most frequently employed fixation. Patients were followed-up routinely, for an average of nine months. Inferior orbital nerve dysfunctions were seen in 8.7% of cases. DISCUSSION: Epidemiological findings are similar to those reported in the literature. Males sustained more fractures than females and road traffic accidents were the commonest cause of zygomatic fractures. Open reduction and internal fixation is advocated for the unstable, markedly displaced or comminuted fractures.

Zygomatic fractures managed by closed reduction: an analysis with postoperative computed tomography follow-up evaluating the degree of reduction and remaining dislocation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate possible associations between the degree of reduction, remaining dislocation (mm), fracture type, and the sequelae from which the patient may suffer postoperatively in patients with zygomaticomaxillary fracture managed by closed reduction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 3-year retrospective audit was undertaken to identify all patients who had sustained a fractured zygoma and were operated on by closed reduction at the Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden. Patients were followed up by mail questionnaire and postoperative computed tomography (CT). RESULTS: The odds of having symptoms (odds ratio [OR] 4.26, confidence interval [CI] 1.09-18.44) was significantly higher in the group with a reduction less than 100% (n = 34) compared with the group with 100% reduction (n = 17) (P = .035). The odds of having symptoms (OR 9.91, CI 0.89->500) was higher in the group with remaining dislocation 6 to 10 mm compared with the group with no remaining dislocation (P = .069). The type of fracture (A, B, or C) also influenced the patients' postoperative symptoms. The odds of having symptoms was 48.40 (CI 4.60->500) times higher having fracture C compared with fracture A (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The degree of reduction and remaining dislocation of zygomaticomaxillary fractures is important to achieve a good postoperative result, that is, reducing the patient's postoperative symptoms. Furthermore, the type of fracture also influences the patient's long-term sequelae.

Ocular findings in patients with orbitozygomatic complex fractures: a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of ocular injuries and clinical ocular signs in patients with orbitozygomatic fractures of varying severity, presenting to a regional oral and maxillofacial surgery service. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients presenting to Limerick Regional Hospital (Limerick, Ireland) with orbitozygomatic fractures from January 1998 to December 2004. Patients with panfacial fractures and those with isolated zygomatic arch fractures were excluded. All patients were examined by the ophthalmology service preoperatively and reviewed postoperatively as indicated. The study population was divided into 3 subgroups based on the extent of the bony injury (confirmed by clinical, plain radiographic, and CT examination) as follows: group 1: "simple" noncomminuted orbitozygomatic complex fractures; group 2: comminuted orbitozygomatic complex fractures; group 3: "pure" orbital blowout fractures. Patient demographics, fracture etiology, and ocular findings were recorded. RESULTS: The study population included 148 patients (130 males, 18 females). All fractures were unilateral. Ocular findings were present in 29 (20%) patients, consisting of 8 of 85 patients (9%) in group 1; 15 of 53 patients (28%) in group 2; and in 6 of 10 patients (60%) in group 3. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical ocular findings and injuries are a relatively common complication of orbitozygomatic fractures, occurring in 29 (20%) patients in this study. These injuries occur more often in patients with orbital blowout fractures compared with comminuted orbitozygomatic complex fractures or simple orbitozygomatic complex fractures. Ophthalmology consultation is recommended for all patients presenting with orbitozygomatic fractures, and is essential for patients with orbital blowout fractures, based on the high incidence of clinical ocular findings and injuries in this subgroup of patients.

Facial fractures: beyond Le Fort.

This article presents a systematic approach for interpreting a craniofacial CT scan that is clinically useful to the reconstructive surgeon. By categorizing the fracture patterns and highlighting the variables that may affect fracture management, the radiologist can expand his interpretation of the fracture pattern into a clinically useful diagnosis that may affect fracture management.

A clinically applicable reporting system for the diagnosis of facial fractures.

A clinically applicable, comprehensive reporting system for the diagnosis of facial fractures was developed with three guiding principles: (1) preservation of classical anatomical terminology and nomenclature, (2) facilitation of uniform interpretation of radiographs between radiologists and (3) non-redundant diagnostic descriptions of complex fractures, in a manner that correlates with treatment modality. Twenty-two fracture types (17 simple fracture types and 5 complex fracture types) are included in the system. Each patient's fracture pattern is described by listing the component fractures present. A short narrative (modifying description) is provided after each fracture listed. Simple fractures that help to comprise more complex fractures are not listed separately, but are described within the modifying description of the complex fracture they help to comprise. When components of multiple complex fractures are present, a hierarchy of complex fractures dictates which fracture is described first. Additional complex fractures are only described separately when they do not share common components. In all other cases, the second (lower order) complex fracture is best described by simply listing the component (simple or complex) fractures that are not accounted for in the higher order complex fracture. Adoption of this reporting system should improve communication between emergency medicine physicians, radiologists and surgeons.

A new proposal of classification of zygomatic arch fractures.

PURPOSE: Among facial fractures, zygomatic arch fractures occur rather frequently. Facial fractures have recently been classified in fine detail according to computed tomographic findings. Nevertheless, there exists no classification of the zygomatic arch fracture, which has a physiognomically important place, to provide guidance for treatment. We aimed to make a detailed classification of zygomatic fractures in various shapes, which does not exist in the literature, and to form an algorithm for treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 451 patients with zygomatic arch fractures treated in our clinic from 1987 through 2004 were assessed retrospectively from the treatment viewpoint together with radiological and clinical findings. RESULTS: At the end of this assessment, arch fractures were divided into 2 groups: 1) isolated fractures in which the zygomatic arch alone broke, and 2) combined fractures in which the zygomatic arch broke together with the other facial bones. Isolated fractures were also divided into 2 subgroups as A) 2 fractures in the arch, and B) more than 2. Isolated arch fractures with more than 2 fracture lines were also classified as V-shaped fractures where fragments are partially reduced and those where fragments are displaced. As for combined fractures, they were subgrouped as A) single fracture in the arch, and B) plural. Plural fractures were further classified within their own group, also according to whether fragments were displaced or not. CONCLUSION: In the 2 fractures and V-shaped fracture subgroups of isolated fractures, preservation of fragments in reduced position was satisfactory during the closed reduction and afterwards. As for those with more than 2 fractures of isolated arch fractures, they required open reduction and internal rigid fixation. The same treatment was used in combined zygomatic arch fractures where there were more than one displaced fractures. In addition to classification, we formed an algorithm to guide us in treatment based on our series.