Monitoring the feeding and parental care behavior of a pair of free-living owls (Tyto furcata) in the nest during the reproductive period in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Monitoramento do comportamento alimentar e cuidado parental de um casal de corujas de vida livre (Tyto furcata) no ninho durante o período reprodutivo no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Abstract The American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) lives in urban, periurban and wild environments and feeds mainly on small rodents, meaning it has great importance in the biological control of pests. The aim of this work was to describe the reproductive, parental and eating habits of a pair of American barn owls naturally living outside a residence in the urban area of the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. A wood box was installed on an outside wall of the home, monitored by a video camera. A spreadsheet was created to keep track of the observations recorded. The female laid four eggs, and after an incubation period of 30-32 days all the eggs hatched, but only two chicks survived after cannibalism among the chicks. Initially, the male provided the food to the chicks and the female remained in the nest caring for the brood. After approximately a month, the female also began to leave the nest and return with prey, which was offered to the chicks, with the male also continuing this behavior. The chicks left the nest in September, 2017. The data obtained show the existence of cooperation and division of tasks between male and female owls during the reproductive period.

Resumo A coruja-das-torres americana (Tyto furcata) vive em ambientes urbanos e se alimenta principalmente de pequenos roedores, sendo de grande importância no controle biológico de pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os hábitos alimentares, parentais e reprodutivos de um casal de corujas-das-torres americanas, naturalmente vivendo fora de uma residência na zona urbana do município de Campos dos Goytacazes, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Uma caixa de madeira foi instalada em uma parede externa da casa, monitorada por uma câmera de vídeo. Uma planilha foi criada para manter o controle das observações registradas. A fêmea pôs quatro ovos, e após período de incubação de 30-32 dias todos os ovos eclodiram, mas apenas dois filhotes sobreviveram após o canibalismo entre os filhotes. Inicialmente, o macho fornecia a comida aos filhotes e a fêmea permanecia no ninho cuidando da ninhada. Depois de cerca de um mês, a fêmea também começou a sair do ninho e voltar com a presa, que era oferecida aos filhotes, com o macho também continuando com esse comportamento. Os filhotes deixaram o ninho em setembro de 2017. Os dados obtidos mostram a existência de cooperação e divisão de tarefas entre corujas machos e fêmeas durante o período reprodutivo.

Oral glutamine dipeptide or oral glutamine free amino acid reduces burned injury progression in rats / O dipeptídeo de glutamina oral ou aminoácido livre de glutamina oral reduz a progressão da lesão por queimadura em ratos

Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Glutamine, as a dipeptide or a free amino acid form, on the progression of burn injuries in rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were burned with a comb metal plate heated in boiling water (98 °C) for three minutes, creating four rectangular full-thickness burn areas separated by three unburned interspaces (zone of stasis) in both dorsum sides. The animals were randomized into three groups (n=10): saline solution (G1-Control) and treated groups that orally received Glutamine as dipeptide (G2-Dip) or free amino acid (G3-FreeAA). Two and seven days after burn injury, lesions were photographed for unburned interspaces necrosis evolution assessment. Seven days after injury, glutathione seric was measured and histopathological analysis was performed. By photographs, there was a significant reduction in necrosis progression in G3-Free-AA between days two and seven. Histopathological analysis at day 7 showed a significantly higher stasis zone without necrosis and a higher number of fibroblasts in G2-Dip and G3-FreeAA compared with G1-Control. Also, glutathione serum dosage was higher in G2-Dip. The plasmatic glutathione levels were higher in the G2-Dip than the G1-Control, and there was a trend to higher levels in G3-FreeAA. The reduction in histological lesions, greater production of fibroblasts, and greater amounts of glutathione may have benefited the evolution of burn necrosis, which showed greater preservation of interspaces.

Resumo Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da Glutamina, como um dipeptídeo ou forma de aminoácido livre, na progressão de queimaduras em ratos. Trinta ratos Wistar machos foram queimados com um pente de metal aquecido em água fervente (98 °C) por três minutos, criando quatro áreas retangulares queimadas separadas por três interesespaços não queimados (zona de estase) em ambos os lados do dorso. Os animais foram randomizados em três grupos (n = 10): solução salina (G1-Controle) e grupos tratados que receberam glutamina via oral como dipeptídeo (G2-Dip) ou aminoácido livre (G3-FreeAA). Dois e sete dias após a queimadura, as lesões foram fotografadas para avaliação da evolução da necrose entre os espaços não queimados. Sete dias após a lesão, foi dosada a glutationa sérica e realizada análise histopatológica. Pelas fotografias, houve uma redução significativa na progressão da necrose no G3-Free-AA entre os dias dois e sete. A análise histopatológica no dia 7 mostrou uma zona de estase significativamente maior sem necrose e número mais elevado de fibroblastos em G2-Dip e G3-FreeAA em comparação com G1-Controle. Os níveis plasmáticos de glutationa foram maiores no G2-Dip em relação ao G1-Controle, e houve tendência a níveis mais elevados no G3-FreeAA. A redução das lesões histológicas, maior produção de fibroblastos, maior quantidade de glutationa podem ter beneficiado a evolução da necrose da queimadura, que mostrou maior preservação dos interespaços.

Prediction of visceral leishmaniasis incidence using the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (SARIMA) in the state of Maranhão, Brazil / Previsão da incidência da leishmaniose visceral usando o modelo de média móvel integrado autorregressivo sazonal (SARIMA) no Maranhão, Brasil

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease predominant in countries located in the tropics. The prediction of occurrence of infectious diseases through epidemiologic modeling has revealed to be an important tool in the understanding of its occurrence dynamic. The objective of this study was to develop a forecasting model for the incidence of VL in Maranhão using the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (SARIMA). We collected monthly data regarding VL cases from the National Disease Notification System (SINAN) corresponding to the period between 2001 and 2018. The Box-Jenkins method was applied in order to adjust a SARIMA prediction model for VL general incidence and by sex (male or female) for the period between January 2019 and December 2013. For 216 months of this time series, 10,431 cases of VL were notified in Maranhão, with an average of 579 cases per year. With regard to age range, there was a higher incidence among the pediatric public (0 to 14 years of age). There was a predominance in male cases, 6437 (61.71%). The Box-Pierce test figures for overall, male and female genders supported by the results of the Ljung-Box test suggest that the autocorrelations of residual values act as white noise. Regarding monthly occurrences in general and by gender, the SARIMA models (2,0,0) (2,0,0), (0,1,1) (0,1,1) and (0,1,1) (2, 0, 0) were the ones that mostly adjusted to the data respectively. The model SARIMA has proven to be an adequate tool for predicting and analyzing the trends in VL incidence in Maranhão. The time variation determination and its prediction are decisive in providing guidance in health measure intervention.

Resumo A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença de natureza infecciosa, predominante em países de zonas tropicais. A predição de ocorrência de doenças infecciosas através da modelagem epidemiológica tem se revelado uma importante ferramenta no entendimento de sua dinâmica de ocorrência. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo de previsão da incidência da LV no Maranhão usando o modelo de Média Móvel Integrada Autocorrelacionada Sazonal (SARIMA). Foram coletados os dados mensais de casos de LV através do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) correspondentes ao período de 2001 a 2018. O método de Box-Jenkins foi aplicado para ajustar um modelo de predição SARIMA para incidência geral e por sexo (masculino e feminino) de LV para o período de janeiro de 2019 a dezembro de 2023. Durante o período de 216 meses dessa série temporal, foram registrados 10.431 casos de LV no Maranhão, com uma média de 579 casos por ano. Em relação à faixa etária, houve maior registro no público pediátrico (0 a 14 anos). Houve predominância do sexo masculino, com 6437 casos (61,71%). Os valores do teste de Box-Pierce para incidência geral, sexo masculino e feminino reforçados pelos resultados do teste Ljung-Box sugerem que as autocorrelações de resíduos apresentam um comportamento de ruído branco. Para incidência mensal geral e por sexo masculino e feminino, os modelos SARIMA (2,0,0) (2,0,0), (0,1,1) (0,1,1) e (0,1,1) (2, 0, 0) foram os que mais se ajustaram aos dados, respectivamente. O modelo SARIMA se mostrou uma ferramenta adequada de previsão e análise da tendência de incidência da LV no Maranhão. A determinação da variação temporal e sua predição são determinantes no norteamento de medidas de intervenção em saúde.

Effect of Agaricus blazei Murill on exploratory behavior of mice-model / Efeito de Agaricus blazei Murill no comportamento exploratório de modelo de camundongo

Abstract Increased anxiety and depressive symptoms have reported to be its association with long term illness. Because of having unwanted effects of newly available drugs, patients administering anxiolytic drugs usually discontinue the treatment before they are completely recovered. Therefore, there is a serious need to develop new anxiolytic drugs. The anxiolytic effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Agaricus blazei in animal models was assessed. 24 male mice (Mus musculus genus) were included in the study. Four groups were prepared and each group contained six animals. The groups were vehicle control, positive control (diazepam 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) as well as two treatment groups receiving Agaricus blazei hydro-alcoholic extract at a dose of 136.50 mg/kg and 273.0 mg/kg orally. The Marble burying test, Nestlet shredding test and Light and Dark box test used to assess anxiolytic activity. Mice administered with diazepam 1.0 mg/kg, i.p. while hydro-alcoholic extract of AbM (136.50 and 273.0 mg/kg, respectively) was administered via oral route which exhibited marked reduction in number of marbles-burying as compared to vehicle control group. Mice administered with diazepam 1.0 mg/kg, i.p. and Oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of AbM (136.50 and 273.0 mg/kg, respectively) exhibited significant decrease in nestlet shredding in comparison to vehicle control group. The oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract at a dose of 136.5mg/kg and 273mg/kg showed elevation in time spent in light box and was comparable to standard treated group while time spent by mice following oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of Agaricus blazei at a dose of 273.0 mg/kg also showed elevation and was found to be more near to standard treated group (diazepam 1 mg/kg, i.p.).

Resumo O aumento da ansiedade e dos sintomas depressivos têm relatado sua associação com doenças de longa duração. Por causa dos efeitos indesejáveis dos novos medicamentos disponíveis, os pacientes que administram medicamentos ansiolíticos geralmente interrompem o tratamento antes de estarem completamente recuperados. Portanto, há uma necessidade séria de desenvolver novos medicamentos ansiolíticos. Foi avaliado o efeito ansiolítico do extrato hidroalcoólico de Agaricus blazei em modelos animais. Vinte e quatro camundongos machos (gênero Mus musculus) foram incluídos no estudo. Quatro grupos foram preparados, e cada grupo continha seis animais. Os grupos foram controle de veículo, controle positivo (diazepam 1,0 mg/kg, i.p.), bem como dois grupos de tratamento recebendo extrato hidroalcoólico de Agaricus blazei na dose de 136,50 mg/kg e 273,0 mg/kg por via oral. O teste de enterrar Marble, o teste de retalhamento Nestlet e o teste de caixa clara e escura são usados ​​para avaliar a atividade ansiolítica. Camundongos foram administrados com diazepam 1,0 mg/kg, i.p., enquanto o extrato hidroalcoólico de AbM (136,50 e 273,0 mg/kg, respectivamente) foi administrado por via oral, que exibiu redução acentuada no número de mármores enterrados em comparação com o grupo de controle de veículo. Camundongos administrados com diazepam 1,0 mg/kg, i.p. e a administração oral de extrato hidroalcoólico de AbM (136,50 e 273,0 mg/kg, respectivamente) exibiu diminuição significativa na trituração de ninhos em comparação ao grupo de controle de veículo. A administração oral de extrato hidroalcoólico na dose de 136,5mg/kg e 273mg/kg mostrou elevação no tempo gasto na caixa de luz e foi comparável ao grupo tratado padrão, enquanto o tempo gasto por camundongos após a administração oral de extrato hidroalcoólico de Agaricus blazei na dose de 273,0 mg/kg também mostrou elevação e foi mais próximo do grupo tratado padrão (diazepam 1 mg/kg, ip).

Lesiones cutáneas asociadas con el uso de respiradores N95 en profesionales de la salud de Brasil durante 2020 / Skin lesions associated with the use of N95 respirators among health professionals in Brazil in 2020 / Lesões de pele associadas ao uso de respiradores N95 entre profissionais de saúde no Brasil em 2020

Objetivo: investigar la prevalencia de lesiones cutáneas y factores asociados con el uso de respiradores N95 en profesionales de la salud de Brasil. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 11.368 profesionales de la salud en el que se empleó un método de muestreo dirigido por encuestados adaptado para entornos en línea. Se ejecutaron análisis univariados y multivariados para investigar la asociación entre la variable "lesiones cutáneas por utilizar respiradores N95" y sexo, categoría profesional, lugar de trabajo, capacitación, diagnóstico de COVID-19 y disponibilidad de suficiente provisión de Equipo de Protección Personal de buena calidad. Resultados: la prevalencia de lesiones cutáneas fue del 61,8%. Las mujeres fueron 1,203 veces (IC 95%: 1,154-1,255) más propensas a desarrollar lesiones que los hombres. La probabilidad de lesiones cutáneas en psicólogos (RP=0,805; IC 95%: 0,678-0,956) y dentistas (RP=0,884; IC 95%: 0,788-0,992) fue menor en comparación con la encontrada en los profesionales de Enfermería. Los profesionales con diagnóstico positivo de COVID-19 y que trabajan en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos son más propensos a sufrir lesiones cutáneas (RP=1,074; IC 95%: 1,042-1,107); (RP=1,203; IC 95%: 1,168-1,241), respectivamente, Conclusión: la prevalencia de lesiones cutáneas causadas por utilizar respiradores N95 fue del 61,8% y estuvo asociada al sexo femenino, a la categoría profesional, al lugar de trabajo, a la capacitación, a diagnóstico de COVID-19 y a la disponibilidad de suficiente provisión de Equipo de Protección Personal de buena calidad.

Objective: to investigate the prevalence of skin lesions and factors associated with the use of N95 respirators among health professionals in Brazil. Method: cross-sectional study conducted with 11,368 health professionals using a respondent-driven sampling method adapted for online environments. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the association between the "skin lesions with the use of N95 respirators" variable and gender, professional category, workplace, training, COVID-19 diagnosis, and availability of sufficient and high-quality Personal Protective Equipment. Results: the prevalence of skin lesions was 61.8%. Women were 1.203 times (95% CI: 1.154-1.255) more likely to develop a lesion than men. The chances of skin lesions in psychologists (PR=0.805; 95% CI: 0.678-0.956) and dentists (PR=0.884; 95% CI: 0.788-0.992), were lower when compared to Nursing professionals. Professionals with a positive COVID-19 diagnosis and working in the Intensive Care Unit have an increased chance of presenting skin lesions (PR=1.074; 95% CI: 1.042-1.107); (PR=1.203; 95% CI: 1.168-1.241), respectively. Conclusion: the prevalence of skin lesions caused by the use of N95 respirators was 61.8% and was associated with female gender, professional category, workplace, training, COVID-19 diagnosis, and availability of sufficient and highquality Personal Protective Equipment.

Objetivo: investigar a prevalência de lesões de pele e fatores associados ao uso de respiradores N95 entre profissionais de saúde no Brasil. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 11.368 profissionais de saúde por meio de um método de amostragem dirigido por respondentes adaptado para ambientes online. Análises univariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas para investigar a associação entre a variável "lesão de pele com uso de respirador N95" e sexo, categoria profissional, local de trabalho, treinamento, diagnóstico de COVID-19 e disponibilidade suficiente de equipamentos de proteção individual de qualidade. Resultados: a prevalência de lesões cutâneas foi de 61,8%. As mulheres foram 1,203 vezes (IC 95%: 1.154-1.255) mais propensas a desenvolver uma lesão do que os homens. As chances de lesão de pele em psicólogos (RP=0,805; IC 95%: 0,678-0,956) e dentistas (RP=0,884; IC 95%: 0,788-0,992) foram menores quando comparados aos profissionais de Enfermagem. Profissionais com diagnóstico positivo para COVID-19 e que trabalham em Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos têm maior chance de apresentar lesões de pele (RP=1,074; IC 95%: 1,042-1,107); (RP=1,203; IC 95%: 1,168- 1,241), respectivamente. Conclusão: a prevalência de lesões de pele causadas pelo uso do respirador N95 foi de 61,8% e esteve associada ao sexo feminino, categoria profissional, local de trabalho, treinamento, diagnóstico de COVID-19 e disponibilidade suficiente de equipamentos de proteção individual de qualidade.

Cambio de la atención psicológica presencial a modalidad remota: facilitadores y obstáculos en la pandemia de COVID-19 / Changing face-to-face psychological care to remote mode: facilitators and obstacles in the COVID-19 pandemic / Mudança do atendimento psicológico presencial para modalidade remota: facilitadores e dificultadores na pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: verificar asociaciones entre variables sociodemográficas y factores que facilitan y dificultan la transición de la atención psicológica presencial a la modalidad remota en el primer año de la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: se trata de un estudio analítico, cuantitativo y de corte transversal. Después de la aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación, la recolección de datos se realizó mediante la aplicación de un formulario en línea que consta de 55 preguntas. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando técnicas de estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: la muestra de conveniencia estuvo compuesta por 385 psicólogos brasileños, en su mayoría mujeres (67,01%), jóvenes profesionales con hasta cinco años de actuación después de la graduación (44,16%) y predominio de actividades en la clínica privada. Se encontró que el tiempo de formación entre cinco y 10 años se asoció con una mayor percepción de dificultades y que la experiencia previa con la atención a distancia facilitó la adaptación en la transición de una modalidad a otra. Conclusión: considerando que la teleasistencia puede ser una poderosa herramienta en el escenario de la salud, se sugiere que los temas de la teleasistencia sean incluidos en la agenda de investigación y los contenidos programáticos en los currículos de los cursos de formación en salud.

Objective: to verify associations between sociodemographic variables and factors that facilitate and hinder the transition from face-to-face psychological care to remote mode in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: this is an analytical, quantitative, cross-sectional study. After approval by the Research Ethics Committee, data collection was performed by applying an online form consisting of 55 questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics techniques. Results: the intentional sampling consisted of a total of 385 Brazilian psychologists, mostly women (67.01%), young professionals with up to five years of graduation (44.16%) most of activities in the private clinic. It was found that training time between five and 10 years was associated with a greater perception of difficulties and that previous experience with remote care facilitated adaptation in the transition from one modality to another. Conclusion: considering that call center can be a powerful tool in the health scenario, it is suggested the inclusion of remote care issues in the research agenda and syllabus in the curricula of health training courses.

Objetivo: verificar associações entre variáveis sociodemográficas e fatores facilitadores e dificultadores da transição do atendimento psicológico presencial para a modalidade remota no primeiro ano da pandemia de COVID-19. Método: trata-se de um estudo analítico, quantitativo, de corte transversal. Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, a coleta foi realizada mediante aplicação de um formulário online composto por 55 questões. Os dados foram analisados por meio de técnicas de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: a amostra de conveniência foi composta por 385 psicólogos brasileiros, majoritariamente mulheres (67,01%), jovens profissionais com até cinco anos de ofício após a graduação (44,16%) e com predomínio de atividades na clínica privada. Constatou-se que o tempo de formação entre cinco e 10 anos foi associado com uma maior percepção de dificuldades e que a experiência prévia com atendimento remoto foi facilitadora da adaptação na transição de uma modalidade à outra. Conclusão: considerando que o teleatendimento pode ser uma ferramenta potente no cenário da saúde, sugere-se a inclusão das questões do atendimento remoto na agenda de pesquisa e conteúdos programáticos das grades curriculares dos cursos de formação em saúde.

Uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres / Inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men / Uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino entre homens HIV negativos que fazem sexo com homens

Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados con el uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres. Método: estudio transversal, analítico, nacional realizado de forma online en todas las regiones de Brasil, en 2020, a través de redes sociales y sitios de citas. El uso inconsistente del preservativo se definió como el uso ocasional o no usarlo nunca. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos, pruebas de asociación y regresión logística binaria. Resultados: 1222 (85%) de los 1438 participantes informaron uso inconsistente del preservativo. Las variables "homosexuales" (ORA: 2,03; IC 95%: 1,14-3,59; p = 0,016), "tener pareja estable" (ORA: 2,19; IC 95%: 1,55-3,09; p<0,001), "sexo oral" (ORA: 2,41; IC 95%: 1,31-4,43; p = 0,005), "anal insertivo" (ORA: 1,98; IC 95%: 1,10-3,58; p = 0,023) y "diagnóstico de ITS" (ORA: 1,59; IC 95%: 1,13-2,24; p = 0,007) se asociaron de forma independiente con el uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino. Las variables "recibió consejo de un amigo sobre la prueba del VIH" (ORA: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,96; p = 0,028) y "trabajador sexual" (ORA: 0,26; IC 95%: 0,11-0,60; p = 0,002) fueron factores protectores. Conclusión: las variables estudiadas indicaron que hay una fuerte relación entre las parejas estables y el aumento de la confianza y la baja adherencia al uso del preservativo, lo que coincide con otros estudios.

Objective: to analyze the factors associated with inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men. Method: a cross-sectional, analytical and nationwide study conducted online in all the Brazilian regions in 2020, via networks and in dating websites. Inconsistent condom use was defined as occasional use or as never using it. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, as well as association and binary logistic regression tests. Results: inconsistent condom use was reported by 1,222 (85%) of all 1,438 participants. The "homosexuals" (ORAdj: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.14-3.59; p=0.016), "having a fixed partner" (ORAdj: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.55-3.09; p<0.001), "oral sex" (ORAdj: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.31-4.43; p=0.005), "insertive anal" (ORAdj: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.10-3.58; p=0.023) and "STI diagnosis" (ORAdj: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.13-2.24; p=0.007) variables were independently associated with inconsistent use of male condoms. The "receiving advice on HIV test from a friend" (ORAdj: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52-0.96; p=0.028) and "sex worker" (ORAdj: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.11-0.60; p=0.002) variables were protective factors. Conclusion: the variables under study pointed to a strong relationship between steady partners and increased trust and low adherence to condom use, corroborating other studies.

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados ao uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino entre homens HIV negativos que fazem sexo com homens. Método: estudo transversal, analítico, de abrangência nacional realizado on-line em todas as regiões do Brasil, em 2020, por meio de redes sociais e em sites de relacionamento. O uso inconsistente do preservativo foi definido como uso ocasional ou nunca ter usado. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas, testes de associação e regressão logística binária. Resultados: o uso inconsistente do preservativo foi relatado por 1222 (85%) dos 1438 participantes. As variáveis "homossexuais" (ORA: 2,03; IC 95%: 1,14- 3,59; p = 0,016), "ter parceiro fixo" (ORA: 2,19; IC 95%: 1,55-3,09; p<0,001), "sexo oral" (ORA: 2,41; IC 95%: 1,31-4,43; p = 0,005), "anal insertivo" (ORA: 1,98; IC 95%: 1,10-3,58; p = 0,023) e "diagnóstico de IST" (ORA: 1,59; IC 95%: 1,13-2,24; p = 0,007) foram independentemente associadas ao uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino. As variáveis "recebeu aconselhamento de amigo sobre teste de HIV" (ORA: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,96; p = 0,028) e "profissional do sexo" (ORA: 0,26; IC 95%: 0,11-0,60; p = 0,002) foram fatores de proteção. Conclusão: as variáveis estudadas apontaram uma forte relação das parcerias fixas com o aumento da confiança e uma baixa adesão ao uso do preservativo, o que corrobora com outros estudos.

Factores que influyen en la alfabetización en salud de los pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria / Factors that influence health literacy in patients with coronary artery disease / Fatores que influenciam o letramento em saúde em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana

Objetivo: investigar los factores que influyen en la alfabetización en salud de los pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria. Método: estudio transversal, que incluyó 122 pacientes con enfermedades coronarias (60,7% del sexo masculino; 62,07±8,8 años); se evaluó la alfabetización en salud y el conocimiento específico sobre la enfermedad mediante entrevistas con los participantes, utilizando el Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults e Short version of the coronary artery disease education questionnaire. Los datos fueron descritos por medidas de tendencia central y frecuencias. Los factores que influyen en la alfabetización en salud se determinaron mediante un modelo de regresión lineal. El nivel de significación adoptado fue del 5%. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética e Investigación. Resultados: la edad y la hipertensión mostraron una relación inversa y significativa con la alfabetización en salud. Por otro lado, un mayor nivel educativo y tener empleo se asociaron con puntajes más altos en el instrumento de alfabetización en salud. El conocimiento específico sobre la enfermedad no influyó en la alfabetización en salud. Las variables del modelo de regresión explicaron el 55,3% de alfabetización inadecuada. Conclusión: en el presente estudio, se concluyó que el conocimiento sobre la enfermedad no influye en la alfabetización en salud, pero los profesionales deben considerar los factores sociodemográficos y clínicos para planificar las intervenciones.

Objective: to investigate the factors that exert an influence on health literacy in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: a crosssectional study, including 122 patients with coronary diseases (60.7% male; 62.07 ± 8.8 years old). Health literacy and specific knowledge about the disease were evaluated through interviews with the participants by means of the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults and the Short version of the coronary artery disease education questionnaire. The data were described by means of central tendency measures and frequencies. The factors that exert an influence on health literacy were determined by means of a linear regression model. The significance level adopted was 5%. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results: age and arterial hypertension presented an inverse and significant relationship with health literacy. On the other hand, higher schooling levels and having a job were associated with better scores in the health literacy instrument. Specific knowledge about the disease did not exert any influence on health literacy. The variables included in the regression model explained 55.3% of inadequate literacy. Conclusion: this study, knowledge about the disease exerts no influence on health literacy: however, the professionals should consider the sociodemographic and clinical factors to plan the interventions.

Objetivo: investigar os fatores que influenciam o letramento em saúde em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana. Método: estudo transversal, incluindo 122 pacientes com coronariopatias (60,7% do sexo masculino; 62,07±8,8 anos); letramento em saúde e conhecimento específico da doença foram avaliados por meio de entrevista com os participantes, pelo Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults e Short version of the coronary artery disease education questionnaire. Os dados foram descritos por medidas de tendência central e frequências. Fatores que influenciam o letramento em saúde foram determinados por modelo de regressão linear. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa. Resultados: idade e hipertensão apresentaram uma relação inversa e significativa com letramento em saúde. Por outro lado, maior escolaridade e estar empregado associaram-se com maiores pontuações no instrumento de letramento em saúde. O conhecimento específico da doença não influenciou o letramento em saúde. As variáveis do modelo de regressão explicaram 55,3% do letramento inadequado. Conclusão: no presente estudo o conhecimento sobre a doença não influência o letramento em saúde, mas os profissionais devem considerar os fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos para planejar as intervenções.

Patient safety culture in nurses' clinical practice / Cultura de segurança do doente na prática clínica dos enfermeiros / Cultura de seguridad del paciente en la práctica clínica de enfermería

Abstract Objective: to assess the psychometric characteristics of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, to characterize the patient safety culture, and to assess the influence of the sociodemographic and professional variables on the safety culture dimensions. Method: a methodological, observational, analytical and cross-sectional study conducted with 360 nurses in which the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture questionnaire was used. The data were submitted to descriptive and inferential analysis, as well as to feasibility and validity studies. Results: the nurses' mean age is 42 years old, their mean time of professional experience is 19 years, and they are mostly female. Good internal consistency was obtained (Cronbach's alpha: 0.83), as well as acceptable model fit quality indices. Teamwork within units, Supervisor expectations and Feedback and communication about errors were the dimensions that obtained scores above 60%. Non-punitive response to error, Frequency of events reported, Support for patient safety and Staffing presented scores below 40%. These dimensions are influenced by age, schooling level and professional experience. Conclusion: the psychometric properties of the questionnaire certify its good quality. Teamwork can be considered as an enhancing factor for the safety culture. Assessing the safety culture allowed identifying problematic dimensions, thus enabling planning of future interventions.

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar as caraterísticas psicométricas do Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, caracterizar a cultura de segurança do doente e avaliar a influência das variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais nas dimensões da cultura de segurança. Método: estudo metodológico, observacional, analítico, transversal, realizado com 360 enfermeiros, utilizando o questionário Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Os dados foram submetidos à análise descritiva, inferencial e estudos de fiabilidade e validade. Resultados: os enfermeiros possuem em média 42 anos de idade, 19 anos de experiência profissional e são maioritariamente do sexo feminino. Obteve-se boa consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach - 0,83) e índices aceitáveis de qualidade de ajustamento do modelo. O trabalho em equipa dentro das unidades, expetativas do supervisor, feedback e comunicação sobre o erro, foram dimensões que apresentaram scores acima dos 60%. A resposta ao erro não punitiva, frequência da notificação, apoio à segurança pela gestão, dotação de profissionais, apresentaram scores abaixo dos 40%. Estas dimensões são influenciadas pela idade, escolaridade e experiência profissional. Conclusão: as propriedades psicométricas do questionário certificam a sua qualidade. O trabalho em equipa pode ser considerado um fator potenciador da cultura de segurança. Avaliar a cultura de segurança permitiu identificar dimensões problemáticas, possibilitando o planeamento de intervenções futuras.

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar las características psicométricas de la Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, caracterizar la cultura de seguridad del paciente y evaluar la influencia de variables sociodemográficas y profesionales en las dimensiones de la cultura de seguridad. Método: estudio metodológico, observacional, analítico, transversal, realizado con 360 enfermeros, utilizando el cuestionario Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis descriptivo e inferencial y estudios de confiabilidad y validez. Resultados: los enfermeros tienen en promedio 42 años de edad, 19 años de experiencia profesional y la mayoría es de sexo femenino. Se obtuvo buena consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach - 0,83) e índices aceptables de bondad de ajuste del modelo. El trabajo en equipo dentro de las unidades, las expectativas del supervisor, el feedback y la comunicación del error fueron las dimensiones que presentaron puntajes superiores al 60%. La respuesta al error no punitiva, la frecuencia de notificación, el apoyo a la seguridad por parte de los gestores, la dotación de personal, presentaron puntajes por debajo del 40%. Estas dimensiones son influenciadas por la edad, la educación y la experiencia profesional. Conclusión: las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario certifican su calidad. El trabajo en equipo puede considerarse un factor que potencia la cultura de seguridad. La evaluación de la cultura de seguridad permitió identificar las dimensiones que tenían problemas y poder planificar futuras intervenciones.

Impacto de problemas de salud mental y apoyo social en la calidad de sueño: Seguimiento longitudinal antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en universitarios chilenos / Impact of mental health problems and social support on sleep quali-ty: Follow-up before and during the first eight months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chilean university student

Introducción: Antecedentes refieren altos índices de problemas de salud mental en universitarios antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19, con efectos sobre la baja calidad de sueño; sin embargo, el apoyo social percibido actuaría como un factor protector. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la salud mental (ansiedad, depresión y estrés) sobre la calidad de sueño, de forma transversal y longitudinal, antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en universitarios chilenos, verificando si el apoyo social percibido podría moderar esta relación. Material y Métodos: 1.619 universitarios en el año 2019 y 1.862 en el año 2020 respondieron cuestionarios orientados a medir depresión, ansiedad, estrés, calidad del sueño y apoyo social percibido. Con una fracción de la muestra que respondió en ambos años (n = 325) se realizó análisis longitudinal y se contrastaron los puntajes de los instrumentos entre ambos años, mediante una matriz de transición y un modelo de regresión múltiple. Resultados: Se encuentran altas prevalencias de problemas de salud mental, aumentando en el año 2020 la sintomatología moderada y grave. Se agudizan los problemas de sueño y la percepción de bajo apoyo social. Todas las variables de salud mental pueden predecir la calidad del sueño, excepto el apoyo social y longitudinalmente, aumenta la severidad de la baja calidad de sueño y la depresión. No se encuentran moderaciones significativas entre apoyo social percibido y el resto de las variables. Conclusiones: El efecto de la pandemia en la salud mental es complejo, requiriéndose acciones concretas para apoyar psicológicamente a los estudiantes.(AU)

Introduction: Research has revealed high rates of mental health problems in university students before and during the COVID-19 pan-demic, with effects on poor sleep quality; however, perceived social sup-port appears to act as a protective factor. Objective: To assess the impact of mental health (anxiety, depression, and stress) on sleep quality, cross-sectionally and longitudinally, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chilean university students, verifying whether perceived social support could act as a moderatorin this relationship.Material and Methods: 1,619 university students in 2019 and 1,862 in 2020 answered questionnaires aimed at measuring depression, anxiety, stress, sleep quality, and perceived social support. Longitudinal analysis was per-formed with afraction of the sample that responded in both years (n= 325). The scores of the instruments for both years were contrasted using a transition matrix and a multiple regression model. Results: High prevalence rates of mental health problems were found, with moderate and severe symptoms increasing in 2020. Sleep problems and the perception of low social support worsened. All mental health variables were found to predict sleep quality except for social support; longitudinally, the severity of poor sleep quality and depression increased. No significant moderation effects were found between perceived social support and the rest of the variables. Conclusions: The effect of the pandemic on mental health is complex, re-quiring concrete actions to provide students with psychological suppor.(AU)

Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of a European Portuguese version of the fear of COVID-19 scale / Propiedades psicométricas e invariancia de medida de una versión en portugués europeo de la escala de miedo de la COVID-19

El miedo generalizado de la COVID-19 parece haber exacerbado el impacto negativo de la pandemia. Por eso, es relevante monitorear el miedo de la COVID-19 y su asociación con la salud mental, el bienestar y los comportamientos de las personas, siendo necesarias medidas válidas y fiables de miedo de la COVID-19. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de una versión en portugués europeo de la escala Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S-P). Un objetivo secundario fue evaluar la invariancia de medición transversal multigrupo de FCV-19S-P (mujeres vs. hombres). Una muestra de 572 adultos portugueses (72 % mujeres) completaron el FCV-19S-P y medidas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Los resultados del estudio respaldaron la validez de esta versión y fiabilidad (alfa de Cronbach = .84; confiabilidad compuesta = .83) y una estructura factorial similar a de la versión original. El miedo de la COVID-19 se asoció positivamente (.23 < r < .31) con depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Los resultados del análisis transversal de invariancia multigrupo respaldaron la invariancia escalar total de la FCV-19S-P y su invariancia residual parcial, lo que sugiere que esta medida puede usarse para llegar a conclusiones válidas con respecto a las comparaciones de género en muestras de adultos portugueses.(AU)

The novelty and uncertainty of the pandemic nourished a gener-alized fear of the COVID-19, which seems to have exacerbated the pan-demic’s negative impact. It is thus relevant to monitor fear of COVID-19 and its association with individuals’ mental health, well-being, and behav-iors. Valid and reliable measures of fear of COVID-19 are necessary for that purpose. This study aimed at assessing the psychometric properties of a European Portuguese version of the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S-P). A secondary aim was to assess FCV-19S-P’s multigroup measurement invariance (female vs.male). A sample of 572 Portuguese adults (72 % fe-male) completed the FCV-19S-P and measures of depression, anxiety, and stress. The study results supported this version validityand reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = .84; Composite Reliability = .83), and a factorial struc-ture similar to the original version. Fear of COVID-19 was positively asso-ciated (.23 < r < .31) with depression, anxiety, and stress. Results of the multigroup invariance analysis supported the FCV-19S-P total scalar invar-iance and its partial residual invariance, suggesting that this measure may be used to reach valid conclusions in respect to gender comparisons in samples of Portuguese adults in regard to group observed composite means.(AU)

Assessment of sustained attention in high-performance and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children with a vigilance task / Evaluación de la atención sostenida en niños de alto rendimiento y con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) en una tarea de vigilancia

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue comparar a niños se-leccionados en un contexto comunitario con TDAH, alto rendimiento, y desarrollo normotípico, en una tarea de atención sostenida. Se selecciona-ron tres grupos de niños: TDAH (n= 42), alto rendimiento (n= 20) y desarrollo normotípico (n= 28). Se aplicó una tarea breve de vigilancia computarizada (CSAT-R) para comparar la capacidad deatención y el tiempo de reacción. Para analizar la validez clínica, los participantes se divi-dieron en aquellos con "disfunción atencional" y aquellos con "atención normal”. Los niños con alto rendimiento se diferenciaron claramente de los otros dos grupos, con tamaños del efecto grandes. Las diferencias entre los grupos normotípico y TDAH solo fueron significativas en los errores y en un índice no paramétrico de capacidad de atención, pero con tamaños del efecto pequeños. La CSAT-R mostró una buena especificidad y un valor predictivo positivo aceptable, pero niveles bajos de sensibilidad y un pobre valor predictivo negativo. Por tanto, la atención sostenida podría ser un mecanismo destacado en niños con altas capacidades. La CSAT-R (y pro-bablemente la mayoría de las tareas de atención) sería moderadamente útil en entornos comunitarios para el diagnóstico del TDAH, pero no para des-cartarlo.(AU)

The main objective of this study was to compare children select-ed in a community setting with ADHD, high-performance, and normo-typical development on a sustained attention task. Three groups of chil-dren were selected: ADHD (n= 42), high-performance (n= 20), and nor-mo-typical development (n= 28). A brief computerized vigilance task (CSAT-R) was applied to compare attentional capacity and reaction time. The participants were divided into those with “attentional dysfunction” and those with “normal attention” to analyze clinical validity. Children with high-performance were clearly differentiated from the other two groups, with large effect sizes. The differences between normo-typical and ADHD groups were only significant in the errors and in a nonparametric index of attentional capacity, but with small effect sizes. The CSAT-R showed good specificity and an acceptable positive predictive value, but low levels of sensitivity, and a poor negative predictive value. Therefore, sustained attention could be a prominent mechanism in children with high capacities. The CSAT-R (and probably most of attentional tasks) would be moderately useful in community settings for ADHD diagnosis, but not to rule it out.(AU)

Am I a bully? Relationship between aggressive behaviors and self-admission of being a bully in primary school children / ¿Soy un acosador? Relación entre las conductas agresivas y la autoadmisión de ser acosador en niños de primaria

La presente investigación se centra en la percepción de ser agresor en niños de primaria que acosan, y su relación con el sexo, la etapa educativa y el tipo de conducta agresiva. Nuestro objetivo fue comprender mejor la relación entre las conductas agresivas y la percepción de ser agresor. Se hipotetizó que los comportamientos agresivos estarían relacionados con la percepción de ser agresor. Un total de 4646 estudiantes de 7 a 12 años participaron en este estudio correlacional. Se administró el cuestionario EBIPQ para evaluar la agresividad, mientras que la percepción de ser agresor se evaluó con una pregunta directa. Un 14.9 % de los participantes se consideraron acosadores, y un 4.4 % acosadores frecuentes, según sus respuestas en el EBIPQ. Un 21.4 % de los acosadores y un 32 % de los acosadores frecuentes admitieron haber acosado. La percepción de ser agresor fue independiente del sexo y la etapa educativa. Por otra parte, algunas conductas agresivas se asociaron más que otras a la percepción de ser agresor. Los resultados sugieren una dificultad para considerarse acosador, especialmente en ciertas conductas agresivas. Finamente, se discute la necesidad de profundizar en los factores que influyen en la percepción de ser acosador.(AU)

The present research focuses on the self-admission of being a bully in primary school children who bully, and studies it in relation to sex, educational stage and type of bullying behavior. Our objective was to un-derstand better the relationship between aggressive behaviors and bullying self-admission. We hypothesized aggressive behaviors would be related to bullying self-admission. A total of 4646 primary school students aged from 7 to 12 years participated in this correlational study. The EBIPQ question-naire was administered to evaluate children’s aggressive behaviors, whereas bullying self-admission was evaluated through a direct question. From the total of participants, 14.9 % were considered bullies, and 4.4 % frequent bullies, according to their responses to the EBIPQ. Among bullies, 21.4 % admitted having bullied others, and this percentage increased to 32 % for frequent bullies. Self-admission of being a bully was independent of sex and educational stage. On the other hand, some aggressive behaviors were more associated than others to self-admission ofbeing a bully. Results suggest reluctance in children to consider themselves as bullies, especially in some types of aggressive behaviors. Finally, we discuss the need to study further the factors influencing the self-admission of being a bully.(AU)

The mediating role of negative affectin the relationship between family functioning and subjective happiness in Spanish colleges tudents / El papel mediador del afecto negativo en la relación entre funcionamiento familiar y felicidad subjetiva en estudiantes universitarios españoles

Previous research shows that family functioning and an individ-ual’s temperamentalcharacteristics carry significant weight in explaining subjective happiness. However, thelink between these factors is scarcely considered in emerging adulthood. For moreunderstanding, the main aim of our study was to explore the mediating role of negativeaffect on the re-lationship between family functioning and subjective happiness among asample of 347 college students in Spain. Results showed moderate scores in family cohesion and flexibility were positively associated to a young per-son ́s subjective happiness, whilesome extreme scores in those scales showed the opposite pattern. In contrast, negativeaffect was negatively as-sociated to subjective happiness in collegestudents. SEManalyses revealed that negative affect fully mediates the relationship between bothbalanced and unbalanced family functioning and subjective happiness. As regardsdysfunctional family patterns, we found that negative affect fully mediated therelationship between disengaged, enmeshed and chaotic unbalanced scales, andsubjective happiness. However, this mediational pattern failed to replicate in theunbalanced rigid scale. The social and clinical implica-tions of these results on thepromotion of subjective happiness in early adulthood was discussed, taking into accountSpanishculturalbeliefsonfamily functioning and well-being.(AU)

Estudios previos muestran que el funcionamiento familiar y las características temperamentales del individuo tienen un peso importante en la explicación de su felicidad subjetiva. Sin embargo, el vínculo entre estos factores ha sido escasamente estudiado en la adultez emergente. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue explorar el papel mediador del afecto negativo en la relación entre funcionamiento familiar y felicidad en una muestra de 347 estudiantes universitarios españoles. Los análisis mostraron que puntuaciones moderadas en cohesión y flexibilidad familiar se asociaron positivamente a la felicidad subjetiva, al contrario que las puntuaciones extremas de dichas escalas. Por el contrario, el afecto negativo se asoció negativamente con la felicidad. Los análisis SEM mostraron que el afecto negativo medió la relación entre funcionamiento familiar (equilibrado y desequilibrado) y felicidad subjetiva. Con respecto a los patrones familiares disfuncionales, encontramos que el afecto negativo medió la relación entre las escalas de desapego, dependencia y caos, y felicidad. Sin embargo, este patrón mediacional no se observó para la escala de rigidez. Se discuten las implicaciones sociales y clínicas que estos resultados tienen en la promoción de la felicidad subjetiva en la adultez temprana, teniendo en cuenta las creencias culturales españolas sobre funcionamiento familiar y bienestar.(AU)

Evidencias de validez de la Escala de Sentimiento de Autoeficacia Docente en una muestra española / Evidence for the validity of the Teachers’ Sense of Self-Efficacy Scale in a Spanish sample

El sentimiento de autoeficacia docente (SAD) es un constructo de compleja medida pero relevante por su relación con la calidad de la educación. Con este trabajo se pretende acumular evidencias de consistencia y validez para su uso en España de una versión del Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES). Los datos proceden de un colectivo español de futuros profesores de infantil, primaria y secundaria (N = 744) y se analizan desde un enfoque multivariado adecuado para escala ordinal, mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio (ULSMV) y árboles de decisión (CHAID y CART). Tras evaluar tres modelos de medida, se aportan evidencias de validez de una estructura del constructo en tres factores y 17 ítems, con índices de ajuste aceptables. Además, se avala tanto la convergencia y consistencia del constructo, como la utilidad de los ítems para la predicción de la autoeficacia docente global en los colectivos de estudiantes de grado y de máster que componen la muestra estudiada.(AU)

Teachers’ sense of self-efficacy is a hard construct to measure but is important in view of to its relationship with the quality of education. This work aims to gather evidence regarding the consistency and validity of a version ofthe Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) for use in Spain. The data come from a Spanish group of future early-years, primary and high school teachers (N= 744), and they are analysed using a multivariate approach suitable for ordinal scales, with confirmatory factor analysis (ULSMV) and decision trees (CHAID and CART). After evaluating three measurement models, evidence for the validity of a construct structure with three factors and 17 items with acceptable fit indices is provided. In addition, the convergence and consistency of the construct are both en-dorsed, as is the usefulness of the items for predicting overall teacher self-efficacy in the groups ofundergraduate and master’s students in the sam-ple studied.(AU)

El papel mediador de la fuerza del compromiso entre los estilos de procesamiento de la identidad y el bienestar de jóvenes adultos emergentes / The mediating role of the strength of commitment between the styles of identity processing and the well-being of emerging young adults

Los estilos de identidad buscan conocer cómo las personas se manejan diariamente en las situaciones buscando un compromiso identitario. En este trabajo se propone conocer si los estilos de identidad varían según la edad y el sexo, y analizar la relación entre estos y la fuerza del compromiso con variables de bienestar y malestar psicológico. Método: 278 participantes (M = 22.03; DT = 2.65) reclutados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico por bola de nieve cumplimentaron los cuestionarios. Resultados: Las mujeres puntuaron más alto en fuerza del compromiso y ellos adoptaron más un estilo difuso-evitativo. El estilo informacional correlacionó positivamente con las variables de bienestar (optimismo y florecimiento); el estilo normativo con depresión y ansiedad y el estilo difuso-evitativo correlacionó positivamente con las variables de malestar (depresión, ansiedad y estrés) y negativamente con las de bienestar. Finalmente, a mayor fuerza del compromiso más bienestar y menos malestar. La fuerza del compromiso media parcial o totalmente la relación entre estilos identitarios y las variables de bienestar/malestar. Conclusiones: Se deduce la importancia de la fuerza del compromiso en el bienestar personal y la necesidad de favorecer el desarrollo de la identidad de nuestros jóvenes.(AU)

Background:Identity styles seek to know how people handle themselves daily in situations looking for an identity commitment. This ar-ticle aims to find out whether identity styles vary according to age and sex, and to analyze the relation between these identity styles and the strength of commitment with variables of well-being and psychological distress. In ad-dition, it investigates whether commitment mediates between identity styles, well-being and psychological distress.Method:278 participants (M = 22.03; DT = 2.65), recruited through a non-probabilistic snowball sam-pling, completed the questionnaires. Results:Women scored higher in strength of commitment and men adopted a more diffusive-avoidant style. Age did not relate to identity style. The informational stylecorrelated posi-tively with well-being variables (flourishing and optimism); the normative style with depression and anxiety and the diffuse-avoidant style correlated positively with psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress) and negatively with well-being. Finally, the greater the strength of commitment found, the more flourishing and optimism and the less psychological dis-tress there was. The strength of commitment partially or totally mediated the relationship between identity styles and thevariables of well-being / psychological distress. Conclusions:The importance of the strength of com-mitment in personal well-being and the necessity to favour the develop-ment of young people ́s identity is observed / deduced.(AU)

Future expectations of adolescents from different social backgrounds / Expectativas de futuro de adolescentes procedentes de distintos contextos sociales

Este trabajo analiza las expectativas futuras durante la adolescencia y su relación con variables personales (edad, sexo, autoestima y satisfacción vital) y contextuales (apoyo social percibido y nivel de riesgo). La muestra está formada por 748 adolescentes, con edades comprendidas entre los 9 y 16 años (M = 11.93, SD = 1.42) procedentes de contextos con distinto nivel de riesgo social. Los resultados muestran que las expectativas futuras disminuyen a medida que aumenta la edad, con pocas diferencias encontradas en función del sexo. Autopercepciones y sentimientos de apoyo social más positivos se asocian a mejores expectativas futuras. En relación al nivel de riesgo, contextos más vulnerables tienen un efecto negativo en las expectativas futuras. Los análisis de regresión muestran la capacidad predictiva de las variables estudiadas. Finalmente, el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales confirma el efecto causal positivo del ajuste psicológico y del apoyo social percibido, así como la influencia negativa de los contextos con mayores desventajas sociales, sobre las expectativas de futuro. Los resultados encontrados proponen la necesidad de instaurar programas preventivos orientados a fomentar los recursos personales de los niños, especialmente en aquellos que pertenecen a contextos vulnerables.(AU)

This paper analyzes adolescents’ future expectations (FE) and their relationship with personal variables (age, sex, self-esteem, and life sat-isfaction) and contextual variables (perceived social support and level of risk). The sample includes 748 adolescents, aged 9-16 (M= 11.93, SD= 1.42), coming from contexts with different levels of social risk. The results show that FE decrease as age increases, with few differences found based on sex. More positive self-perceptions and perceived social support are as-sociated with better FE. Concerning the level of risk, more vulnerable con-texts have a higher negative effect on FE. The regression analysis reveals the predictive capacity of the studied variables. The structural equation model confirms the positive causal effect of psychological adjustment and perceived social support, as well as the negative influence of contexts with greater social disadvantages on adolescent FE. The results suggest the need to establish preventive programs aimed at promoting personal resources of children, especially those who come from vulnerable contexts.(AU)

Modulatory effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of right insula on compassion motivation

Background: Compassion motivation is associated with increased heart rate variability (HRV), reflecting a calm and self-soothing physiological state. Recent work, however, suggests that this association is dynamic for the specific components of compassion. Objectives: The present study adopted anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the right insula to see whether this would modulate the sensitivity to suffering and the commitment to engage in helpful actions (i.e., the components of compassion motivation). Method: Ninety-seven healthy individuals underwent 15-min anodal or sham tDCS over the frontotemporal lobe, while watching a video inducing empathic sensitivity and performing a Redistribution Game. Tonic and phasic HRV, dispositional traits, and momentary affects were assessed. Results: Compared to sham condition, anodal stimulation favored significant i) HRV reductions during the video and HRV increases during the Redistribution Game; ii) decreases in self-reported levels of negative affect and increases in positive affect during task when the latter was preceded by the video, without influencing altruistic behavior. Conclusions: Anodal tDCS over the right insula may modulate the engagement phase of compassion by intensifying the psychophysiological sensitivity to signals of distress and protecting from being subjectively overwhelmed by it. (AU)

Dreaming during a pandemic: Low incorporation of COVID-19-specific themes and lucidity in dreams of psychiatric patients and healthy controls

The present study examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emotional quality of dreams, the incorporation of pandemic-related themes, and the occurrence of lucid dreaming. Dream reports and lucidity ratings of psychiatric outpatients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 81) during two lockdowns in Germany were compared to those of healthy controls (n = 33) before the pandemic. Results confirmed previous reports that pandemic-specific themes were incorporated into dreams. Overall, however, incorporation into dreams was rare. Contrary to expectations, psychiatric outpatients did not differ from controls in the frequency of dream incorporation of pandemic-related content. Moreover, incorporation was independent of psychiatric symptoms and loneliness. Loneliness was, however, associated with threat-related content, suggesting that it represents a risk for bad dreams but not for crisis-specific dream incorporation. Regarding lucid dreaming, both groups had similar scores for its underlying core dimensions, i.e., insight, control, and dissociation, during the two lockdowns. Scores for control and dissociation but not insight were lower compared to the pre-pandemic sample. Our working hypothesis is that REM sleep during lockdowns intensified as a means of increased emotional consolidation, rendering the associated mental state less hybrid and thereby less lucid. (AU)

Perceived parental depression, intrusive rumination, and internalizing problems: A three-wave longitudinal study in adolescents

Background/objective: Research suggests that perceiving parental depression elicits internalizing problems in adolescents, but certain studies have indicated that adolescents’ internalizing problems also increase their perception of parental emotion. To further investigate the inconsistent findings about the nature of this relationship, the current study used longitudinal data to examine the causal association between adolescents’ internalizing problems and the parental depression they perceived, as well as the role of intrusive rumination in the relationship. Method: In this longitudinal study, 392 adolescents who experienced the catastrophic Jiuzhaigou earthquake in 2017 were surveyed at three time points after the earthquake: 12 months (T1), 21 months (T2) and 27 months (T3). A cross-lagged panel model was used to carry out the data analysis. Results: Mutual cause-and-effect relationships were found between intrusive rumination and both perceived parental depression and internalizing problems, respectively; a unilateral causal relationship in which internalizing problems positively predicted perceived parental depression was also found. In addition, internalizing problems predicted perceived parental depression via the mediating role of intrusive rumination; similarly, intrusive rumination predicted perceived parental depression via internalizing problems. Conclusions: Internalizing problems were a risk factor for perceived parental depression, and intrusive rumination played an important role in the relationship between internalizing problems and perceived parental depression. (AU)