Changes in the chikungunya virus E1 glycoprotein domain II and hinge influence E2 conformation, infectivity, and virus-receptor interactions.

In a previous study to understand how the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) E1 glycoprotein ß-strand c functions, we identified several attenuating variants at E1 residue V80 and the emergence of second-site mutations in the fusion loop (E1-M88L) and hinge region (E1-N20Y) with the V80 variants in vivo. The emergence of these mutations led us to question how changes in E1 may contribute to CHIKV infection at the molecular level. Here, we use molecular dynamics to understand how changes in the E1 glycoprotein may influence the CHIKV glycoprotein E1-E2 complex. We found that E1 domain II variants lead to E2 conformational changes, allowing us to hypothesize that emerging variants E1-M88L and E1-N20Y could also change E2 conformation and function. We characterized CHIKV E1-M88L and E1-N20Y in vitro and in vivo to understand how these regions of the E1 glycoprotein contribute to host-specific infection. We found that CHIKV E1-N20Y enhanced infectivity in mosquito cells, while the CHIKV E1-M88L variant enhanced infectivity in both BHK-21 and C6/36 cells and led to changes in viral cholesterol-dependence. Moreover, we found that E1-M88L and E1-N20Y changed E2 conformation, heparin binding, and interactions with the receptor Mxra8. Interestingly, the CHIKV E1-M88L variant increased replication in Mxra8-deficient mice compared to WT CHIKV, yet was attenuated in mouse fibroblasts, suggesting that residue E1-M88 may function in a cell-type-dependent entry. Taken together, these studies show that key residues in the CHIKV E1 domain II and hinge region function through changes in E1-E2 dynamics to facilitate cell- and host-dependent entry.IMPORTANCEArboviruses are significant global public health threats, and their continued emergence around the world highlights the need to understand how these viruses replicate at the molecular level. The alphavirus glycoproteins are critical for virus entry in mosquitoes and mammals, yet how these proteins function is not completely understood. Therefore, it is critical to dissect how distinct glycoprotein domains function in vitro and in vivo to address these gaps in our knowledge. Here, we show that changes in the CHIKV E1 domain II and hinge alter E2 conformations leading to changes in virus-receptor and -glycosaminoglycan interactions and cell-specific infection. These results highlight that adaptive changes in E1 can have a major effect on virus attachment and entry, furthering our knowledge of how alphaviruses infect mammals and insects.

An Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Captive Armadillos Associated with Gamma Variant in Argentina.

The current pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants represent an example of the one health concept in which humans and animals are components of the same epidemiologic chain. Animal reservoirs of these viruses are thus the focus of surveillance programs, to monitor their circulation and evolution in potentially new hosts and reservoirs. In this work, we report the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant infection in four specimens of Chaetophractus villosus (big hairy armadillo/armadillo peludo) in Argentina. In addition to the finding of a new wildlife species susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the identification of the Gamma variant three months after its last detection in humans in Argentina is a noteworthy result, which can be due to alternative non-exclusive scenarios, such as unidentified viral reservoirs, unrecognized circulation in humans or species-specific variation in incubation periods.

Exposure to nanoplastics and nanomaterials either single and combined affects the gill-associated microbiome of the Antarctic soft-shelled clam Laternula elliptica.

Nanoplastics and engineering nanomaterials (ENMs) are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), increasingly being detected in the marine environment and recognized as a potential threat for marine biota at the global level including in polar areas. Few studies have assessed the impact of these anthropogenic nanoparticles in the microbiome of marine invertebrates, however combined exposure resembling natural scenarios has been overlooked. The present study aimed to evaluate the single and combined effects of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NP) as proxy for nanoplastics and nanoscale titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) on the prokaryotic communities associated with the gill tissue of the Antarctic soft-shell clam Laternula elliptica, a keystone species of marine benthos Wild-caught specimens were exposed to two environmentally relevant concentrations of carboxylated PS NP (PS-COOH NP, ∼62 nm size) and nano-TiO2 (Aeroxide P25, ∼25 nm) as 5 and 50 µg/L either single and combined for 96h in a semi-static condition.Our findings show a shift in microbiome composition in gills of soft-shell clams exposed to PS NP and nano-TiO2 either alone and in combination with a decrease in the relative abundance of OTU1 (Spirochaetaceae). In addition, an increase of gammaproteobacterial OTUs affiliated to MBAE14 and Methylophagaceae (involved in ammonia denitrification and associated with low-quality water), and the OTU Colwellia rossensis (previously recorded in polluted waters) was observed. Our results suggest that nanoplastics and nano-TiO2 alone and in combination induce alterations in microbiome composition by promoting the increase of negative taxa over beneficial ones in the gills of the Antarctic soft-shell clam. An increase of two low abundance OTUs in PS-COOH NPs exposed clams was also observed. A predicted gene function analysis revealed that sugar, lipid, protein and DNA metabolism were the main functions affected by either PS-COOH NP and nano-TiO2 exposure. The molecular functions involved in the altered affiliated OTUs are novel for nano-CEC exposures.

Scurvy. A forgotten pseudovasculitis.

Scurvy is a nutritional disease caused by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) deficiency. Althought currently it is a rare disease, we should considerer it in the differential diagnosis of purpura and arthritis in patients with restrictive diets. We present the case of a 49-year-old man with a history of a nutritional disorder presented to our hospital with generalized purpura and hemarthros. Following the anamnesis and laboratory findings, rheumatological, infectious and hematological etiologies were excluded. Finally, the diagnosis of scurvy was made upon demostration poor levels of vitamin C and a spectacular response to nutritional supplements. We compare this case with 19 similar cases reported in the medical literature.

Building momentum through networks: Bioimaging across the Americas.

In September 2023, the two largest bioimaging networks in the Americas, Latin America Bioimaging (LABI) and BioImaging North America (BINA), came together during a 1-week meeting in Mexico. This meeting provided opportunities for participants to interact closely with decision-makers from imaging core facilities across the Americas. The meeting was held in a hybrid format and attended in-person by imaging scientists from across the Americas, including Canada, the United States, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. The aims of the meeting were to discuss progress achieved over the past year, to foster networking and collaborative efforts among members of both communities, to bring together key members of the international imaging community to promote the exchange of experience and expertise, to engage with industry partners, and to establish future directions within each individual network, as well as common goals. This meeting report summarises the discussions exchanged, the achievements shared, and the goals set during the LABIxBINA2023: Bioimaging across the Americas meeting.

Neuroinvasion of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses: A scoping review.

Background: Arboviruses are RNA viruses and some have the potential to cause neuroinvasive disease and are a growing threat to global health. Objectives: Our objective is to identify and map all aspects of arbovirus neuroinvasive disease, clarify key concepts, and identify gaps within our knowledge with appropriate future directions related to the improvement of global health. Methods: Sources of Evidence: A scoping review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Hinari. Eligibility Criteria: Original data including epidemiology, risk factors, neurological manifestations, neuro-diagnostics, management, and preventive measures related to neuroinvasive arbovirus infections was obtained. Sources of evidence not reporting on original data, non-English, and not in peer-reviewed journals were removed. Charting Methods: An initial pilot sample of 30 abstracts were reviewed by all authors and a Cohen's kappa of κ = 0.81 (near-perfect agreement) was obtained. Records were manually reviewed by two authors using the Rayyan QCRI software. Results: A total of 171 records were included. A wide array of neurological manifestations can occur most frequently, including parkinsonism, encephalitis/encephalopathy, meningitis, flaccid myelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain often reveals subcortical lesions, sometimes with diffusion restriction consistent with acute ischemia. Vertical transmission of arbovirus is most often secondary to the Zika virus. Neurological manifestations of congenital Zika syndrome, include microcephaly, failure to thrive, intellectual disability, and seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis often shows lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated albumin, and protein consistent with blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Conclusions: Arbovirus infection with neurological manifestations leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for disease include living and traveling in an arbovirus endemic zone, age, pregnancy, and immunosuppressed status. The management of neuroinvasive arbovirus disease is largely supportive and focuses on specific neurological complications. There is a need for therapeutics and currently, management is based on disease prevention and limiting zoonosis.

Amyloid-ß and caspase-1 are indicators of sepsis and organ injury.

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that results from a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to organ dysfunction. Despite the prevalence and associated socioeconomic costs, treatment of sepsis remains limited to antibiotics and supportive care, and a majority of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors develop long-term cognitive complications post-discharge. The present study identifies a novel regulatory relationship between amyloid-ß (Aß) and the inflammasome-caspase-1 axis as key innate immune mediators that define sepsis outcomes. Methods: Medical ICU patients and healthy individuals were consented for blood and clinical data collection. Plasma cytokine, caspase-1 and Aß levels were measured. Data were compared against indices of multiorgan injury and other clinical parameters. Additionally, recombinant proteins were tested in vitro to examine the effect of caspase-1 on a functional hallmark of Aß, namely aggregation. Results: Plasma caspase-1 levels displayed the best predictive value in discriminating ICU patients with sepsis from non-infected ICU patients (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.7080). Plasma caspase-1 and the Aß isoform Aßx-40 showed a significant positive correlation and Aßx-40 associated with organ injury. Additionally, Aß plasma levels continued to rise from time of ICU admission to 7 days post-admission. In silico, Aß harbours a predicted caspase-1 cleavage site, and in vitro studies demonstrated that caspase-1 cleaved Aß to inhibit its auto-aggregation, suggesting a novel regulatory relationship. Conclusions: Aßx-40 and caspase-1 are potentially useful early indicators of sepsis and its attendant organ injury. Additionally, Aßx-40 has emerged as a potential culprit in the ensuing development of post-ICU syndrome.

A Gamma-adapted subunit vaccine induces broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants and protects mice from infection.

In the context of continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), one strategy to prevent the severe outcomes of COVID-19 is developing safe and effective broad-spectrum vaccines. Here, we present preclinical studies of a RBD vaccine derived from the Gamma SARS-CoV-2 variant adjuvanted with Alum. The Gamma-adapted RBD vaccine is more immunogenic than the Ancestral RBD vaccine in terms of inducing broader neutralizing antibodies. The Gamma RBD presents more immunogenic B-cell restricted epitopes and induces a higher proportion of specific-B cells and plasmablasts than the Ancestral RBD version. The Gamma-adapted vaccine induces antigen specific T cell immune responses and confers protection against Ancestral and Omicron BA.5 SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice. Moreover, the Gamma RBD vaccine induces higher and broader neutralizing antibody activity than homologous booster vaccination in mice previously primed with different SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms. Our study indicates that the adjuvanted Gamma RBD vaccine is highly immunogenic and a broad-spectrum vaccine candidate.

Tau and Aß42 in lavage fluid of pneumonia patients are associated with end-organ dysfunction: A prospective exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial pneumonia and sepsis are both common causes of end-organ dysfunction, especially in immunocompromised and critically ill patients. Pre-clinical data demonstrate that bacterial pneumonia and sepsis elicit the production of cytotoxic tau and amyloids from pulmonary endothelial cells, which cause lung and brain injury in naïve animal subjects, independent of the primary infection. The contribution of infection-elicited cytotoxic tau and amyloids to end-organ dysfunction has not been examined in the clinical setting. We hypothesized that cytotoxic tau and amyloids are present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of critically ill patients with bacterial pneumonia and that these tau/amyloids are associated with end-organ dysfunction. METHODS: Bacterial culture-positive and culture-negative mechanically ventilated patients were recruited into a prospective, exploratory observational study. Levels of tau and Aß42 in, and cytotoxicity of, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured. Cytotoxic tau and amyloid concentrations were examined in comparison with patient clinical characteristics, including measures of end-organ dysfunction. RESULTS: Tau and Aß42 were increased in culture-positive patients (n = 49) compared to culture-negative patients (n = 50), independent of the causative bacterial organism. The mean age of patients was 52.1 ± 16.72 years old in the culture-positive group and 52.78 ± 18.18 years old in the culture-negative group. Males comprised 65.3% of the culture-positive group and 56% of the culture-negative group. Caucasian culture-positive patients had increased tau, boiled tau, and Aß42 compared to both Caucasian and minority culture-negative patients. The increase in cytotoxins was most evident in males of all ages, and their presence was associated with end-organ dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial infection promotes the generation of cytotoxic tau and Aß42 within the lung, and these cytotoxins contribute to end-organ dysfunction among critically ill patients. This work illuminates an unappreciated mechanism of injury in critical illness.

Videolaryngoscope versus conventional technique for insertion of a transesophageal echocardiography probe in intubated ICU patients (VIDLARECO trial): A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Transesophageal echocardiogram probe insertion in intubated critically ill patients can be difficult, leading to complications, such as gastric bleeding or lesions in the oropharyngeal mucosa. We hypothesised that the use of a videolaryngoscope would facilitate the first attempt at insertion of the transesophageal echocardiogram probe and would decrease the incidence of complications compared to the conventional insertion technique. METHODS: In this clinical trial, patients were randomly assigned the insertion of a transesophageal echocardiogram probe using a videolaryngoscope or conventional technique. The primary outcome was the successful transesophageal echocardiogram probe insertion on the first attempt. The secondary outcomes included total success rate, number of insertion attempts, and incidence of pharyngeal complications. RESULTS: A total of 100 intubated critically ill patients were enrolled. The success rate of transesophageal echocardiogram probe insertion on the first attempt was higher in the videolaryngoscope group than in the conventional group (90% vs. 58%; absolute difference, 32%; 95% CI 16%-48%; p < 0.001). The overall success rate was higher in the videolaryngoscope group than in the conventional group (100% vs. 72%; absolute difference, 28%; 95% CI 16%-40%; p < 0.001). The incidence of pharyngeal mucosal injury was smaller in the videolaryngoscope group than in the conventional group (14% vs. 52%; absolute difference, 38%; 95% CI 21%-55%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that in intubated critically ill patients required transesophageal echocardiogram, the use of videolaryngoscope resulted in higher successful insertion on the first attempt with lower rate of complications when compared with the conventional insertion technique. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04980976.

Enhanced Levels of Adiposity, Stretch and Fibrosis Markers in Patients with Coexistent Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation.

The coexistence of heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) worsens the prognosis of patients. We aimed to study the inflammation, metabolism, adiposity, and fibrosis markers on epicardial and subcutaneous fat and blood, and their relationship with HF and AF. Samples from 185 patients undergoing cardiac surgery were collected. Levels of multi-markers on fat biopsies and plasma were analyzed. Patients were grouped by HF or AF presence. Plasma adiposity markers were increased in AF patients, while increased stretch markers correlated with HF. Patients with both AF and HF had higher ANP and GDF-15 levels. After excluding AF patients, plasma FABP4 was identified as the main HF predictor. Fat biopsies from AF patients showed an enhanced inflammatory profile. Higher levels of adiposity markers are associated with AF or HF, and higher stretch and fibrosis markers with combined AF and HF, suggesting a role of adiposity-fibrosis pathway in HF and AF coexistence.

Unveiling tetrahydroquinolines as promising BVDV entry inhibitors: Targeting the envelope protein.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is known to cause financial losses and decreased productivity in the cattle industry worldwide. Currently, there are no available antiviral treatments for effectively controlling BVDV infections in laboratories or farms. The BVDV envelope protein (E2) mediates receptor recognition on the cell surface and is required for fusion of virus and cell membranes after the endocytic uptake of the virus during the entry process. Therefore, E2 is an attractive target for the development of antiviral strategies. To identify BVDV antivirals targeting E2 function, we defined a binding site in silico located in domain IIIc at the interface between monomers in the disulfide linked dimer of E2. Employing a de novo design methodology to identify compounds with the potential to inhibit the E2 function, compound 9 emerged as a promising candidate with remarkable antiviral activity and minimal toxicity. In line with targeting of E2 function, compound 9 was found to block the virus entry into host cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that compound 9 selectively binds to recombinant E2 in vitro. Molecular dynamics simulations (MD) allowed describing a possible interaction pattern between compound 9 and E2 and indicated that the S enantiomer of compound 9 may be responsible for the antiviral activity. Future research endeavors will focus on synthesizing enantiomerically pure compounds to further support these findings. These results highlight the usefulness of de novo design strategies to identify a novel class of BVDV inhibitors that block E2 function inhibiting virus entry into the host cell.

The chikungunya virus E1 glycoprotein fusion loop and hinge alter glycoprotein dynamics leading to cell and host specific changes in infectivity.

Alphaviruses infect both mammals and insects, yet the distinct mechanisms that alphaviruses use to infect different hosts are not well defined. In this study, we characterize CHIKV E1 variants in the fusion loop (E1-M88L) and hinge region (E1-N20Y) in vitro and in vivo to understand how these regions of the E1 glycoprotein contribute to host-specific infection. Through cell culture assays, we found that CHIKV E1-N20Y enhanced infectivity in mosquito cells while the CHIKV E1-M88L variant enhanced virus binding and infectivity in both BHK-21 and C6/36 cells, and led to changes in the virus cholesterol-dependence in BHK-21 cells. Given these in vitro results and that residue E1-M88L is in a defined Mxra8 interacting domain, we hypothesized that this residue may be important for receptor usage. However, while the CHIKV E1-M88L variant increased replication in Mxra8-deficient mice compared to WT CHIKV, it was attenuated in vitro in mouse fibroblasts, suggesting that residue E1-M88 may function in a cell-type dependent manner to alter entry. Finally, using molecular dynamics to understand how potential changes in the E1 glycoprotein may impact the CHIKV glycoprotein E1-E2 complex, we found that E1-M88L and other E1 domain II variants lead to changes in both E1 and E2 dynamics. Taken together, these studies show that key residues in the CHIKV E1 fusion loop and hinge region function through changes in E1-E2 dynamics to facilitate cell- and host-dependent entry. Importance: Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are significant global public health threats, and their continued emergence around the world highlights the need to understand how these viruses replicate at the molecular level. The alphavirus class II glycoproteins are critical for virus entry in mosquitoes and mammals, yet how these proteins function is not completely understood. Therefore, to address these gaps in our knowledge, it is critical to dissect how distinct glycoprotein domains function in vitro and in vivo . Here, we show that changes in the CHIKV E1 fusion loop and hinge contribute to host-specific entry and E1-E2 dynamics, furthering our knowledge of how alphaviruses infect mammals and insects.

A Bibliometric Review on Candida auris of the First Fifteen Years of Research (2009-2023).

Introduction: Candida auris is a relatively novel pathogen first described in 2009 in Japan. It has increased its presence worldwide, becoming a public health concern due to its innate resistance to antifungals and outbreak potential. Methods: We performed a query using the word "Candida auris" from the Scopus database, further performing a bibliometric analysis with the open-source R package Bibliometrix. Results: 907 original articles were retrieved, allowing us to map the principal authors, papers, journals, and countries involved in this yeast research, as well as analyze current and future trends and the number of published articles. Conclusion: C. auris will continue to be a pivotal point in fungal resistance research, either for a better understanding of its resistance and pathogenic mechanisms or for developing novel drugs.

Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Effect of Cannabidiol Against Enveloped and Nonenveloped Viruses.

Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychoactive cannabinoid of the Cannabis sativa plant, is a powerful antioxidant compound that in recent years has increased interest due to causes effects in a wide range of biological functions. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a virus transmitted mainly by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which causes neurological diseases, such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Although the frequency of viral outbreaks has increased recently, no vaccinations or particular chemotherapeutic treatments are available for ZIKV infection. Objectives: The major aim of this study was to explore the in vitro antiviral activity of CBD against ZIKV, expanding also to other dissimilar viruses. Materials and Methods: Cell cultures were infected with enveloped and nonenveloped viruses and treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of CBD and then, viral titers were determined. Additionally, the mechanism of action of the compound during ZIKV in vitro infections was studied. To study the possible immunomodulatory role of CBD, infected and uninfected Huh-7 cells were exposed to 10 µM CBD during 48 h and levels of interleukins 6 and 8 and interferon-beta (IFN-ß) expression levels were measured. On the other hand, the effect of CBD on cellular membranes was studied. For this, an immunofluorescence assay was performed, in which cell membranes were labeled with wheat germ agglutinin. Finally, intracellular cholesterol levels were measured. Results: CBD exhibited a potent antiviral activity against all the tested viruses in different cell lines with half maximal effective concentration values (CE50) ranging from 0.87 to 8.55 µM. Regarding the immunomodulatory effect of CBD during ZIKV in vitro infections, CBD-treated cells exhibited significantly IFN-ß increased levels, meanwhile, interleukins 6 and 8 were not induced. Furthermore, it was determined that CBD affects cellular membranes due to the higher fluorescence intensity that was observed in CBD-treated cells and lowers intracellular cholesterol levels, thus affecting the multiplication of ZIKV and other viruses. Conclusions: It was demonstrated that CBD inhibits structurally dissimilar viruses, suggesting that this phytochemical has broad-spectrum antiviral effect, representing a valuable alternative in emergency situations during viral outbreaks, like the one caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in 2020.

Modification of kitchen blenders into controllable laboratory mixers for mechanochemical synthesis of atomically thin materials.

Graphene and related two-dimensional materials (2DMs) have shown promise across numerous technology areas including flexible electronics, energy storage and pollution remediation. Research into novel applications of these atomically thin materials relies on access to synthesis techniques for producing 2DMs with suitable quality and quantity. Liquid-phase exfoliation is a mechanochemical approach that can achieve this and produce defect-free nanomaterial dispersions which are compatible for downstream use (e.g. inkjet printing, coatings). Here, using kitchen blenders to deliver shear-driven exfoliation, we develop a range of inexpensive hardware solutions that can allow researchers to synthesise 2DMs using a controllable, sustainable and scalable process. Extensive modifications were necessary as the onboard electronics lack the experimental controls (temperature, speed, characterisation) for scientific research and precision synthesis. The technical aspects (including the many lessons learned) of the modifications are discussed and a simple selection process is proposed for creating bespoke mechanochemical processors for any application in the hope that this encourages experimentation. Specific builds with detailed notes, cost breakdown and associated files are provided in the Open Science Framework (OSF) repository, OpenLPE associated with this article.

The small Ras-like GTPase BUD-1 modulates conidial germination and hyphal growth guidance in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa.

In filamentous fungi, the hypha orientation is essential for polarized growth and morphogenesis. The ability to re-orient tip growth in response to environmental cues is critical for the colony survival. Therefore, hyphal tip orientation and tip extension are distinct mechanisms that operate in parallel during filamentous growth. In yeast, the axial growth orientation requires a pathway regulated by Rsr1p/Bud1p, a Ras-like GTPase protein, which determines the axial budding pattern. However, in filamentous fungi the function of the Rsr1/Bud1p gene (krev-1 homolog) has not been completely characterized. In this work, we characterized the phenotype of a homokaryon mutant Bud1p orthologous in Neurospora crassa (△bud-1) and tagged BUD-1 with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to determine its localization and cell dynamics under confocal microscopy. During spore germination BUD-1 was localized at specific points along the plasma membrane and during germ tube emergence it was located at the tip of the germ tubes. In mature hyphae BUD-1 continued to be located at the cell tip and was also present at sites of branch emergence and at the time of septum formation. The △bud-1 mutant showed a delayed germination, and the orientation of hyphae was somewhat disrupted. Also, the hypha diameter was reduced approximately 37 % with respect to the wild type. The lack of BUD-1 affected the Spitzenkörper (Spk) formation, trajectory, the localization of polarisome components BNI-1 and SPA-2, and the actin cytoskeleton polarization. The results presented here suggest that BUD-1 participates in the establishment of a new polarity axis. It may also mediate the delivery of secretory vesicles for the efficient construction of new plasma membrane and cell wall.

Safety and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant RBD-based protein adjuvanted vaccine used as booster in healthy adults.

A Gamma Variant RBD-based aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted vaccine called ARVAC CG was selected for a first in human clinical trial. Healthy male and female participants (18-55 years old) with a complete COVID-19-primary vaccine scheme were assigned to receive two intramuscular doses of either a low-dose or a high-dose of ARVAC CG. The primary endpoint was safety. The secondary objective was humoral immunogenicity. Cellular immune responses were studied as an exploratory objective. The trial was prospectively registered in PRIISA.BA (Registration Code 6564) and ANMAT and retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05656508). Samples from participants of a surveillance strategy implemented by the Ministry of Health of the Province of Buenos Aires that were boosted with BNT162b2 were also analyzed to compare with the booster effect of ARVAC CG. ARVAC CG exhibits a satisfactory safety profile, a robust and broad booster response of neutralizing antibodies against the Ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2 and the Gamma, Delta, Omicron BA.1 and Omicron BA.5 variants of concern and a booster effect on T cell immunity in individuals previously immunized with different COVID-19 vaccine platforms.

Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 339 cases.

Strongyloidiasis is a parasitosis representing a significant public health problem in tropical countries. It is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals but its mortality rate increases to approximately 87% in severe forms of the disease. We conducted a systematic review, including case reports and case series, of Strongyloides hyperinfection and dissemination from 1998 to 2020 searching PubMed, EBSCO and SciELO. Cases that met the inclusion criteria of the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist were analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test and a Bonferroni correction for all the significant values. A total of 339 cases were included in this review. The mortality rate was 44.83%. The presence of infectious complications, septic shock and a lack of treatment were risk factors for a fatal outcome. Eosinophilia and ivermectin treatment were associated with an improved outcome.

Stealth invaders: unraveling the mystery of neurotropic viruses and their elusive presence in cerebrospinal fluid - a comprehensive review.

Neurotropic viruses are a threat to human populations due to ongoing zoonosis. A wide array of neurological manifestations can occur most often including parkinsonism, encephalitis/encephalopathy, flaccid myelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neuroinvasion occurs through: transneural transmission, blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and 'trojan horse' mechanism or infected immune cell trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS). Transneural transmission occurs through virus mediated hijacking of intracellular transport proteins allowing retrograde viral transport. BBB dysfunction occurs through cytokine storm increasing membrane permissibility. Increased chemokine expression allows leukocyte trafficking to the BBB. Virally infected leukocytes may successfully pass through the BBB allowing the pathogen to infect microglia and other CNS cell types. We define cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) nondetection as a virus' ability to evade direct CSF detection but still causing significant neurological symptoms and disease. Mechanisms of CSF nondetection include: transneuronal propagation through trans-synaptic transmission, and synaptic microfusion, as well as intrathecal antibody synthesis and virus neutralization. Direct virus detection in CSF is associated with an increased neurological disease burden. However, the lack of CSF detection does not exclude CNS involvement due to possible neuroevasive mechanisms.