Visual snow syndrome in patients with migraine: widening the clinical spectrum of the syndrome with permanent and episodic manifestations.

PURPOSE: Migraine is the comorbidity most frequently associated with visual snow syndrome (VSS), but the prevalence of VSS in patients with migraine (PWM) has not been studied. Our objective was to evaluate the frequency of VSS in PWM and to analyze if symptoms of VSS happened in a permanent or episodic manner (eVSS) in this population. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter observational cross-sectional study. PWM was recruited from headache units, and a survey about the presence of visual snow symptoms was administered. The frequency and characteristics of patients that met current VSS criteria were analyzed. Demographic and clinical features of patients with VSS, eVSS, and PWM with no visual snow were compared. RESULTS: A total of 217 PWM were included. Seventeen patients (7.8%) met the VSS criteria. VSS patients had visual aura more frequently (58.8% vs. 31%; p = 0.019) and a higher MIDAS score (96.6 vs. 47.7; p = 0.014). Fifty-eight PWM (26.7%) showed visual snow and associated features in an episodic way and were classified as eVSS. Patients with VSS showed a tendency towards a higher frequency of visual symptoms than patients with eVSS (p > 0.05). No statistically significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid conditions were found between VSS and eVSS. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of VSS in PWM may be higher than that described for the general population. Some PWM may present similar visual symptoms to patients with VSS but in an episodic manner. Our study reinforces the observation that the clinical spectrum of visual snow is likely to be broader than previously described.

Bread Wheat Biofortification for Grain Carotenoid Content by Inter-Specific Breeding.

Bread wheat has traditionally been selected for whitish derived flours. As a consequence, the current varieties carry carotenogenic alleles associated with low grain carotenoid. In contrast, high grain yellow pigment content (YPC) has been a major target in durum wheat programs since yellow colour is an important aesthetic factor for pasta production. Phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) genes have an important role in the determination of the carotenoid content in wheat. In this work, we have transferred the genes Psy1-A1 and Psy1-B1 from durum to bread wheat by inter-specific hybridization in order to evaluate the combined effect of these genes for the improvement of grain carotenoid content, as well as the development of carotenoid-enriched bread wheat lines. Inter-specific breeding coupled with a MAS approach based on Psy1-A1 and Psy1-B1 alleles has allowed the development of bread wheat pre-breeding lines with enhanced grain carotenoid content (16-23% mean). These biofortified lines have the potential to become new varieties or to be used as recurrent parents in bread wheat breeding programs.

Singleton consonant onset acquisition in monolingual Granada Spanish-speaking preschoolers with typical versus protracted phonological development: Impacts of word structure and feature constraints.

While consonant acquisition clearly requires mastery of different articulatory configurations (segments), sub-segmental features and suprasegmental contexts influence both order of acquisition and mismatch (error) patterns (Bérubé, Bernhardt, Stemberger & Ciocca, 2020). Constraints-based nonlinear phonology provides a comprehensive framework for investigating the impact of sub- and suprasegmental impacts on acquisition (Bernhardt & Stemberger, 1998). The current study adopted such a framework in order to investigate these questions for Granada Spanish. Single-word samples of monolingual preschoolers in Granada (29 typically developing; 30 with protracted phonological development) were transcribed by native Spanish speakers in consultation with an international team. Beta regression analyses showed significant effects of age, developmental group, and word structure variables (word length, stress, position of consonants and syllables within the word); salience, markedness and/or frequency across the phonological hierarchy accounted for many patterns. The study further demonstrates the impacts of sub- and suprasegmental constraints of the phonological system on consonant acquisition.

Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Stem Cross Section Properties, Height and Heading Date in a Collection of Spanish Durum Wheat Landraces.

Durum wheat landraces have a high potential for breeding but they remain underexploited due to several factors, including the insufficient evaluation of these plant materials and the lack of efficient selection tools for transferring target traits into elite backgrounds. In this work, we characterized 150 accessions of the Spanish durum wheat collection for stem cross section, height and heading date. Continuous variation and high heritabilities were recorded for the stem area, pith area, pith diameter, culm wall thickness, height and heading date. The accessions were genotyped with DArTSeq markers, which were aligned to the durum wheat 'Svevo' genome. The markers corresponding to genes, with a minor allele frequency above 5% and less than 10% of missing data, were used for genome-wide association scan analysis. Twenty-nine marker-trait associations (MTAs) were identified and compared with the positions of previously known QTLs. MTAs for height and heading date co-localized with the QTLs for these traits. In addition, all the MTAs for stem traits in chromosome 2B were located in the corresponding synteny regions of the markers associated with lodging in bread wheat. Finally, several MTAs for stem traits co-located with the QTL for wheat stem sawfly (WSS) resistance. The results presented herein reveal the same genomic regions in chromosome 2B are involved in the genetic control of stem traits and lodging tolerance in both durum and bread wheat. In addition, these results suggest the importance of stem traits for WSS resistance and the potential of these landraces as donors for lodging tolerance and WSS resistance enhancement. In this context, the MTAs for stem-related traits identified in this work can serve as a reference for further development of markers for the introgression of target traits into elite material.

Wearable Technology to Detect Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease Patients: Current State and Challenges.

Monitoring of motor symptom fluctuations in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients is currently performed through the subjective self-assessment of patients. Clinicians require reliable information about a fluctuation's occurrence to enable a precise treatment rescheduling and dosing adjustment. In this review, we analyzed the utilization of sensors for identifying motor fluctuations in PD patients and the application of machine learning techniques to detect fluctuations. The review process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Ten studies were included between January 2010 and March 2021, and their main characteristics and results were assessed and documented. Five studies utilized daily activities to collect the data, four used concrete scenarios executing specific activities to gather the data, and only one utilized a combination of both situations. The accuracy for classification was 83.56-96.77%. In the studies evaluated, it was not possible to find a standard cleaning protocol for the signal captured, and there is significant heterogeneity in the models utilized and in the different features introduced in the models (using spatiotemporal characteristics, frequential characteristics, or both). The two most influential factors in the good performance of the classification problem are the type of features utilized and the type of model.

Tritordeum: Creating a New Crop Species-The Successful Use of Plant Genetic Resources.

Hexaploid tritordeum is the amphiploid derived from the cross between the wild barley Hordeum chilense and durum wheat. This paper reviews the main advances and achievements in the last two decades that led to the successful development of tritordeum as a new crop. In particular, we summarize the progress in breeding for agronomic performance, including the potential of tritordeum as a genetic bridge for wheat breeding; the impact of molecular markers in genetic studies and breeding; and the progress in quality and development of innovative food products. The success of tritordeum as a crop shows the importance of the effective utilization of plant genetic resources for the development of new innovative products for agriculture and industry. Considering that wild plant genetic resources have made possible the development of this new crop, the huge potential of more accessible resources, such as landraces conserved in gene banks, goes beyond being sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the positive result of tritordeum also shows the importance of adequate commercialization strategies and demonstrative experiences aimed to integrate the whole food chain, from producers to end-point sellers, in order to develop new products for consumers.

Altered ioflupane single-photon emission computed tomography in anti-IgLON5 disease: A new case mimicking probable progressive supranuclear palsy and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anti-IgLON5 disease is a rare disorder characterized by a heterogeneous myriad of symptoms that may include sleep disorders, bulbar dysfunction, gait problems, movement disorders, cognitive impairment, oculomotor abnormalities, and nervous system hyperexcitability. Its physiopathology remains unknown, with a combination of both autoimmune and neurodegenerative findings. METHODS: We describe clinical, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and ioflupane single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) findings of a positive case of anti-IgLON5 disease mimicking probable progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We performed a literature review of previous publications reporting on anti-IgLON5 disease and ioflupane SPECT. RESULTS: We report the case of a 66-year-old male who met clinical criteria for probable PSP, in whom ioflupane SPECT showed an alteration of the left presynaptic dopaminergic pathway. However, the presence of atypical neurological symptoms for PSP led to further complementary tests, and IgLON5 antibodies were detected in CSF. According to our literature review, ioflupane SPECT findings have been previously described in only three other patients with anti-IgLON5 disease, with a reduced uptake in the striatum in two of them. CONCLUSIONS: Ioflupane SPECT abnormalities, though scarcely described, are not uncommon in anti-IgLON5 disease. They could be related to nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in the context of the tauopathy component of the disease, but further case descriptions are necessary.

The bHLH transcription factor VfTT8 underlies zt2, the locus determining zero tannin content in faba bean (Vicia faba L.).

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important protein-rich fodder crop, which is widely cultivated in temperate areas. However, antinutritional compounds such as condensed tannins, limit the use of this protein source in monogastric feed formulations. Previous studies demonstrated that two recessive and complementary genes, zt1 and zt2, control absence of tannin and white flower colour in faba bean. An ortholog of the Medicago WD40 transcription factor TTG1 was reported to encode the zt1 phenotype, but the responsible gene for zt2 is still unknown. Here we used a candidate gene approach combined with linkage mapping, comparative genomics and gene expression to fine map the zt2 genomic region and to identify the regulatory gene controlling both traits. Seventy-two genes, including 23 MYB and bHLH regulatory genes predicted to be associated with anthocyanin expression together with WRKY proteins, were screened and genotyped in three mapping populations. The linkage groups constructed identified the regulatory gene, TRANSPARENT TESTA8 (TT8), encoding a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, as the candidate for zt2. This finding was supported by qPCR analysis and further validated in different genetic backgrounds. Accordingly, VfTT8 was downregulated in white flowered types while showing high levels of expression in wild genotypes. Our results provide new insights on the regulatory mechanisms of tannin biosynthesis in faba bean and will facilitate the development of an ultimate zt2 diagnostic marker for the fast generation of new value-added cultivars free of tannins and with improved nutritional value.

Data-Driven Analysis of Bicycle Sharing Systems as Public Transport Systems Based on a Trip Index Classification.

Bicycle Sharing Systems (BSSs) are exponentially increasing in the urban mobility sector. They are traditionally conceived as a last-mile complement to the public transport system. In this paper, we demonstrate that BSSs can be seen as a public transport system in their own right. To do so, we build a mathematical framework for the classification of BSS trips. Using trajectory information, we create the trip index, which characterizes the intrinsic purpose of the use of BSS as transport or leisure. The construction of the trip index required a specific analysis of the BSS shortest path, which cannot be directly calculated from the topology of the network given that cyclists can find shortcuts through traffic lights, pedestrian crossings, etc. to reduce the overall traveled distance. Adding a layer of complication to the problem, these shortcuts have a non-trivial existence in terms of being intermittent, or short lived. We applied the proposed methodology to empirical data from BiciMAD, the public BSS in Madrid (Spain). The obtained results show that the trip index correctly determines transport and leisure categories, which exhibit distinct statistical and operational features. Finally, we inferred the underlying BSS public transport network and show the fundamental trajectories traveled by users. Based on this analysis, we conclude that 90.60% of BiciMAD's use fall in the category of transport, which demonstrates our first statement.

Acutely altered mental status as the main clinical presentation of multiple strokes in critically ill patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cerebral infarction in COVID-19 patients might be associated with a hypercoagulable state related to a systemic inflammatory response. Its diagnosis might be challenging. We present two critically ill patients with COVID-19 who presented acutely altered mental status as the main manifestation of multiple strokes. METHODS: Clinical presentation and diagnostic work-up of the patients. RESULTS: Two patients in their sixties were hospitalized with a bilateral pneumonia COVID-19. They developed respiratory failure and were admitted to ICU for mechanical ventilation and intense medical treatment. They were started on low-molecular-weight heparin since admission. Their laboratory results showed lymphopenia and increased levels of C-reactive protein and D-dimer. Case 1 developed hypofibrinogenemia and presented several cutaneous lesions with biopsy features of thrombotic vasculopathy. Case 2 was performed a CT pulmonary angiogram at ICU showing a bilateral pulmonary embolism. When waking up, both patients were conscious but with a remarkable global altered mental status without focal neurological deficits. A brain MRI revealed multiple acute bilateral ischemic lesions with areas of hemorrhagic transformation in both patients (case 1: affecting the left frontal and temporal lobes and both occipital lobes; case 2: affecting both frontal and left occipital lobes). Cardioembolic source and acquired antiphospholipid syndrome were ruled out. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy was suspected as the possible main etiology of the strokes. CONCLUSION: Acutely altered mental status might be the main manifestation of multiple brain infarctions in critically ill COVID-19 patients. It should be specially considered in those with suspected COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Full-dose anticoagulation and clinical-radiological monitoring might reduce their neurological consequences.

Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering of Bicycle Sharing Stations Based on Ultra-Light Edge Computing.

Bicycle sharing systems (BSSs) have established a new shared-economy mobility model. After a rapid growth they are evolving into a fully-functional mobile sensor platform for cities. The viability of BSSs is floored by their operational costs, mainly due to rebalancing operations. Rebalancing implies transporting bicycles to and from docking stations in order to guarantee the service. Rebalancing performs clustering to group docking stations by behaviour and proximity. In this paper we propose a Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering based on an Ultra-Light Edge Computing Algorithm (HAC-ULECA). We eliminate the proximity and let Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) focus on behaviour. Behaviour is represented by ULECA as an activity profile based on the net flow of arrivals and departures in a docking station. This drastically reduces the computing requirements which allows ULECA to run as an edge computing functionality embedded into the physical layer of the Internet of Shared Bikes (IoSB) architecture. We have applied HAC-ULECA to real data from BiciMAD, the public BSS in Madrid (Spain). Our results, presented as dendograms, graphs, geographical maps, and colour maps, show that HAC-ULECA is capable of separating behaviour profiles related to business and residential areas and extracting meaningful spatio-temporal information about the BSS and the city's mobility.

Correction: Graphemic-phonetic diachronic linguistic invariance of the frequency and of the Index of Coincidence as cryptanalytic tools.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213710.].

Graphemic-phonetic diachronic linguistic invariance of the frequency and of the Index of Coincidence as cryptanalytic tools.

Languages have inherent characteristics that make them their own and differentiated entities within their phyla and families. Even messages written in any language and later encrypted by cryptographic systems do not lose all of their characteristics, there remain aspects that help the cryptanalyst to recover them without knowing the decryption keys. For the characterization of the languages we will consider the frequencies of their graphemic and phonetic units and the Index of Coincidence, tools of fundamental utility in the field of Cryptography. Their diachronic invariance or survival over time in one language and their ability to discriminate against other languages will be analized. In order to do so, we will examine a total of 101 languages of which 261 texts have been taken. All of them are very diverse in style and time, taking us through a wide linguistic and temporal spectrum that will cover the period from the 6th century BC to the present day.

Puesta en marcha de un hospital de día del área del corazón: análisis de actividad, calidad y coste-efectividad en el primer año de funcionamiento / Start-up of a cardiology day hospital: activity, quality care and cost-effectiveness analysis of the first year of operation

Introducción y objetivos: El hospital de día del área del corazón (HDC) es una alternativa asistencial a la hospitalización convencional relacionada con procedimientos cardiológicos programados. Los objetivos de este estudio son analizar la actividad asistencial, la calidad de la asistencia y el coste-efectividad del HDC. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de la actividad asistencial durante el primer año de funcionamiento del HDC. La calidad asistencial se analizó mediante el índice de sustitución (ambulatorización de los procedimientos programados), la tasa de cancelación, complicaciones y una encuesta de satisfacción. Para el coste-efectividad, se calculó el ahorro económico relacionado con las estancias hospitalarias evitadas. Resultados: Se atendió a un total de 1.646 pacientes (media de edad, 69 ± 15 años; el 60% varones). Se programaron 2.550 procedimientos con una tasa de cancelación del 4%; la cardioversión eléctrica fue el procedimiento con más suspensiones. La ambulatorización de los procedimientos invasivos programados fue del 66%. Únicamente fue necesario reingresar a 1 paciente por insuficiencia cardiaca. La mayoría de los pacientes encuestados consideraron buena o muy buena la atención recibida en el HDC (95%). La ambulatorización parcial de los procedimientos invasivos supuso un ahorro económico en estancias hospitalarias de 219.199,55 euros, superior a los costes del primer año de funcionamiento del HDC. Conclusiones: El HDC del centro ha permitido la ambulatorización de más de 2 tercios de los procedimientos invasivos manteniendo la calidad de la asistencia. En el primer año de funcionamiento se ha amortizado el gasto derivado de su puesta en marcha, gracias a una importante reducción de los ingresos hospitalarios

Introduction and objectives: The cardiology day hospital (CDH) is an alternative to hospitalization for scheduled cardiological procedures. The aims of this study were to analyze the activity, quality of care and the cost-effectiveness of a CDH. Methods: An observational descriptive study was conducted of the health care activity during the first year of operation of DHHA. The quality of care was analyzed through the substitution rate (outpatient procedures), cancellation rates, complications, and a satisfaction survey. For cost-effectiveness, we calculated the economic savings of avoided hospital stays. Results: A total of 1646 patients were attended (mean age 69 ± 15 years, 60% men); 2550 procedures were scheduled with a cancellation rate of 4%. The most frequently cancelled procedure was electrical cardioversion. The substitution rate for scheduled invasive procedures was 66%. Only 1 patient required readmission after discharge from the CDH due to heart failure. Most surveyed patients (95%) considered the care received in the CDH to be good or very good. The saving due to outpatient-converted procedures made possible by the CDH was € 219 199.55, higher than the cost of the first year of operation. Conclusions: In our center, the CDH allowed more than two thirds of the invasive procedures to be performed on an outpatient basis, while maintaining the quality of care. In the first year of operation, the expenses due to its implementation were offset by a significant reduction in hospital admissions

Start-up of a Cardiology Day Hospital: Activity, Quality Care and Cost-effectiveness Analysis of the First Year of Operation.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The cardiology day hospital (CDH) is an alternative to hospitalization for scheduled cardiological procedures. The aims of this study were to analyze the activity, quality of care and the cost-effectiveness of a CDH. METHODS: An observational descriptive study was conducted of the health care activity during the first year of operation of DHHA. The quality of care was analyzed through the substitution rate (outpatient procedures), cancellation rates, complications, and a satisfaction survey. For cost-effectiveness, we calculated the economic savings of avoided hospital stays. RESULTS: A total of 1646 patients were attended (mean age 69 ± 15 years, 60% men); 2550 procedures were scheduled with a cancellation rate of 4%. The most frequently cancelled procedure was electrical cardioversion. The substitution rate for scheduled invasive procedures was 66%. Only 1 patient required readmission after discharge from the CDH due to heart failure. Most surveyed patients (95%) considered the care received in the CDH to be good or very good. The saving due to outpatient-converted procedures made possible by the CDH was € 219 199.55, higher than the cost of the first year of operation. CONCLUSIONS: In our center, the CDH allowed more than two thirds of the invasive procedures to be performed on an outpatient basis, while maintaining the quality of care. In the first year of operation, the expenses due to its implementation were offset by a significant reduction in hospital admissions.

Perspectivas de investigación en educación y pedagogía / Research perspectives in education and Pedagogy

Resumen Los resultados muestran que, desde la perspectiva de la Educación y la pedagogía, los saberes y prácticas son las temáticas de mayor relevancia social, los objetivos propositivos los más buscados, los métodos de mayor relevancia son desde intereses prácticos y técnicos, desde enfoques comprensivos y positivistas, como fuente central de información lo documental, de igual forma, se evidencia la emergencias de enfoques complementarios, propósitos comprensivos, transformacionales y teorías de apoyo construccionistas.

Abstract The results show that, from the perspective of education and pedagogy, knowledge and practices are areas of greatest social relevance, the propositional goals are the most sought after, the most relevant methods are based on practical and technical interests, from comprehensive and positivist approaches, as a central documentary information source. Likewise, the emergence of complementary approaches, comprehensive, transformational purposes, and constructivist support theories, is made evident.

Revisión clínica y diagnóstica de la enfermedad de Kawasaki: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y analítico / Review of the diagnosis and clinical features of Kawasaki disease: retrospective descriptive and analytical study

Introducción: la enfermedad de Kawasaki es una vasculitis aguda, febril y autolimitada, que puede complicarse con alteraciones cardiovasculares. Su diagnóstico se basa en criterios clínicos. A pesar de un tratamiento eficaz, es la principal causa de cardiopatía adquirida en niños de países desarrollados. Objetivos: analizar la prevalencia de alteraciones coronarias en pacientes pediátricos diagnosticados en nuestro medio; evaluar las características demográficas, clínicas y analíticas de la población de estudio y describir los factores de riesgo de alteración coronaria en niños con enfermedad de Kawasaki. Métodos: se revisaron de forma retrospectiva las historias clínicas de los niños diagnosticados de enfermedad de Kawasaki desde enero de 1997 hasta diciembre de 2016 en el Hospital Clínico San Carlos (Madrid, España). Se consideró diagnóstico de enfermedad de Kawasaki la presencia de los criterios clínicos propuestos por la Academia Americana de Pediatría en 2017. Resultados: la enfermedad de Kawasaki se presentó fundamentalmente durante el invierno (n = 13; 56,5%) en mujeres (n = 12; 52,2%) de cinco años o menos (n = 18; 78,3%), que desarrollaron fiebre (n = 23; 100%) junto con cambios en la mucosa orofaríngea (n = 21; 91,3%) y presentaron proteína C reactiva y velocidad de sedimentación globular elevadas (n = 20; 86,95% y n = 13; 86,6%). Fueron tratados con inmunoglobulina intravenosa (n = 22; 95,7%) y ácido acetilsalicílico a dosis antiinflamatoria (n = 22; 95,7%) o antiagregante (n = 20; 87%). Tres pacientes (13%) desarrollaron alteraciones coronarias, que terminaron remitiendo. Conclusiones: en nuestra cohorte, la prevalencia de alteraciones coronarias fue similar a la reportada en nuestro medio y superior a la descrita en estudios internacionales. Los factores de riesgo de alteración coronaria son predominantemente niños con retraso en el diagnóstico y tratamiento, leucocitosis >12 000/ul, proteína C reactiva >3 mg/dl y trombocitosis

Introduction: Kawasaki disease is an acute, febrile and self-limiting vasculitis that may be complicated by cardiovascular changes. Its diagnosis is based on clinical criteria. Although effective treatment is available, it is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. Objectives: to assess the prevalence of coronary artery abnormalities in paediatric patients diagnosed in our area, and the demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of the population under study, describing the risk factors for coronary involvement in children with Kawasaki disease. Methods: we performed a retrospective review of the medical records of children given a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease between January 1997 and December 2016 at the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (Madrid, Spain). We defined Kawasaki disease as the presence of the clinical criteria proposed for its diagnosis by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2017. Results: cases of Kawasaki disease were most frequent in the winter (n = 13; 56.5%), in girls (n = 12; 52.2%) and in children aged 5 years or less (n = 18; 78.3%). Patients presented with fever (n = 23; 100%) and changes in the oropharyngeal mucosa (n = 21; 91.3%), with elevation of C-reactive protein and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (n = 20; 86.95% and n = 13; 86.6%). Treatment consisted of intravenous immunoglobulin (n = 22; 95.7%) and acetylsalicylic acid at anti-inflammatory doses (n = 22; 95.7%) or antithrombotic doses (n = 20; 87%). Three patients (13%) developed coronary artery abnormalities that eventually resolved. Conclusions: in our cohort, the prevalence of coronary complications was similar to the prevalence reported for Spain and higher than the prevalence reported in international studies. The main risk factors for coronary artery abnormalities were delays in diagnosis or treatment, a white blood cell count greater than 12 000 cells/µl, a serum level of C-reactive protein greater than 3 mg/dl and thrombocytosis

Word-initial rhotic clusters in Spanish-speaking preschoolers in Chile and Granada, Spain.

The current paper describes Spanish acquisition of rhotic onset clusters. Data are also provided on related singleton taps/trills and /l/ as a singleton and in clusters. Participants included 9 typically developing (TD) toddlers and 30 TD preschoolers in Chile, and 30 TD preschoolers and 29 with protracted phonological development (PPD) in Granada, Spain. Results showed age and developmental group effects. Preservation of cluster timing units preceded segmental accuracy, especially in stressed syllables. Tap clusters versus singleton trills were variable in order of mastery, some children mastering clusters first, and others, the trill. Rhotics were acquired later than /l/. In early development, mismatches (errors) involved primarily deletion of taps; where substitutions occurred, [j] frequently replaced tap. In later development, [l] more frequently replaced tap; where taps did occur, vowel epenthesis sometimes occurred. The data serve as a criterion reference database for onset cluster acquisition in Chilean and Granada Spanish.

The emotional and behavioral problems of children exposed to poverty and/or collective violence in communities at the Mexico-United States border: A comparative study / Problemas emocionales y de comportamiento entre niños expuestos a la pobreza y/o la violencia colectiva en comunidades en la frontera México-Estados Unidos: Un estudio comparativo

Background Collective violence attributed to organized crime has shown to be responsible for a considerable burden of physical and mental health morbidity among youth. Objective To compare the emotional and behavioral problems of children exposed to early childhood poverty and/or collective violence in communities at the Mexico-United States border to children exposed to other social and health risks. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out with individuals living in poverty at two sites at the Mexico-United States border. Individuals who responded once to the Pictorial Child Behavior Checklist (P+CBCL) in Spanish were selected randomly from clinics in a metropolitan area of El Paso, Texas, United States (poverty alone group), and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico (poverty plus collective violence group). In addition, emotional and behavioral problems present in these groups were compared with available published emotional and behavioral CBCL scales of children exposed to other social and health risks. Results Children exposed to both poverty and collective violence had higher emotional and behavioral problem scores as measured by the P+CBCL than those exposed to poverty alone. In addition, compared with children who were brain-injured, hearing impaired, or whose parents were exposed to drugs or alcohol, the poverty and collective violence group had higher levels of emotional and behavioral problems. Discussion and conclusion Systematic detection and treatment of children as young as 18 months exposed to trauma are necessary to diminish the mental health problems caused by the collective violence attributed to organized crime.

Antecedentes La violencia colectiva atribuida al crimen organizado ha mostrado causar considerables daños en la salud mental de jóvenes. Objetivo Comparar los problemas emocionales y de comportamiento de niños expuestos a la pobreza y/o violencia colectiva en comunidades localizadas en la frontera México-Estados Unidos, así como con niños expuestos a otros riesgos. Método Estudio transversal con participantes viven en la pobreza en ambos lados de la frontera de México y Estados Unidos. Los participantes respondieron a la versión con pictogramas en español del Cuestionario de Comportamientos de Niños (P+CBCL) en clínicas localizadas en El Paso, Texas (grupo expuesto a la pobreza), y en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México (grupo expuesto a la pobreza + violencia colectiva). De forma adicional se compararon los problemas emocionales y de comportamiento de estos grupos con resultados históricos obtenidos a partir de la evidencia científica. Resultados Los niños expuestos a la pobreza/violencia colectiva registraron resultados más altos en las escalas de problemas emocionales y de comportamiento al medirlos con el P+CBCL cuando se compararon con el grupo expuesto solamente a la pobreza. De forma adicional, al comparar los grupos con niños con problemas cerebrales, de audición, o con padres expuestos a drogas y alcohol, el grupo expuesto a la pobreza y a la violencia registró mayores problemas emocionales y de comportamiento. Discusión y Conclusión La detección sistemática y el tratamiento de niños desde los 18 meses expuestos a trauma son necesarios para disminuir los problemas mentales causados por la violencia colectiva atribuida al crimen organizado.