Quality of life related to functional dependence, family functioning and social support in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the relationship between quality of life and functional dependence, family functioning and social support in older adults in northeastern Mexico. METHOD: this is a quantitative, descriptive and analytical study, with 205 older adults. The Barthel Index, Lawton and Brody Scale, APGAR test, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and WHOQOL-BREF were applied. RESULTS: the physical, psychological and social dimensions of quality of life are related to functional capacity, family functioning and social support (p< 0.05). Functional capacity and social support predict physical and psychological quality of life. Basic activities, family function and social support predict social quality of life. Instrumental activities and social support predict environmental quality of life. CONCLUSION: quality of life depends on functional independence, family function and positive perceived health. Independence in basic activities and adequate social support improve physical quality of life. Being independent in basic activities and social support improve psychological quality of life. When presenting a decrease in independence in instrumental activities, perceived quality of life decreases.

Percepción de riesgo para VIH y sexo seguro en migrantes de la frontera norte de México / HIV risk perception and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico

Introducción: En el año 2019 se detectaron 9.828 nuevos casos de VIH y 5.825 de sida en México, la población migrante es considerada de alta vulnerabilidad, lo cual se presume se debe a las condiciones desfavorables en su tránsito por el país. Una variable de importancia en el contexto de la salud sexual es la percepción que puedan llegar a tener sobre estar o no en riesgo, un estudio de percepción de contraer el VIH puede tener implicaciones importantes para la salud.Objetivo: Describir la asociación entre la percepción de riesgo para VIH y el sexo seguro en migrantes de la frontera norte de México.Métodos: El diseño fue correlacional predictivo y transversal, muestra de 302 migrantes de dos ciudades de fronterizas de Tamaulipas, muestreo probabilístico aleatorio sistemático.Resultados: Se encontró que cerca del 90% fueron varones con una media de edad de (M = 33,25, DE = 9,62) años, en general los migrantes tienen baja percepción de riesgo para VIH y esta se correlacionó con el sexo seguro (rs = -0,134, p = 0,020), además, un análisis de regresión demostró que la percepción de riesgo para VIH tiene un efecto predictivo sobre el sexo seguro (β = -0,143, F = 6,27 [gl =1, 300], p = 0,013)Conclusión: Los migrantes son un grupo que requiere de interés en el ámbito de la investigación relacionada con la sexualidad, a pesar de ser un grupo vulnerable e identificado como de riesgo. Es poca su percepción acerca de adquirir VIH, esta variable debe ser considerada de importancia en futuras investigaciones en el ámbito sexual de los migrantes, debido a que puede ser utilizada en conjunto con otras, a manera de modelo o bien como mediadora. (AU)

Introduction: In 2019, 9,828 new cases of HIV and 5,825 of AIDS were detected in Mexico, the migrant population is considered highly vulnerable, which is presumed to be due to unfavorable conditions in their transit through the country, an important variable in the context of sexual health is the perception that they may have about being or not at risk. A study of perception of contracting HIV can have important implications for health.Objective: To determine the association between the perception of risk for HIV and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico.Methods: The design was predictive correlational and cross-sectional, sample of 302 migrants from two border cities of Tamaulipas, systematic random probability sampling.Results: It was found that about 90% were men with a mean age of (M = 33,25, SD = 9,62) years, in general, migrants have a low perception of risk for HIV and this was correlated with safe sex (rs = -,134, p =,020), furthermore, a regression analysis showed that the perception of risk for HIV has a predictive effect on safe sex (β = -, 143, F = 6,27 [gl=1,300], p = 0,013),Conclusion: Migrants are a group that requires interest in the field of research related to sexuality, despite being a vulnerable group and identified as at risk, their perception of acquiring HIV is low, this variable should be considered of importance in future research in the sexual field of migrants, because it can be used in conjunction with others as a model or as a mediator. (AU)

Actividad física durante el fin de semana en estudiante de una escuela primaria de Tamaulipas / Physical activity during the weekend by students at a Primary School in Tamaulipas

Objetivo: determinar el nivel y los tipos de actividad física de estudiantes de cuarto a sexto curso de una escuela primaria de Tamaulipas (México) durante el fin de semana. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en el curso escolar 2017/2018. La población la conformaron todas las personas matriculadas de cuarto a sexto curso en la escuela primaria General César López de Lara. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 100 escolares. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, el tipo de actividad física mediante la “Encuesta de Actividad Física” que incluye 33 tipos de actividad y el nivel de actividad, en función del número de pasos diarios durante el fin de semana (sedentaria, leve, medianamente activa, activa, actividad alta). Se realizó estadística descriptiva y bivariante. Resultados: participaron 100 estudiantes, el 54% fue niña. Un 34% presentaba obesidad. La media de pasos en fin de semana fue de 15.821,58 pasos. El 41% presentó actividad sedentaria y el 10% leve, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sexos. Las actividades que más efectuaron durante el fin de semana fueron: entre las fuertes, correr (70%) o subir escaleras rápidamente (47%); entre las moderadas, el juego del avión (15%) o la caminata rápida (35%); entre las ligeras, el aseo personal (99%) junto a tareas domésticas (65%) y entre las muy ligeras, ver televisión (99%). Conclusiones: la media de pasos superaba las recomendaciones; sin embargo, hubo un 51% de participantes con sedentarismo o actividad leve. Es necesario implementar acciones eficaces para disminuir la proporción de estudiantes con baja actividad física el fin de semana.(AU)

Objective: to determine the level and types of physical activity by students in their fourth to sixth years at a Primary School in Tamaulipas (Mexico) during the weekend. Methodology: a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the 2017/2018 school year. The population included all persons enrolled in the fourth to sixth grades in the General César López de Lara Primary School. The sample size was calculated at 100 students. Sociodemographic variables were calculated, as well as the type of physical activity through the “Physical Activity Survey” which includes 33 types of activity and the level of activity, based on the number of daily steps taken during the weekend (sedentary, mild, moderately active, active, high activity). Descriptive and bivariate statistics were conducted. Results: one hundred (100) students participated; 54% were girls, and 34% of them presented obesity. The mean steps during the weekend were 15,821.58; 41% of participants presented sedentary activity and 10% mild, without statistically significant differences by gender. The activities more frequent during the weekend were: running (70%) or going up stairs fast (47%) among the vigorous; the airplane game (15%) or fast walking (35%) among the moderate activities; personal hygiene (99%) together with housework (65%) among the light ones, and watching television among the extremely light activities (99%). Conclusions: the mean steps exceeded recommendations; however, 51% of participants presented sedentarism or mild activity. It is necessary to implement effective actions to reduce the proportion of students with low physical activity during the weekend.(AU)

[HIV risk perception and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico]. / Percepción de riesgo para VIH y sexo seguro en migrantes de la frontera norte de México.

INTRODUCTION: In 2019, 9,828 new cases of HIV and 5,825 of AIDS were detected in Mexico, the migrant population is considered highly vulnerable, which is presumed to be due to unfavorable conditions in their transit through the country, an important variable in the context of sexual health is the perception that they may have about being or not at risk. A study of perception of contracting HIV can have important implications for health. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the perception of risk for HIV and safe sex in migrants from the northern border of Mexico. METHODS: The design was predictive correlational and cross-sectional, sample of 302 migrants from two border cities of Tamaulipas, systematic random probability sampling. RESULTS: It was found that about 90% were men with a mean age of (M = 33,25, SD = 9,62) years, in general, migrants have a low perception of risk for HIV and this was correlated with safe sex (rs = -,134, p =,020), furthermore, a regression analysis showed that the perception of risk for HIV has a predictive effect on safe sex (ß = -, 143, F = 6,27 [gl=1,300], p = 0,013), CONCLUSION: Migrants are a group that requires interest in the field of research related to sexuality, despite being a vulnerable group and identified as at risk, their perception of acquiring HIV is low, this variable should be considered of importance in future research in the sexual field of migrants, because it can be used in conjunction with others as a model or as a mediator.

Quality of life related to functional dependence, family functioning and social support in older adults / Qualidade de vida relacionada à dependência funcional, funcionamento familiar e suporte social em idosos / Calidad de vida relacionada con dependencia funcional, funcionamiento familiar y apoyo social en adultos mayores

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the relationship between quality of life and functional dependence, family functioning and social support in older adults in northeastern Mexico. Method: this is a quantitative, descriptive and analytical study, with 205 older adults. The Barthel Index, Lawton and Brody Scale, APGAR test, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and WHOQOL-BREF were applied. Results: the physical, psychological and social dimensions of quality of life are related to functional capacity, family functioning and social support (p< 0.05). Functional capacity and social support predict physical and psychological quality of life. Basic activities, family function and social support predict social quality of life. Instrumental activities and social support predict environmental quality of life. Conclusion: quality of life depends on functional independence, family function and positive perceived health. Independence in basic activities and adequate social support improve physical quality of life. Being independent in basic activities and social support improve psychological quality of life. When presenting a decrease in independence in instrumental activities, perceived quality of life decreases.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a relação entre qualidade de vida e dependência funcional, funcionamento familiar e apoio social em idosos no nordeste do México. Método: estudo quantitativo, descritivo e analítico em 205 idosos. Foram aplicados o Índice de Barthel, a Escala de Lawton e Brody, o Teste APGAR, a Escala Multidimensional de Suporte Social Percebido e o WHOQOL-BREF. Resultados: as dimensões física, psicológica e social da qualidade de vida estão relacionadas à capacidade funcional, funcionamento familiar e suporte social (p < 0,05). A capacidade funcional e o suporte social predizem a qualidade de vida física e psicológica. Atividades básicas, função familiar e suporte social predizem a qualidade de vida social; atividades instrumentais e apoio social predizem a qualidade de vida ambiental. Conclusão: a qualidade de vida depende da independência funcional, da função familiar e da percepção positiva da saúde. A independência nas atividades básicas e o suporte social adequado melhoram a qualidade de vida física. Ser independente nas atividades básicas e no apoio social melhora a qualidade de vida psicológica. Ao apresentar diminuição da independência nas atividades instrumentais, a percepção de qualidade de vida diminui.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la calidad de vida y la dependencia funcional, funcionamiento familiar y apoyo social en adultos mayores del noreste de México. Método: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y analítico, en 205 adultos mayores. Se aplicó índice de Barthel, Escala de Lawton y Brody, Test de APGAR, Escala Multidimensional de Apoyo Social Percibido y WHOQOL-BREF. Resultados: las dimensiones física, psicológica y social de la calidad de vida están relacionadas con capacidad funcional, funcionamiento familiar y apoyo social (p< 0,05). La capacidad funcional y apoyo social predicen la calidad de vida física y psicológica. Las actividades básicas, función familiar y apoyo social predicen la calidad de vida social; las actividades instrumentales y apoyo social predicen la calidad de vida ambiental. Conclusión: la calidad de vida depende de la independencia funcional, función familiar y percepción positiva de salud. La independencia en actividades básicas y adecuado apoyo social mejoran la calidad de vida física. Ser independiente en actividades básicas y el apoyo social mejoran la calidad de vida psicológica. Al presentar disminución de la independencia en actividades instrumentales, la percepción de la calidad de vida disminuye.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio del Cuestionario Integral de Prácticas de Alimentación en madres mexicanas de niños preescolares / Confirmatory factor analysis of the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire in Mexican mothers of preschool children

Introducción: identificar las actitudes y comportamientos de las madres en relación con la alimentación infantil puede resultar difícil ya que los constructos subyacentes son abstractos y complejos. Para identificar estos constructos se han utilizado diferentes cuestionarios: uno de los más utilizados es el Cuestionario Integral de Prácticas de Alimentación (CIPA), que se ha validado en diferentes poblaciones. Sin embargo, ningún estudio previo ha validado el CIPA en madres mexicanas. Material y métodos: se realizó un proceso de adaptación transcultural para adecuar el CIPA a las madres mexicanas y, posteriormente, se ejecutó un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Participaron 300 diadas madre-hijo/a en edad preescolar. Se realizaron mediciones del peso y la talla del preescolar y se obtuvo el estado nutricio. Resultados: el CIPA es un cuestionario útil para identificar las prácticas de alimentación infantil dado que los índices de bondad de ajuste del modelo fueron aceptables (CFI = 0,943, TLI = 0,937, NFI = 0,874 y RMSEA = 0,042), así como la consistencia interna. Conclusión: la versión del CIPA traducida al español y adaptada a las madres mexicanas demostró una fiabilidad interna significativa, por lo cual resulta útil para identificar y describir las prácticas maternas de alimentación infantil. (AU)

Introduction: identifying maternal attitudes and behaviors related to child feeding could be difficult since the underlying constructs are abstract and complex. Different questionnaires have been used to identify these constructs: one of the most widely used is the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ), which had been validated in different populations. However, no previous study ever validated the CFPQ in Mexican mothers. Material and methods: a process of cultural adaptation was done to adapt the CFPQ to Mexican mothers, and subsequently a confirmatory factor analysis was done. A total of 300 mother-preschooler pairs participated. Weight and height were measured and the nutritional status was obtained. Results: the CFPQ is a useful questionnaire to identify child feeding practices, since the model's goodness of fit indices were acceptable (CFI = 0.943, TLI = 0.937, NFI = 0.874 and RMSEA = 0.042), as was the internal consistency of the CFPQ. Conclusion: the CFPQ version that was translated into Spanish and adapted to Mexican mothers demonstrated significant internal reliability, and therefore is useful to identify and describe maternal child-feeding practices. (AU)

Maternal Perception of the Child's Weight, Lifestyle Problems and Self-Efficacy to Deal with Them / Percepción materna del peso del hijo, problemas del estilo de vida y autoeficacia para manejarlos / Percepção materna do peso do filho, problemas do estilo de vida e autoeficácia para lidar com eles

Objetivos: associar a percepção materna do peso do filho (PMPF) e o estado nutricional dele. Descrever problemas comportamentais do estilo de vida do filho (PCEV) e autoeficácia materna (AE) para lidar com eles, verificar diferenças entre com e sem excesso de peso-obesidade (EP-OB) do filho e PMPF. Materiais e métodos: participaram 274 díades (mãe-filho em idade pré-escolar). A PMPF foi avaliada por meio de palavras e imagens. As mães responderam à Lista de Verificação de Comportamentos do Estilo de Vida. Peso e altura do filho foram medidos. Resultados: 18,8 % (n = 13) mães de filos com EP-OB e 78,8 % (n = 160) mães de filhos sem EP-OB tiveram PMPF adequada por palavras (X 2 = 77.759; gl = 1; p < ,001). Foi identificado que as mães de filhos com EP-OB referiram mais PCEV e menos AE. As mães de filhos com EP-OB tiveram que lidar com mais baixa AE e mais PCEV. Quando as mães percebem o EP-OB do filho por palavras, têm menos AE (U = 1118, p = ,015) e mais PCEV (F = 17,041, p = ,001). Conclusões: PMPF não adequada predominou em mães de filhos com EP-OB. Quando o EP-OB é percebido, mais PCEV e menos AE. Promover PMPF adequada particularmente em mães de filhos com EP-OB é recomendado. As imagens ajudam a reconhecer o EP-OB do filho mais do que a classificá-lo numa categoria.

Objetivos: asociar la percepción materna del peso del hijo (PMPH) y estado nutricional del hijo. Describir problemas conductuales del estilo de vida del hijo (PCEV) y autoeficacia materna (AE) para manejarlos, verificar diferencias conforme a con y sin sobrepeso-obesidad (SP-OB) del hijo y PMPH. Material y métodos: participaron 274 diadas (madre-hijo preescolar). La PMPH se evalúo por palabras e imágenes. Las madres contestaron la Lista de Verificación de Conductas del Estilo de Vida. Se midió peso y talla del hijo. Resultados: 18.8 % (n = 13) madres de hijos con SP-OB y 78.8 % (n = 160) madres de hijos sin SP-OB tuvieron PMPH adecuada por palabras (X2 = 77.759, gl = 1, p < .001). Las madres de hijos con SP-OB tuvieron que manejar más baja AE y más PCEV. Cuando las madres perciben el SP-OB del hijo por palabras, tienen menor AE (U = 1118, p = .015) y más PCEV (F = 17.041, p = .001). Conclusiones: Predominó PMPH no adecuada en madres de hijos con SP-OB. Cuando se percibe el SP-OB, más PCEV y menor AE. Se recomienda promover PMPH adecuada particularmente en madres de hijos con SP-OB. Las imágenes ayudan a reconocer el SP-OB del hijo más que a clasificarlo en una categoría.

Objectives: To associate the maternal perception of the child's weight (MPCW) and the child's nutritional status. To describe child's lifestyle behavior problems (CLBPs) and maternal self-efficacy (SE) to deal with them, as well as to verify differences according to children with and without overweight-obesity (OW-OB) and MPCW. Material and methods: There was participation of 274 dyads (mother-preschool child). MPCW was assessed through words and images. The mothers answered the Lifestyle Behaviour Checklist. The child's weight and height were measured. Results: 18.8 % (n = 13) of the mothers of children with OW-OB and 78.8 % (n = 160) of the mothers of children without OW-OB obtained adequate MPCW values through words (X2 = 77.759; DoF = 1; p < .001). It was identified that the mothers of children with OW-OB reported more CLBPs and less SE. When the child's OW-OB is perceived through words, there are more CLBPs (F = 17.041; p = .001) and less SE (U = 1,118; p = .015). Conclusions: Inadequate MPCW was predominant in mothers of children with OW-OB. When OW-OB is perceived, there are more CLBPs and fewer SE. It is recommended to promote adequate MPCW, particularly in mothers of children with OW-OB. Images assist in the identification of the child's OW-OB more than to classify it into a category.

Adicción a los Alimentos y Antojos en Preescolares referidos por sus Cuidadores / Food Addiction and Cravings in Preschoolers Residents Recognized by Their Caregivers

Resumen Objetivos: 1) Identificar y contrastar los síntomas de adicción a los alimentos en preescolares con y sin sobrepeso-obesidad (SP-OB), 2) Identificar y contrastar la frecuencia e intensidad de los antojos por alimentos en preescolares con y sin SP-OB, 3) Identificar factores que determinan el índice de masa corporal (IMC) del preescolar. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, participaron 201 cuidadores. Se aplicó la Escala Adicción a los Alimentos de Yale para Niños (YFAS-C) y Cuestionario Características de Antojos por los Alimentos. Se midió peso y talla del preescolar. Resultados: El coeficiente de fiabilidad Kuder-Richardson de YFAS-C, fue 0.635. El 91% de los cuidadores fueron madres. La media de síntomas de adicción a los alimentos en preescolares con SP-OB fue=0.3488 (n = 43) y sin SP-OB ẋ = 0.3987 (n = 158), U = 3351.00, p ˃ 0.05. Anticipación de refuerzo positivo fue la característica de antojo con la media más alta (ẋ= 9.05, DE = 4.21) y la más baja emociones (ẋ = 2.40, DE = 0.878), no se encontraron diferencias significativas. No se encontró relación entre los síntomas de adicción a los alimentos y el IMC del preescolar. Los antojos contribuyeron al IMC del preescolar, varianza explicada 12.2%. Conclusiones: La escala YFAS-C es la única diseñada para evaluar los síntomas de adicción a los alimentos en niños, sin embargo, en el presente estudio no se identificaron síntomas. Se recomienda continuar explorando este concepto, en este grupo de edad.

Abstract Objective: 1) To identify and to compare the food addiction symptoms of preschoolers with and without overweight-obesity (OW-OB), 2) To identify and to compare the frequency and intensity of food preschoolers cravings with and without overweight-obesity, 3) To identify factors that determine of preschooler BMI. Material and Methods: Descriptive correlational study, participated 201 caregivers. The Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children YFAS-C and Food Cravings Characteristics Questionnaire were applied. Preschooler weight and height were measured. Results: Kuder-Richardson reliability coefficient of YFAS-C was 0.635. A 91% of caregivers were mothers. Food addiction symptoms mean of preschoolers with OW-OB ẋ = 0.3488 (n = 43) and without OW-OB ẋ = 0.3987 (n = 158), U = 3351.00, p ˃ 0.05. The positive reinforcement anticipation was craving characteristic with the highest mean (ẋ = 9.05, SD = 4.21) and the lowest was emotions (ẋ = 2.40, SD = 0.878), no significant differences were found. No relation between food addiction symptoms and preschooler BMI was found. Cravings contributed to the preschool BMI, variance explained 12.2%. Conclusions: The YFAS-C scale is the only one designed to evaluate the food addiction symptoms of children, however none food addiction symptoms were identified. It is recommended to continue exploring this concept in this age group.

Miedo ante la muerte y calidad de vida en adultos mayores / Fear of death and quality of life in older adults

OBJETIVO: Conocer la relación entre el miedo a la muerte y calidad de vida de los adultos mayores. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio correlacional en adultos mayores. La muestra fue de 99 adultos mayores, se utilizó la Escala original de Collet-Lester de Miedo a la Muerte y al Proceso de Morir y el Cuestionario WHOQOL-BREF. RESULTADOS: No se encontró relación en la escala global del miedo ante la muerte y el proceso de morir con la calidad de vida. Se observó relación negativa entre el miedo a la propia muerte y la dimensión física de la calidad de vida (p<.05) y en el miedo al propio proceso de morir con la dimensión ambiental de la calidad de vida (p<.05). Se encontró relación positiva entre el miedo a la muerte de los otros y la dimensión social de la calidad de vida (p<.05). CONCLUSIONES: A menor miedo a la propia muerte mayor calidad de vida en la dimensión física, a menor miedo al propio proceso de morir mayor calidad de vida en la dimensión ambiental y a mayor miedo a la muerte de otras personas mayor calidad de vida en la dimensión social

OBJECTIVE: Know the relationship between the fear of death and the quality of life of older adults. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Correlational study in older adults. The sample was 99 older adults. The original Collet-Lester Scale of Death Fear and the Dying Process and the WHOQOL-BREF Questionnaire were used. RESULTS: No relationship found on the global scale of Death Fear and the Dying Process with the quality of life. A negative relationship was observed between the fear of own death and the physical dimension of the quality of life (p<.05), and the fear of the process of dying with the environmental dimension of quality of life (p<.05). Positive relationship was found between the fear of the death of others and the social dimension of quality of life (p <.05). CONCLUSIONS: A lesser fear of one's own death higher quality of life in the physical dimension, a lesser fear of the process of dying, greater quality of life in the environmental dimension and the greater the fear of the death of other people, the greater the quality of life in the social dimension

Percepción del cuidado en estudiantes de Enfermería / Perception of Caring among Nursing students

OBJETIVO: describir la conceptualización del cuidado de los estudiantes de Enfermería de la promoción 2013-2017 de la Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Matamoros (Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. México). MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado entre septiembre y octubre de 2018. En función de un listado de 213 estudiantes se calculó una muestra de 138 personas, que fueron seleccionadas mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas (sexo, edad) y las cinco conceptualizaciones del cuidado de Morse medidas con la Escala de Evaluación del Significado del Cuidar: característica personal humana, imperativo moral, afecto, relación interpersonal e intervención terapéutica (mínima conceptualización 9 a máxima 45 puntos). Se realizaron índices de estadística descriptiva y contraste de hipótesis para la comparación de medias. RESULTADOS: participaron 138 estudiantes (76,1% mujeres; 84,1% entre 21 y 25 años). La conceptualización con mayor media fue el cuidado como intervención terapéutica (media ()= 40,3; desviación estándar (DE)= 4,5), seguido del cuidado como relación interpersonal (= 39,3; DE= 4,5) y como característica personal (= 39,3; DE= 4,2). El menor grado de acuerdo se encontró respecto al cuidado como imperativo moral (= 37,8; DE= 4,2) y como afecto (= 37,1; DE= 4,3). Estas diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (p= 0,000). CONCLUSIONES: las docentes han de reflexionar sobre la educación que se está brindando a los futuros profesionales, ya que serán quienes proporcionarán un cuidado de calidad y calidez. Para que pueda darse un cuidado holístico y reafirmarse la profesión como ciencia y arte deben ser reforzadas las conceptualizaciones con menor puntuación: el cuidado como imperativo moral y como afecto

OBJECTIVE: to describe the conceptualization of care by Nursing students from the 2013-2017 years at the Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Matamoros (Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Mexico). METHOD: a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted between September and October, 2018. Based on a list of 213 students, a sample of 138 persons was estimated, who were selected through simple random sampling. Sociodemographic variables were analyzed (gender, age), as well as the five Conceptualizations of Caring by Morse, measured with the Assessment Scale of the Meaning of Caring: Human Personal Characteristic, Moral Imperative, Affection, Interpersonal Relationship and Therapeutic Intervention (minimum conceptualization of 9 to a maximum 45 points). Descriptive statistical indexes were conducted, as well as hypothesis contrasting for comparison of means. RESULTS: the study included 138 participants (76.1% female; 84.1% were 21-to-25-year old). The conceptualization with the highest mean score was Care as Therapeutic Intervention (mean ()= 40.3; standard deviation (SD)= 4.5), followed by Care as Interpersonal Relationship (= 39.3; SD= 4.5) and as Personal Characteristic (= 39.3; SD= 4.2). The lowest level of agreement was found regarding Care as Moral Imperative (= 37.8; SD= 4.2) and as Affection (= 37.1; SD= 4-3). These differences were statistically significant (p= 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: teachers must reflect about the education they are offering to future professionals, because they will be the ones to provide good-quality and warm care. In order to offer holistic care and strengthen the profession as a science and an art, those conceptualizations with lower scores should be reinforced: care as Moral Imperative and as Affection

Uso de la metodología Walker y Avant para análisis del concepto: envejecimiento activo / Use of the Walker and Avant methodology for concept analysis: active aging / Uso da metodologia Walker e Avant para análise de conceito: envelhecimento ativo

OBJETIVO: Analizar el concepto "envejecimiento activo" segun la propuesta de Walker y Avant. MÉTODO: El análisis de concepto se hizo a través de los ocho pasos propuestos por Walker y Avant. La investigación documental se aplicó en bases de datos Google Academic, EBSCO y MEDLINE, y páginas oficiales de organismos nacionales e internacionales. RESULTADOS: no existe una definición como tal excepto la definición de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, al parecer una definición que trasciende a la persona; además los indicadores empíricos que se han utilizado para evaluar el envejecimiento activo son diversos. CONCLUSIONES: Para enfermería sería de mayor utilidad promocionar un envejecimiento activo con una definición más individualizada y alcanzable para el adulto y un indicador para su medición

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the concept of "active aging" according to the proposal of Walker and Avant. METHOD: The concept analysis was done through the eight steps proposed by Walker and Avant. The documentary research was applied in Google Academic, EBSCO and MEDLINE databases, and official pages of national and international organizations. RESULTS: there is no definition as such except the definition of the World Health Organization, apparently a definition that transcends the person; In addition, the empirical indicators that have been used to assess active aging are diverse. CONCLUSIONS: It would be more useful for nursing to promote active aging with a more individualized and attainable definition for the adult and an indicator for its measurement

O envelhecimento ativo é umconceito atual e de importância transcendente para o setor saúde, pois sua importância permite a conscientização de toda a equipe de saúde e, principalmente, da enfermagem, disciplina que se caracteriza por participar de programas de prevenção e promoção de saúde. saúde, uma ação que pode influenciar essa faixa etária. Aprofundar a análise desse conceito fortalecerá o conhecimento e proporá estratégias para melhorar o cuidado de enfermagem

Hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los factores relacionados con hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica. Material y Método. Estudio correlacional de corte transversal en 200 adultos mayores de Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. El trabajo de campo se realizó en el primer semestre de 2019 y mediante un cuestionario ex profeso, se midieron los hábitos alimentarios y actividad física. Se usaron medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para variables continuas; frecuencias y porcentajes para variables cualitativas; prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov con corrección de Lilliefors para determinar distribución de variables numéricas; coeficientes de correlación de Spearman para relaciones entre las variables sociodemográficas, enfermedad crónica, hábitos alimenticios y actividad física. El estudio fue aprobado por los comités de ética e investigación (FAEN-D-912). Resultados: El consumo de refrescos (p= ,039), legumbres (p= ,001) y pescado (p= ,005) se relacionó con la escolaridad; la ingesta de agua (p= ,007), legumbres (p< ,001) y escolaridad (p< ,001) se relacionó con la edad; la caminata por semana (p< ,001) y minutos que dedican a caminar (p< ,001) se relacionó con el consumo de agua. Conclusiones. La alimentación y la actividad física en los adultos mayores son importantes para la prevención y control de las enfermedades crónicas y otro tipo de enfermedades. Los resultados de este estudio reflejan la urgencia de intervenir en etapas tempranas para enfatizar hábitos de una alimentación balanceada y la práctica regular de actividad física asociada a la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the factors related to eating habits and physical activity in older adults with chronic disease. Material and Method: Cross-sectional correlational study, carried out with 200 older adults from Matamoros, Tamaulipas State, Mexico. The field work was conducted in the first semester of 2019 and eating habits as well as physical activity were measured using an ex profeso questionnaire. Different measures were used: central tendency and dispersion for continuous variables; frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables; Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction to determine distribution of numerical variables; Spearman's correlation coefficients for relationships among sociodemographic variables, chronic disease, eating habits and physical activity. The study was approved by the ethics and research committees FAEN-D-912. Results: The consumption of soft drinks (p= .039), legumes (p= .001) and fish (p= .005) were related to schooling; water intake (p= .007), legumes (p< 001) and schooling (p< .001) were related to age; walking per week (p< .001) and walking minutes (p< .001) were related to water consumption. Conclusions: Diet and physical activity in older adults are important for the prevention and control of chronic diseases and other diseases. The results of this study reflect the urgency of early intervention to emphasize balanced eating habits and the regular practice of health-related physical activity.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar os fatores relacionados aos hábitos alimentares e atividade física em idosos com doença crónica. Material e Método: Estudo correlacional transversal em 200 idosos de Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. O trabalho de campo foi realizado no primeiro semestre de 2019 e por meio de um questionário deliberado foram mensurados os hábitos alimentares e a atividade física. Medidas de tendência central e dispersão foram utilizadas para variáveis contínuas; frequências e percentuais para variáveis qualitativas; teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov com correção de Lilliefors para determinar a distribuição das variáveis numéricas; coeficientes de correlação de Spearman para relações entre variáveis sociodemográficas, doença crónica, hábitos alimentares e atividade física. O estudo foi aprovado pelos comitês de ética e pesquisa (FAEN-D-912). Resultados: O consumo de refrigerantes (p= .039), legumes (p= .001) e peixe (p= .005) foram relacionados à escolaridade; a ingestão de água (p = .007), leguminosas (p= .001) e escolaridade (p= .001) foram relacionadas à idade; a caminhada por semana (p< .001) e os minutos dedicados à caminhada (p< .001) estavam relacionados ao consumo de água. Conclusões: A alimentação e a atividade física em idosos são importantes para a prevenção e o controle de doenças crónicas e outros tipos de doenças. Os resultados deste estudo refletem a urgência de intervir nas fases iniciais para enfatizar os hábitos de uma alimentação equilibrada e a prática regular de atividade física associada à saúde.

Depresión como factor asociado a la obesidad en adolescentes / Depression as a factor associated to obesity in adolescents / Depressão como fator associado à obesidade em adolescentes

Objetivo: identificar la relación que existe entre la depresión y la obesidad en adolescentes de una ciudad de la frontera del noreste de México. Método: diseño de tipo correlacional y transversal. Muestra de tipo probabilístico aleatorio, con 218 adolescentes con obesidad (tipo I, II o III) de nivel secundaria y preparatoria de la ciudad Heroica Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Realizaron medidas antropométricas (peso y talla) y para determinar el grado de obesidad se obtuvo el Índice de Masa Corporal y para la depresión se utilizó el inventario de Beck. Resultados: la media de edad fue de 15.9 años (DE=1.6), 55% de sexo femenino y el 79.3% del nivel preparatoria, el 57.8% obesidad clase I del grupo de 12 a 17 años y 53.5% de 18 y 19 años, con mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino. No se encontró asociación entre depresión y clases de obesidad (X2= 4.7, p<.578). Conclusión: aunque no se encontró asociación entre la depresión y la obesidad, se obtuvo información relevante sobre la salud de los adolescentes. La depresión mínima fue la más frecuente.

Objective: to identify the relationship between depression and obesity in adolescents from a city on the northeastern border of Mexico. Method: correlational and crosssectional type design. Sample was random probabilistic type, with 218 obese adolescents (type I, II or III) of secondary and preparatory level of the city Heroica Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Anthropometric measurements (weight and size) were collected and to determine the degree of obesity the Body Mass Index was obtained. For depression, the Beck's inventory was used. Results: the mean age was 15.9 years (SD = 1.6), 55% female and 79.3% of the high school level, 57.8% class I obesity of the group of 12 to 17 years old and 53.5% of 18 and 19 years old , more often in the female sex. No association was found between depression and obesity classes (X2 = 4.7, p <.578). Conclusion: although no association was found between depression and obesity, relevant information on adolescent health was obtained. Minimal depression was the most prevalent.

Objetivo: identificar a relação entre depressão e obesidade em adolescentes de uma cidade na fronteira nordeste do México. Método: desenho do tipo correlacional e transversal. Amostra probabilística aleatória, com 218 adolescentes obesos (tipo I, II ou III) de nivel médio e preparatório da cidade Heroica Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Realizaram medidas antropométricas (peso e altura) e para determinar o grau de obesidade foi obtido o Índice de Massa Corporal. Para depressão, utilizou-se o inventário de Beck. Resultados: a idade média foi de 15,9 anos (DP = 1,6), 55% de sexo feminino e 79,3% de nível preparatório, 57,8% de grau I do grupo obeso de 12 a 17 anos e 53,5% de 18 e 19 anos, com maior frequência no sexo feminino. Nenhuma associação foi encontrada entre as classes de depressão e obesidade (X2 = 4,7, p <.578). Conclusão: embora não tenha sido encontrada associação entre depressão e obesidade, foram obtidas informações relevantes sobre a saúde dos adolescentes. A depressão mínima foi a que mais prevaleceu.

Conducta y hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes escolares / Behavior and eating habits in school students / Comportamento e hábitos alimentares em alunos do ensino básico / Conduites et habitudes alimentaires chez les écoliers

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la clasificación de conductas y hábitos alimentarios de estudiantes en etapa escolar mediante la exploración de once dimensiones. Materiales y métodos: Diseño cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal, población de interés 590 escolares de 6 a 12 años de edad, de la primaria Francisco Zarco, residentes de la ciudad de H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas México. Muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, la muestra constituida por 243 participantes de 1° a 6° grado. Se utilizó el cuestionario para evaluar conductas y hábitos alimentarios en usuarios de la atención primaria de salud formado por 11 dimensiones, se clasificaron tres puntos de corte de acuerdo a percentiles, 1) <P25= Conducta y hábitos alimentarios deficientes; 2) P25 - P75= Conducta y hábitos alimentarios suficientes, y 3) >P75= Conducta y hábitos alimentarios saludables. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva (frecuencias y porcentajes) e inferencial (asociaciones). Resultados: 52.7% fueron de sexo masculino, 48.6% presentaron conducta y hábitos alimentarios suficientes. El sexo masculino presentó una relación con la conducta y los hábitos alimentarios (X2=11.11, p=.004), así como efecto predictivo (β= .307, F[1-241]= 11.516, p< .01). Conclusiones: Los hábitos alimentarios de los escolares representan una oportunidad para identificar conductas que puedan generar factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones relacionadas con nutrición inadecuada. Los participantes masculinos demostraron tener las conductas menos saludables y esto indica que son ellos los que representan mayor riesgo en el futuro.

Abstract Objective: To determine the classification of behaviors and eating habits of students in school stage through eleven dimensions. Materials and methods: Quantitative, non-experimental and transversal design, population of interest 590 schoolchildren aged from 6 to 12, Francisco Zarco elementary school, residents of the city of H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Simple random probabilistic sampling, the sample consisting of 243 participants from 1st to 6th grade. The questionnaire was used to evaluate behaviors and eating habits in users of primary health care formed by 11 dimensions, three cutoff points were classified according to percentiles, 1) <P25 = Poor behavior and eating habits; 2) P25 - P75 = Sufficient behavior and eating habits, and 3)> P75 = Healthy behavior and eating habits. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (associations) were used. Results: 52.7% were male, 48.6% showed sufficient behavior and eating habits. Male sex presented a relationship with behavior and eating habits (X2 = 11.11, p= .004), as well as predictive effect (β= .307, F[1-241] = 11,516, p<.01). Conclusions: The eating habits of schoolchildren represent an opportunity to identify behaviors that may generate risk factors for the development of complications related to inadequate nutrition. Male participants were shown to have less healthy behavior and this indicates that they represent the most risk in the future.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a classificação dos comportamentos alimentares e hábitos em alunos do ensino básico através de onze dimensões. Materiais e métodos: Desenho quantitativo, náo experimental e transversal, sendo a população de 590 alunos dos 6 aos 12 anos, da Escola Francisco Zarco, da cidade de H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México. A amostragem é probabilística aleatória simples, sendo a amostra constituída por 243 alunos do 1° ao 6° ano. Utilizou-se um questionário para avaliar os comportamentos e hábitos alimentares, em utentes dos cuidados de saúde primários, formado por 11 dimensoes e tres pontos de corte foram classificados de acordo com os percentis: 1) <P25 = Comportamento e hábitos alimentares pobres; 2) P25 - P75 = comportamento e hábitos alimentares suficientes e 3)> P75 = comportamento e hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Aplicou-se as estatísticas descritivas (frequências e percentagens) e estatísticas inferenciais (associações). Resultados: 52,7% dos inqueridos eram do sexo masculino, 48,6% apresentavam um comportamento e hábitos alimentares suficientes. Existe uma relação significativa entre o sexo masculino e os comportamentos e hábitos alimentares (X2= 11,11, p= 0,004), bem como um efeito preditivo (β= 0,307, F[1-241]= 11,516, p< 0,01). Conclusões: os hábitos alimentares dos alunos representam uma oportunidade para identificar comportamentos geradores de fatores de risco no desenvolvimento de complicações relacionadas com uma alimentação nutrição inadequada. Os inqueridos do sexo masculino demonstraram ter comportamentos menos saudáveis, sendo estes a população de maior risco no futuro.

Résumé Objectif: Déterminer la classification des conduites et des habitudes alimentaires des écoliers selon onze dimensions. Matériaux et méthodes: La conception de l'étude est quantitative, non expérimentale et transversale. La population cible est constituée de 590 éleves de l'école primaire Francisco Zarco, agés de 6 a 12 ans et résidents dans la ville de H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas, au Mexico. Un échantillonnage probabiliste aléatoire simple a permis de sélectionner 243 participants de la 1ere a la 6eme année. L'instrument utilisé a été le questionnaire pour évaluer les conduites et les habitudes alimentaires des utilisateurs de soins de santé primaires, composé de 11 dimensions. Trois points de coupures ont été établis en fonction des percentiles: 1) <P25 = conduite et habitudes alimentaires malsaines; 2) P25 - P75 = conduites et habitudes alimentaires suffisamment saines, et 3) > P75 = conduites et habitudes alimentaires particulierement saines. Des statistiques descriptives (fréquences et pourcentages) et inférentielles (associations) ont été utilisées. Résultats: Parmi les personnes interrogées, 52,7% étaient de sexe masculin et 48,6% ont indiqué une conduite et des habitudes alimentaires suffisamment saines. Une relation entre le sexe masculin et la conduite et les habitudes alimentaires a été établie (X2= 11,11; p= 0,004) ainsi qu'un effet prédictif (β = 0,307, F[1-241] = 11,516, p<0,01). Conclusions: L'étude des habitudes alimentaires des écoliers représentent une opportunité pour identifier les comportements qui peuvent constituer des facteurs de risque de complications liées a une alimentation inadéquate. Les participants masculins se sont avérés avoir des conduites moins saines, ce qui indique un plus grand risque pour l'avenir.

Relación entre obesidad y depresión en adolescentes / Relationship between obesity and depression in teenagers / Relação entre obesidade e depressão em adolescents

Objetivo: Determinar si existe relación entre obesidad y depresión en los adolescentes del colegio de bachilleres de Tamaulipas (COBAT), Matamoros, Tamaulipas 2016. Material y método: Estudio correlacional y transversal. Población 60 adolescentes que presentaron un IMC de treinta hacia arriba, que indica que tienen algún grado de obesidad. El instrumento que se utilizó fue el Inventario de depresión de Beck (segunda edición), el BDI-II. La variable obesidad se clasificó de acuerdo a lo estipulado por la OMS, que es en cuatro clases: Clase 1 (30.0-34.9 IMC), Clase 2 (35.0-39.9 IMC), Clase 3 (40.0 IMC) y Clase 4 (de 40 y más IMC). Resultados: En cuanto al nivel de depresión 68.3% de los participantes normal, 20.0% leve perturbación del estado de ánimo, 10.0% depresión moderada y 1.7% depresión extrema. La obesidad el 66.7% clase uno, 25.0% clase dos, 6.7% clase tres y 1.7% clase cuatro. En la aplicación de la prueba de correlación de Spearman, no se observó relación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables obesidad y depresión (p = .572). Conclusión: En el presente estudio no se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables obesidad y depresión en los adolescentes estudiados

Objective: Determine if a rela tionship between obesity and d epression exists in teenager f rom the Colegio de Bachilleres de Tamaulipas (COBAT), Matamoros, Tamaulipas 2016. Material and methods: Study, correlatinoal and transversal. Population, 60 teenagers who presented a BMI of 30 and over, which indicates some degree of obesity. The instrument used was the Beck Depression Inventory (second revision),BDI-II. The obesity variable was classified according to the stipulated by the WHO, which are four classes: Class 1(30.0-34.9 BMI), Class 2 (35.0-39.9 BMI), Class 3 (40.0 BMI) y Class 4 (40 and over). Results: Regarding depression level, 68.3% of the subjects normal, 20.0% light mood disturbance, 10.0% moderate depression and 1.7% severe depression. In obesity the 66.7% class one , 25.0% class two, 6.7% class three and 1.7% class four. Base on the Spearman’s Correla tion test,no meaninful statistical relationship was shown between the obesity and depression variables (p = .572). Conclusion: There was no signi- ficant statistical relationship found between obesity and depression variables in the studied teenagers

Objetivo: Determinar se existe relação entre obesidade e depressão nos adolescentes do Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Tamaulipas (COBAT) Matamoros, Tamaulipas 2016. Material e métodos: Estudo de correlação e de corte transversal. População 60 adolescentes que tinham um IMC de trinta para cima, indicando que eles têm algum grau de obesidade. O instrumento utilizado foi o inventário de depressão de Beck (segunda edição), a BDI-II. A variável obesidade foi classificada de acordo com as estipulações da OMS, que é em quatro classes: Classe 1 (30.0-34.9 IMC), Classe 2 (35.0-39.9 IMC), Classe 3 (40.0 IMC) e Classe 4 (de 40 e mais IMC). Resultados: Em elação ao nível de depressão 68,3% dos participantes normal, 20,0% leve perturbação do estado de ânimo, 10,0% depressão moderada e 1,7% depressão extrema. A obesidade classe um o 66,7%, 25,0% classe dois, 6,7% classe três e 1,7% classe quatro. Na aplicação da prova de correlação de Sperman, não se observou relação estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis obesidade e depressão (p = .572). Conclusão: No presente estudo não se encontrou uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis obesidade e depressão nos adolescentes estudados

Study protocol: intervention in maternal perception of preschoolers' weight among Mexican and Mexican-American mothers.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a public health issue negatively affecting children's physical and psychosocial health. Mothers are children's primary caregivers, thus key players in childhood obesity prevention. Studies have indicated that mothers underestimate their children's weight. If mothers are unaware of their children's weight problem, they are less likely to participate in activities preventing and treating excess weight. The "Healthy Change" intervention is designed to change maternal perception of child's weight (MPCW) through peer-led group health education in childcare settings. METHODS/DESIGN: The "Healthy Change" is a multicenter two-arm randomized trial in four centers. Three centers are in Mexican States (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas). The fourth center is in San Antonio, Texas, USA. A total of 360 mother-child pairs (90 pairs per center) are to be randomly and evenly allocated to either the intervention or the control group. Intervention group will receive four-session group obesity prevention education. Control group will receive a four-session personal and food hygiene education. The education is delivered by trained peer-mother promotoras. Data will be collected using questionnaires and focus groups. The primary outcome is a change in proportion of mothers with accurate MPCW. Secondary outcomes include change in maternal feeding styles and practices, maternal self-efficacy and actions for managing child excessive weight gain. McNemar's Test will be used to test the primary outcome. The GLM Univariate procedure will be used to determine intervention effects on secondary outcomes. The models will include the secondary outcome measures as the dependent variables, treatment condition (intervention/control) as the fixed factor, and confounding factors (e.g., mother's education, children's gender and age) as covariates. Sub-analyses will be performed to compare intervention effects on primary and secondary outcomes between the samples from Mexico and Texas, USA. Qualitative data will be analyzed through analysis of inductive content. A combined coding model will be developed and used to code transcripts using the NVivo software. DISCUSSION: Healthy Change intervention could help change MPCW, an initial step for obesity prevention among preschoolers. This study presents a first of its kind intervention available in Spanish and English targeting Mexican and Mexican-American mothers in Mexico and USA. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN12281648.

Determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la Percepción Materna del Peso de su descendiente de la frontera norte de Tamaulipas por palabras/ por imágenes frente al estándar de oro / Determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade da Percepção Materna do Peso do seu descendente da fronteira norte de Tamaulipas por palavras/ imagens frente ao padrão de ouro / Determinate the sensibility and specificity of the Maternal Perception of your child’s weight of Tamaulipas North Border by words/ images in front gold standard

Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la Percepción Materna del Peso de su descendiente de la frontera norte de Tamaulipas por palabras vs por imágenes frente al estándar de oro. Material y Método: El diseño fue de tipo descriptivo tipo transversal. Participaron 658 díadas (madre-hijo). El tamaño de muestra se determinó para estudios de pruebas diagnosticas, Se seleccionaron de forma aleatoria 8 instituciones de Matamoros, Tamaulipas, (2 Jardín de Niños, 2 Primarias, 2 Secundarias y 2 Preparatorias). Resultados: La muestra se conformó con 658 díadas de madres y sus hijos, los cuales 111 cursaban educación preescolar, 166 primaria, 242 secundaria y 139 preparatoria La PM por palabras del peso del hijo en comparación con el estándar de oro. La prueba de Kappa señala que hay una concordancia fiable (k= 0.333, p= 0,000).El 22.15% de las madres de niños con sobre peso y obesidad no consiguieron identificar esta situación, debido a que subestimaron el peso de sus hijos. La PM por imágenes frente al estándar de oro. La prueba kappa señala que existe una concordancia fiable (k= 0.350, p= 0,000). El 31% de las madres con hijos con SP-OB no lograron identificar esta situación. Conclusiones: El presente estudio concluye que de acuerdo a la literatura sobre el tema, ha documentado que en la PM del peso corporal de sus descendientes tanto en palabras como en imágenes no lo perciben correctamente (AU)

Objetivo: Determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade da Percepção Materna do Peso do seu descendente da Fronteira Norte de Tamaulipas por palavras VS imagens frente ao padrão de ouro. Material e Método: O desenho do estudo foi de tipo descritivo transversal. Participaram 658 díades (mãe-filho). O tamanho da amostragem determinou-se para estudos de provas diagnósticas, Selecionaram-se de forma aleatória 8 instituições de Matamoros, Tamaulipas (2 Jardim de Infância, 2 escolas de ensino fundamental, 2 secundarias e 2 colégios). Resultados: A amostragem conformou-se com 658 díades de mães e filhos, os quais 111 estavam matriculados na educação pré-escolar, 166 no ensino fundamental, 242 em secundaria e 139 no colégio. A PM por palavras do peso do filho em comparação com o padrão de ouro. A prova de Kappa marca que há uma concordância fiável (k= 0.333, p= 0,000). O 22,15% das mães das crianças com sobrepeso e obesidade não conseguiram identificar esta situação, devido a que subestimaram o peso dos seus filhos. A PM por imagens frente ao padrão de ouro. A proca Kappa marca que existe uma concordância fiável (k= 0.350, p= 0,000). O 31% das mães com filhos com SP-OB falharam na identificação desta situação. Conclusões: O presente estudo concluiu que de acordo à literatura sob o tema, tem documentado que na PM do peso corporal dos seus desendentes tanto em palavras como em imagens não o percebem correctamente (AU)

Objective: Determinate the sensibility and specificity of the Maternal Perception of your child’s weight of the Tamaulipas North Border by words vs. images in front Gold Standard. Material and Methods: The study was descriptive transversal. Participants 658 dyads (mother-child). The sample size was determined for studies of diagnostic tests, were selected randomly eight institutions of Matamoros City, Tamaulipas, (2 Kindergarten, 2 Elementary Schools, 2 Middle Schools and 2 High schools). Results: The sample was composed of 658 dyads of mothers and their children, who 111 were enrolled in Kindergarten, 166 Elementary School, 242 Middle School and 139 High School. The MP by weight of the child’s words compared to the gold standard. Kappa test indicates that there is a reliable concordance (k= 0.333, p = 0.000) .The 22.15% of mothers of children with overweight and obesity failed to identify this situation because they underestimated the weight of their children. MP imaging compared to gold standard. The kappa test points to a reliable concordance (k = 0.350, p = 0.000). 31% of mothers of children with SP-OB failed to identify this situation. Conclusions: This study concludes that according to the literature on the subject, documented in the PM body weight of their offspring both in words and images do not perceive correctly (AU)

Predictores de la percepción materna del peso del hijo con sobrepeso-obesidad / Predictors of Maternal Perception about Weight of her Child with Overweight-Obesity

Se identificaron predictores de la percepción materna del peso del hijo (PMPH) con sobrepeso - obesidad (SP- OB). Participaron 2.874 madres e hijos, residentes en el Noreste de México; 951 tenían un hijo con SP-OB. La PMPH se evaluó por palabras (PP) y por imágenes (PI). Por PP 63.71% y 74.9% de madres de hijos con SP-OB no percibieron adecuadamente el peso del hijo y por PI, 27% y 10.99%. Mediante regresión logística, el modelo para PP fue χ² = 152.05, gl = 9, p = 0.001, varianza explicada 21.5% y para PI fue χ² = 192.35, gl = 9, p = 0.001, varianza explicada 31.9%. Edad del hijo y si el médico informa de SP en el niño/a, fueron variables que contribuyeron a los modelos. Se concluye que las madres de niños con SP-OB no perciben de forma adecuada esta situación. Se resalta la importancia de informar respecto al SP-OB del hijo.

Several predictors of a maternal perception of her child's weight (MPCW) when the child is overweigh-obese (OW-OB) were identified. Participants: 2,842 mothers and children who reside in Mexico's northeastern region, 951 mothers had an OW-OB child. The MPCW was evaluated for words (PW) and images (PI). PW, 63.71% and 74.9% of the mothers with an OW-OB child, did not perceive the child's weight adequately and PI, 27% and 10.99%. Through Logistic Regression Analysis, a model for PW was χ² = 152.05, gl = 9, p = 0.001, 21.5% explained variance; and for PI χ² = 192.35, gl = 9, p = 0.001, 31.9% explained variance. The child's age, a doctor's report that the child had OW, were some variables that contributed to the models. We concluded that mothers with OW-OB children do not adequately perceive this situation. We emphasize the importance of reporting of a child's OW-OB condition.

[Maternal actions and problems in managing the child's weight and their association with the maternal perception of the weight and age of her child]. / Acciones y problemas maternos para manejar el peso del hijo de acuerdo a la percepción materna del peso y edad del hijo.

INTRODUCTION: To properly perceive the child's weight may influence the mother to start up changes to prevent and manage overweight problems. OBJECTIVES: 1) To assess whether the actions and problems to manage the child's weight are different according to the nutritional status and the perception on the child's weight; and 2) to assess whether the actions and problems are different according to the child's age. METHODS: 2840 mothers and sons/daughters (age 2-17 years) from North-eastern Mexico participated. The mothers answered: a) I feel my child is overweighted? b) What have you done to manage your son's / daughter's weight? and c) What are the problems? The children's weight and height were measured. Contingency tables were constructed and the Chi squared test was applied. RESULTS: When the mothers of children with overweight/ obesity properly perceive this situation, dietrelated actions are taken (62.0% and 65.6%) (X(2) = 307.02, gl = 9, p < .001) and the problems are recognized (26.2% and 43.7%) (X(2) = 131.46, gl = 6, p < .001). The mothers of children in 1st to 6th grade are more prone to take actions (51.2%) (X(2) = 44.78, gl = 9, p < .001) and recognize more problems (21.8%) (X(2) = 61.74, gl = 6, p < .001) CONCLUSIONS: When the problems related with the child's weigh are recognized, actions are undertaken and the problems are recognized. Interventions are recommended for properly recognizing overweight/obesity and providing information on diet-related actions.

Introducción: Percibir de forma adecuada el peso del hijo puede influir para que la madre inicie cambios para prevenir y tratar los problemas de peso. Objetivos: 1) Evaluar si las acciones y problemas para manejar el peso del hijo son diferentes de acuerdo al estado nutricional y percepción del peso del hijo y 2) Evaluar si las acciones y problemas son diferentes de acuerdo a edad del hijo. Métodos: Participaron 2840 madres e hijos (2 a 17 años) del Noreste de México. Las madres contestaron: a) ¿Creo que mi hijo esta?, b) ¿Qué ha hecho para manejar el peso de su hijo? y c) ¿Cuáles son los problemas? Se midió peso y talla del hijo. Se construyeron tablas de contingencia y se aplicó la prueba de Chi-cuadrada. Resultados: Cuando las madres de hijos con sobrepesoobesidad perciben de forma adecuada esta situación realizan acciones relacionadas con la dieta (62,0% y 65,6%) (2 = 307,02, gl = 9, p < ,001) y reconocen problemas (26,2% y 43,7%) (2 = 131,46, gl = 6, p < ,001). Las madres de hijos de 1º a 6º grado realizan acciones en mayor proporción 51,2% (2 = 44,78, gl = 9, p < ,001) y señalan más problemas 21,8% (2 = 61,74, gl = 6, p < ,001) Conclusiones: Cuando se perciben los problemas de peso del hijo, se realizan acciones y se reconocen problemas. Se recomiendan intervenciones para percibir de forma adecuada el sobrepeso-obesidad y porporcionar información de acciones relacionadas a la dieta.

Maternal Eating and Physical Activity Strategies and their Relation with Children's Nutritional Status / Estratégias maternas referentes à alimentação e à atividade física e sua relação com o estado nutricional dos filhos / Estrategias Maternas de Alimentación y Actividad Física y su Relación con el Estado Nutricional de los Hijos

OBJECTIVES: to describe the maternal eating and physical activity strategies (monitoring, discipline, control, limits and reinforcement) [MEES]; to determine the relation between MEES and the child's nutritional status [body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP)]; to verify whether the MEES differ according to the child's nutritional status. METHOD: participants were 558 mothers and children (3 to 11 years of age) who studied at public schools. The Parental Strategies for Eating and Activity Scale (PEAS) was applied and the child's weight, height and BFP were measured. For analysis purposes, descriptive statistics were obtained, using multiple linear regression and the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: the highest mean score was found for reinforcement (62.72) and the lowest for control (50.07). Discipline, control and limits explained 12% of the BMI, while discipline and control explained 6% of the BFP. Greater control is found for obese children (χ2=38.36, p=0.001) and greater reinforcement for underweight children (χ2=7.19, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the mothers exert greater control (pressure to eat) over obese children and greater recognition (congratulating due to healthy eating) in underweight children. Modifications in parental strategies are recommended with a view to strengthening healthy eating and physical activity habits. .

OBJETIVOS: descrever as estratégias maternas referentes à alimentação e à atividade física (monitoramento, disciplina, controle, limites e reforço), determinar a relação entre as estratégias maternas referentes à alimentação e à atividade física e o estado nutricional da criança (índice de massa corporal e porcentagem de gordura corporal) e verificar se as estratégias maternas diferem de acordo com o estado nutricional da criança. MÉTODO: participaram 558 mães e filhos (3 a 11 anos), estudantes em escolas públicas. A Escala Estratégias Parentais referentes à Alimentação e à Atividade foi aplicada, e o peso, a altura e a porcentagem de gordura corporal da criança foram medidos. Para a análise, foram obtidas estatísticas descritivas e foram aplicados a regressão linear múltipla e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: o reforço apresentou a média mais alta (62,72) e o controle, a mais baixa (50,07). Disciplina, controle e limites representaram 12% do índice de massa corporal, e disciplina e controle, os 6% da porcentagem de gordura corporal. O maior controle é exercido em crianças que apresentam obesidade (χ2=38,36, p=0,001), e o maior reforço, em crianças com baixo peso (χ2=7,19, p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: mães exercem maior controle (pressão para comer) sobre crianças obesas e concedem maior reconhecimento (elogio por uma alimentação saudável) às crianças com baixo peso. Recomenda-se que as estratégias parentais sejam modificadas, a fim de fortalecer hábitos saudáveis de alimentação e atividade física. .

OBJETIVOS: describir las estrategias maternas de alimentación y actividad física (monitoreo, disciplina, control, límites y reforzamiento) [EMAA]; Determinar la relación de EMAA con el estado nutricional del hijo [índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC)]; Verificar si las EMAA son diferentes de acuerdo al estado nutricional del hijo. MÉTODO: participaron 558 madres e hijos (3 a 11 años) estudiantes de escuelas públicas. Se aplicó la Escala Estrategias Parentales de Alimentación y Actividad (PEAS), se midió peso, talla y PGC del hijo. Para el análisis se obtuvieron estadísticas descriptivas, se aplicó regresión lineal múltiple y prueba de Kruskal Wallis. RESULTADOS: reforzamiento presentó la media más alta (62.72) y control la más baja (50.07). Disciplina, control y límites explicaron 12% del IMC, disciplina y control el 6% del PGC. Se ejerce mayor control en hijos con obesidad (χ2=38.36, p=0.001) y mayor reforzamiento en hijos con bajo peso (χ2=7.19, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONES: las madres ejercen mayor control (presión para comer) en hijos con obesidad y otorgan mayor reconocimiento (felicitar por comer saludable) en hijos con bajo peso. Se recomienda modificar las estrategias parentales para fortalecer hábitos saludables de alimentación y actividad física. .