Effect of Propolis on Salivary Glands After Radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of increasing propolis doses on salivary glands exposed to radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: Thirty-seven rats were divided into 4 groups: The control group (G0, n: 7), G1 group (n: 10), G2 group (n: 10), and G3 group (n: 10). The rats in the G1 group received 15 Gray (Gy) RT only to the head and neck area. The rats in the G2 and G3 groups received 15 Gy RT for the head and neck area along with 100 mg/kg/ml and 200 mg/kg/ml of propolis. The parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands of rats were immunohistochemically stained with aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and aquaporin-5 (AQP-5). They were also evaluated for malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPO), total antioxidant (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS). RESULTS: AQP-1 and AQP-5 values were highest in G0 group followed by G3, G2, and G1 groups in decreasing order. The MDA and TOS values were highest in G1 group, which was followed by G2, G3, and G0 groups. The highest GPO, SOD, and TAS values were observed in G0 group followed by G3, G2, and G1 groups in decreasing order. CONCLUSION: It was found that propolis increased antioxidant products and decreased oxidative products in the salivary glands receiving RT in parallel with the dose increase. Similarly, in the groups receiving propolis, an increase in the immune expression of aquaporin molecules was detected in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these data, it could be stated that propolis has a healing effect on the salivary glands exposed to RT.

Effects of systemic Anatolian propolis administration on a rat-irradiated osteoradionecrosis model.

OBJECTIVE: Radiotherapy after head and neck cancer is associated with the risk of osteonecrosis development. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of systemic propolis application to prevent the disease as it has no definite treatment protocol despite the proposed treatment methods and significantly decreases individuals' quality of life. METHODOLOGY: In total, 29 male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into control, 35 Gy irradiation (Group 1), 35 Gy irradiation+100 mg/kg/ml propolis administration (Group 2), and 35 Gy irradiation+200 mg/kg/ml propolis administration groups (Group 3). Propolis was first applied on the day after radiotherapy, except for the control group. Right first and second molars were extracted from all rats three weeks following radiotherapy. Samples were collected seven weeks after radiotherapy. Osteoblast and osteoclast counts were calculated by histomorphometric analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis determined bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGFß-3). RESULTS: Group comparison found non-significant differences regarding osteoblast (p=0.130) and osteoclast (p=0.063) counts. However, Group 1 showed the lowest mean osteoblast (OBL: 82.63 [±13.10]) and highest mean osteoclast counts (OCL: 12.63 [±5.55]). OBL/OCL ratio showed significant differences between groups (p=0.011). Despite the significant difference between the Control and Groups 1 (p=0.006) and 2 (p=0.029), Group 3 showed a non-significant difference (p=0.091). For BMP-2 and TGFB3, the control group showed significant differences with the other two groups (p<0.001), except for Group 3. CONCLUSION: Anatolian propolis showed beneficial effects in a radiotherapy-mediated osteonecrosis model, highlighting its potential as a promising intervention.

Retrospective analysis of dental implants immediately placed in extraction sockets with periapical pathology: immediate implant placement in infected areas.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to examine the survival rates of immediate implants placed in extraction sockets with chronic periapical pathology. METHODS: 69 patients and 124 immediate implants were included in the study. The patients included in the study were examined in 3 groups. Group 1: Patients who underwent tooth extraction with periapical pathology and immediate implant placement. Group 2: patients who underwent tooth extraction with periapical pathology, immediate implant placement and guided bone regeneration. Group 3: Patients who underwent tooth extraction with periapical pathology, sinus lift procedure and immediate implant placement. In statistical analysis, t-test and Anova analysis were used in the evaluation of quantitative data, cross-tables and chi-square (χ2) test were used in the evaluation of classified qualitative data. Statistical significance was determined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: It was observed that 116 (95.55%) of 124 implants were successful and 8 (4.45%) failed. The success rate was 97.2% in Group 1, 93.5% in Group 2 and 81.8% in Group 3. A significant correlation was found between the study groups and implant success in terms of χ2 test (p = 0.037). A significant relationship was found between smoking and success in terms of the χ2 test (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: High survival rates are observed for immediate implant placement in sockets with periapical pathology. The success rates observed in guided bone regenerations simultaneously with immediate implant placement are at satisfactory levels. In cases where simultaneous sinus lifting procedures are required, the success rates were observed to be significantly lower. In case of adequate curettage and debridement in sockets with periapical pathology, high implant survival rates are observed. As the complexity of the surgical procedure increases, treatment protocols may progress in safer ways.

Effects of modified step Le Fort I advancement surgery on nostril area and inferior nasal structures volume in class III patients: a retrospective clinical study.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of the modified step Le Fort I osteotomy on the inferior nasal structures and the nostril area was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 24 patients who had modified step Le Fort I osteotomy. Inferior nasal concha volume (INCV), meatus nasi inferior volume (MNIV), the sum of both structures volume (TV), and nostril area (NA) were evaluated in pre- (T0) and postoperative (T1) periods. RESULTS: For all patients, NA increased both on the right side (p = 0.011) and left side (p = 0.050) after surgery. The INCV and TV values were lower in T1 than those in T0; however, a statistically significant decrease of INCV and TV was found only in the right side of males (p = 0.039 and p = 0.050, respectively). No significant difference was found in MNIV between T0 and T1 measurements (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Maxillary advancement with the modified step Le Fort I osteotomy technique increased the NA, which may have a positive effect on breathing function. On the other hand, although TV tended to decrease, MNIV did not change after surgery as the same decreasing tendency also existed in INCV. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Step Le Fort I advancement surgery technique usually affects nasal structures positively regarding the nasal airway.

Evaluation of bony changes observed in mandibular osteotomy lines and mandibular condyles following bilateral sagittal ramus osteotomy by fractal analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the surgically impacted trabecular changes in mandibular osteotomy lines and mandibular condyles after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy using the fractal analysis method. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study population consisted of 30 patients (9 male, 21 female) diagnosed with mandibular prognathism and operated with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy under general anesthesia. Fractal analyses observed the alterations on the trabecular structure of osteotomy lines, and mandibular condyles on panoramic radiographs obtained preoperatively, postoperatively, 1st week, 6th month, and 12th month. The box-counting method was used to evaluate the changes in trabecular structure by fractal analysis. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The fractal dimension values in both osteotomy lines and mandibular condyles were significantly decreased on postoperative 1st week regarding preoperative values. However, fractal dimension values commenced increasing in the following postoperative period. The fractal dimension values of the horizontal and vertical osteotomy lines reached their preoperative values on postoperative 6th and 12th month, respectively. The decreased fractal dimension values observed in the early postoperative period in the right and left condyles reached their preoperative values at the 6th postoperative month. CONCLUSION: Fractal analyses performed postoperatively can provide information about trabecular changes and bone healing of structures such as osteotomy lines directly affected by bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and indirectly affected mandibular condyles. The results support that fractal analysis can be used together with clinical data in the evaluation of bone healing process.

Effects of systemic Anatolian propolis administration on a rat-irradiated osteoradionecrosis model

Abstract Objective Radiotherapy after head and neck cancer is associated with the risk of osteonecrosis development. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of systemic propolis application to prevent the disease as it has no definite treatment protocol despite the proposed treatment methods and significantly decreases individuals' quality of life. Methodology In total, 29 male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into control, 35 Gy irradiation (Group 1), 35 Gy irradiation+100 mg/kg/ml propolis administration (Group 2), and 35 Gy irradiation+200 mg/kg/ml propolis administration groups (Group 3). Propolis was first applied on the day after radiotherapy, except for the control group. Right first and second molars were extracted from all rats three weeks following radiotherapy. Samples were collected seven weeks after radiotherapy. Osteoblast and osteoclast counts were calculated by histomorphometric analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis determined bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGFβ-3). Results Group comparison found non-significant differences regarding osteoblast (p=0.130) and osteoclast (p=0.063) counts. However, Group 1 showed the lowest mean osteoblast (OBL: 82.63 [±13.10]) and highest mean osteoclast counts (OCL: 12.63 [±5.55]). OBL/OCL ratio showed significant differences between groups (p=0.011). Despite the significant difference between the Control and Groups 1 (p=0.006) and 2 (p=0.029), Group 3 showed a non-significant difference (p=0.091). For BMP-2 and TGFB3, the control group showed significant differences with the other two groups (p<0.001), except for Group 3. Conclusion Anatolian propolis showed beneficial effects in a radiotherapy-mediated osteonecrosis model, highlighting its potential as a promising intervention.

Fractured needle as an unusual complication of the lingual nerve block: a case report.

Although rare, hypodermic needle fractures can occur in the maxillofacial region. In cases of fracture, urgent intervention is required to prevent further complications. We present the case of a 37-year-old female patient with a fractured needle in the left sublingual fossa during a lingual nerve block 6 months before referral. The fragment of a 30-gauge needle was located using cone-beam computed tomography and retrieved under local anesthesia with blunt dissection. The patient recovered uneventfully, except for predictable postoperative inflammatory complications, which resolved within 2 weeks. Precautions should be implemented to prevent needle fractures, which are usually preventable. However, if the retrieval is unsuccessful, the patient should be referred to a well-equipped surgical unit without delay.

Evaluation of postoperative changes in the course of mandibular canals impacted by cystic lesions.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to determine the positional alterations in the course of mandibular canal, which were caused by the common cystic lesions in the posterior mandible. Also, the effects of treatment methods on bone formation were evaluated. METHODS: We designed a retrospective cohort study with patients which were treated due to cystic lesions in the maxillofacial region between the years 2012-2018. Forty eight subjects were included and grouped regarding histopathologic diagnoses (radicular dentigerous and odontogenic keratocyst) and treatment methods (enucleation and marsupialization). The mean (range) of patients' age was 31.25 (18-66) years, and there were 32 male and 16 female individuals. The displacement of mandibular canals was verified on preoperative cone-beam computed tomographic images. The measurements of displacement and bone formation were performed on panoramic radiographs. In the statistical analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, parametric independent sample t-test, non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test, and one-way analysis of variance test were utilized. RESULTS: All the evaluated mandibular canals were replaced by a mean(SD) of 5.46(2.59) mm after the lesions eliminated, which was significant in the marsupialization group (p = 0.002). The bone formation was significantly higher in the enucleation group (p = 0.003). The multiple regression analyses revealed that the treatment methods significantly influenced the replacement of mandibular canal (p < 0.001) and the bone formation (p = 0.026). CONCLUSION: In cases where there is an adequate distance between the lesion and the mandibular canal, the enucleation technique was found to be superior in terms of bone formation and the amount of bone height obtained.

The effect of systemic application of propolis on tongue damage and oral mucositis in rats exposed to radiation.

PURPOSE: In this experimental study, the effect of dose-dense systemic application of propolis on oral mucosity, histological changes in papilla, and inflammatory and hypoxic markers in rats exposed to radiation was investigated. METHODS: Seven rats were in the control and 30 rats in the experimental group. Three experimental groups were formed. In Group 1 RT (15 Gy) was delivered only to the head and neck region. In Group 2, RT (15 Gy) and systemic administration of 100 mg/kg/ml propolis, in Group 3, RT (15 Gy) and systemic administration of 200 mg/kg/ml propolis were applied. Oral mucositis index (OMI) was scored in control and experimental groups. Proinflammatory markers [interleukin-6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] hypoxia markers [glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)] were studied histomorphologically. RESULTS: The significantly highest OMI score was observed in the G1. OMI score was statistically significantly decreased in experimental groups receiving systemic propolis, especially in G3. Proinflammatory markers increased significantly only in the experimental RT group, G1. Serum levels of MPO and TNF-α significantly decreased in the dose-dense systemic propolis arm. The highest levels of hypoxia markers (HIF-1α and GLUT-1) were detected in the RT group, then in G2, G3, and control groups in order of decreasing frequency. However, the difference between the groups did not reach the level of statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Systemic propolis can be reduced acute mucositis with its anti-inflammatory effect without developing resistance to RT (tumor protection). However, greater number of clinical studies should be designed to arrive at definitive conclusions.

Acute treatment with dexketoprofen reduces penicillin induced epileptiform activity in wistar albino rats (dexketoprofen in penicillin induced seizure model).

AIM: Dexketoprofen trometamol is one of the most commonly used anti-inflammatory analgesic agents for pain control. This study aims to investigate the effect of dexketoprofen on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. METHOD: In this study, 28 male Wistar rats weighing 220-240 g were used. Tripolar electrodes were implanted under urethane anesthesia. Epileptiform activity was induced by micro-injection of 500 units (IU) penicillin into the rats' left somatomotor cortex. Dexketoprofen (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg) was administrated intraperitoneally after 30 min of penicillin injection. Epileptiform activity was evaluated by electrocorticography (ECoG). RESULTS: The low dose of dexketoprofen administration (5 mg/kg) reduced the mean spike frequency of epileptiform activity 60 min after its injection. However, 25 and 50 mg/kg dexketoprofen significantly reduced the mean spike frequency 30 min after the dexketoprofen injection compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The amplitudes of epileptiform discharges in all groups were unaffected (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that dexketoprofen had a significant anti-seizure effect when applied at 5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg (especially at 25 and 50 mg/kg), in the penicillin-induced seizure model. The obtained data revealed that dexketoprofen might play an essential role against epileptic seizures.

The effect of dexketoprofen trometamol on WAG/Rij rats with absence epilepsy (dexketoprofen in absence epilepsy).

AIM: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases. Dexketoprofen (DEX) is a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used as an analgesic. The present study aimed to assess the efficiency of DEX on WAG/Rij rats by electrophysiologically and behaviorally. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-eight male WAG/Rij rats were used. The effects of acute treatment with DEX (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg, i.p) on absence-like seizures, and related psychiatric comorbidity were assessed. The ECoG recording was taken for 180 min before and after drug injection. After drug injection and EcoG recording, anxiety-depression-like behavior was tested with the open field test for 5 min. RESULTS: The 5 mg/kg DEX significantly reduced the number and duration of SWDs percentage (p < 0.05) between 120 and 180 min, but 25 and 50 mg/kg DEX significantly increased the number and duration of SWDs percentage between 0 and 30 min (p < 0.05), and after 30 min the increase stopped (p > 0.05). And also, the 5 mg/kg DEX decreased the number and duration of SWDs percentage (p < 0.05) for 180 min (p < 0.05), but 25 and 50 mg/kg DEX administration did not alter (p > 0.05). The 5, 25, and 50 mg/kg doses of DEX significantly increased the duration of grooming (p < 0.05) but did not change the number of squares crossed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Low dose DEX reduced absence-like seizures, but care should be taken when using high doses in absence epilepsy. Also, it may be beneficial for painful diseases accompanied by anxiety-depression.

Effects of pain catastrophizing and anxiety on analgesic use after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars.

BACKGROUND: In dentistry, pain is a factor that negatively affects treatments and drug use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations of the postoperative analgesic use with pain catastrophizing and anxiety in patients who underwent removal of an impacted mandibular third molar. METHODS: We recruited 92 patients who underwent the extraction of impacted mandibular third molar. In this study, the Pederson index was used to preoperatively determine the difficulty of surgical extraction. Patients were asked to note the number of analgesics used for 7 postoperative days. Patients were divided into two groups based on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale: low and high score groups. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-trait and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-state questionnaires were used to determine the anxiety levels of the patients. The obtained data were examined to evaluate the correlations of pain catastrophizing and anxiety with the postoperative analgesic use. RESULTS: In this study, 92 patients, including 60 women and 32 men, were recruited. The analgesic use was higher in women than in men but with no significant difference (P > 0.05). Pain Catastrophizing Scale scores were higher in women than in men but with no significant difference (P > 0.05). The analgesic use was higher in patients with high pain catastrophizing than in those with low pain catastrophizing but with no significant difference (P > 0.05). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-trait scores were higher in women than in men but with no significant difference. However, state-Trait Anxiety Inventory-state scores were significantly higher in women than in men (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The postoperative analgesic use may be higher in patients who catastrophize pain than in others. Knowing the patient's catastrophic characteristics preoperatively would contribute to successful pain management and appropriate drug selection.