COVID-19 Disease in Presenting to the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Multicenter Study of 8886 Cases.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data of children with SARS-CoV-2 positivity by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) together with treatment strategies and clinical outcomes and to evaluate cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in this population. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective observational cohort study performed in the pediatric emergency departments of 19 tertiary hospitals. From March 11, 2020, to May 31, 2021, children who were diagnosed with confirmed nasopharyngeal/tracheal specimen SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity or positivity for serum-specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were included. Demographics, presence of chronic illness, symptoms, history of contact with SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive individuals, laboratory and radiologic investigations, clinical severity, hospital admissions, and prognosis were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 8886 cases were included. While 8799 (99.0%) cases resulted in a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 with PCR positivity, 87 (1.0%) patients were diagnosed with MIS-C. Among SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients, 51.0% were male and 8.5% had chronic illnesses. The median age was 11.6 years (IQR: 5.0-15.4) and 737 (8.4%) patients were aged <1 year. Of the patients, 15.5% were asymptomatic. The most common symptoms were fever (48.5%) and cough (30.7%) for all age groups. There was a decrease in the rate of fever as age increased (p < 0.001); the most common age group for this symptom was <1 year with the rate of 69.6%. There was known contact with a SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive individual in 67.3% of the cases, with household contacts in 71.3% of those cases. In terms of clinical severity, 83 (0.9%) patients were in the severe-critical group. There was hospital admission in 1269 (14.4%) cases, with 106 (1.2%) of those patients being admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Among patients with MIS-C, 60.9% were male and the median age was 6.4 years (IQR: 3.9-10.4). Twelve (13.7%) patients presented with shock. There was hospital admission in 89.7% of these cases, with 29.9% of the patients with MIS-C being admitted to the PICU. CONCLUSION: Most SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients presented with a mild clinical course. Although rare, MIS-C emerges as a serious consequence with frequent PICU admission. Further understanding of the characteristics of COVID-19 disease could provide insights and guide the development of therapeutic strategies for target groups.

[Borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia in a child with headache. Case report]. / Ectopia amigdalina cerebelosa borderline en un niño con cefalea. Caso clínico.

Frequent headache is a symptom that leads to significant distress and functional impairment, both in childhood and in adulthood. Some medical conditions are associated with a higher frequency of headaches. Borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia which may be defined as the downward extension of cerebellar tonsils of <5 mm below the foramen magnum is among these conditions. Although questions persist about the clinical significance of this rare entity on headache, there are studies reporting severe headache syndrome in 16% of these patients. We report a 9-year old male patient, who presented to our clinic with a frontal headache of 5 years' duration, and was found to have borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia on magnetic resonance imaging. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been a reported case of this coexistence at this early stage of life. We would like to contribute to the literature, owing to the very rare and atypical presentation of this entity in the early childhood period.

Ectopia amigdalina cerebelosa borderline en un niño con cefalea. Caso clínico / Borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia in a child with headache. Case report

La cefalea es un síntoma que conlleva un malestar signifcativo y deterioro funcional en quienes lo sufren con frecuencia, tanto en la infancia como en la edad adulta. Algunas afecciones se asocian con una mayor frecuencia de cefaleas. La ectopia amigdalina cerebelosa borderline, defnida como la protrusión de las amígdalas cerebelosas por foramen magnum), es una de esas afecciones. Aunque no está claro el signifcado clínico de esta entidad como causa de cefalea, hay estudios que informaron su asociación en el 16% de los pacientes. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 9 años que acudió a la consulta por padecer una cefalea frontal de 5 años de evolución. Se diagnosticó ectopia amigdalina cerebelosa borderline mediante una resonancia magnética. Se describe este caso dado lo atípico de la presentación de esta entidad en la infancia.(AU)

Frequent headache is a symptom that leads to signifcant distress and functional impairment, both in childhood and in adulthood. Some medical conditions are associated with a higher frequency of headaches. Borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia which may be defned as the downward extension of cerebellar tonsils of < 5 mm below the foramen magnum is among these conditions. Although questions persist about the clinical signifcance of this rare entity on headache, there are studies reporting severe headache syndrome in 16% of these patients. We report a 9-year old male patient, who presented to our clinic with a frontal headache of 5 years duration, and was found to have borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia on magnetic resonance imaging. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been a reported case of this coexistence at this early stage of life. We would like to contribute to the literature, owing to the very rare and atypical presentation of this entity in the early childhood period.(AU)

Ectopia amigdalina cerebelosa borderline en un niño con cefalea. Caso clínico / Borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia in a child with headache. Case report

La cefalea es un síntoma que conlleva un malestar signifcativo y deterioro funcional en quienes lo sufren con frecuencia, tanto en la infancia como en la edad adulta. Algunas afecciones se asocian con una mayor frecuencia de cefaleas. La ectopia amigdalina cerebelosa borderline, defnida como la protrusión de las amígdalas cerebelosas por foramen magnum), es una de esas afecciones. Aunque no está claro el signifcado clínico de esta entidad como causa de cefalea, hay estudios que informaron su asociación en el 16% de los pacientes. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 9 años que acudió a la consulta por padecer una cefalea frontal de 5 años de evolución. Se diagnosticó ectopia amigdalina cerebelosa borderline mediante una resonancia magnética. Se describe este caso dado lo atípico de la presentación de esta entidad en la infancia.

Frequent headache is a symptom that leads to signifcant distress and functional impairment, both in childhood and in adulthood. Some medical conditions are associated with a higher frequency of headaches. Borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia which may be defned as the downward extension of cerebellar tonsils of < 5 mm below the foramen magnum is among these conditions. Although questions persist about the clinical signifcance of this rare entity on headache, there are studies reporting severe headache syndrome in 16% of these patients. We report a 9-year old male patient, who presented to our clinic with a frontal headache of 5 years' duration, and was found to have borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia on magnetic resonance imaging. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been a reported case of this coexistence at this early stage of life. We would like to contribute to the literature, owing to the very rare and atypical presentation of this entity in the early childhood period.

Ectopia amigdalina cerebelosa borderline en un niño con cefalea. Caso clínico. / [Borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia in a child with headache. Case report].

Frequent headache is a symptom that leads to significant distress and functional impairment, both in childhood and in adulthood. Some medical conditions are associated with a higher frequency of headaches. Borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia which may be defined as the downward extension of cerebellar tonsils of <5 mm below the foramen magnum is among these conditions. Although questions persist about the clinical significance of this rare entity on headache, there are studies reporting severe headache syndrome in 16

of these patients. We report a 9-year old male patient, who presented to our clinic with a frontal headache of 5 years duration, and was found to have borderline cerebellar tonsillar ectopia on magnetic resonance imaging. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been a reported case of this coexistence at this early stage of life. We would like to contribute to the literature, owing to the very rare and atypical presentation of this entity in the early childhood period.