Persistence of antibodies to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared to polysaccharide vaccine in patients with Crohn's disease - one year follow up.

Background: Patients suffering from Crohn's disease (CD) are at increased risk of infectious diseases, such as pneumococcal infection. The risk increases with immunotherapy. Pneumococcal infection can be prevented by vaccination. Methods: We conducted a randomized trial of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV13) in groups of CD patients treated with immunosuppressive (IS) drugs in the form of thiopurines (PPV23 n = 28, PCV13 n = 28) alone or in combination with TNF-α antagonists (PPV23 n = 13, PCV13 n = 13) and CD patients not treated with any of these drugs (untreated) (PPV23 n = 30, PCV13 n = 24). In this article, we report the immunogenicity of PPC23 and PCV13 one year after vaccination. Results: No overall differences in vaccine-induced serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies or functional antibodies (opsonophagocytic activity (OPA)) were found between the two vaccines. PCV13 induced a higher concentration of IgG antibodies for serotype 9V than PPV23 in untreated patients. In contrast, PPV23 induced higher OPA for serotypes 6B and 19F than PCV13 in IS treated patients. Untreated patients showed generally higher IgG and OPA antibody levels than patients treated with IS and TNF-α antagonists. Conclusions: In conclusion, we found no general differences in the persistence of induced antibodies when comparing PPV23 with PCV13 regardless of treatment and also within treatment groups (IS, IS + TNF-α and untreated). This was demonstrated for both serotype-specific IgG antibodies and as functional antibodies (OPA). Patients treated with thiopurines in combination with TNF-α inhibitors have an impaired immune response against both PPV23 and PCV13, as compared to untreated patients. This study has been registered in the European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT, record no 2012-002867-86) and ClinicalTrials.gov (record no. NCT01947010).

Outcome after discontinuation of infliximab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission: an observational Danish single center study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate duration of remission, including risk factors for relapse and response to retreatment with infliximab (IFX), in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) who had discontinued IFX while in clinical remission. METHODS: Observational, single-center, retrospective study of all patients with a primary response to IFX who discontinued IFX therapy while in steroid-free remission. Relapse was defined as reintroduction of treatment with a biologic, systemic steroid or surgery. RESULTS: Of 219, 53 (24%) CD patients, and 28 of 97 (30%) UC patients discontinued IFX while in clinical steroid-free remission. The proportion of patients in remission declined steadily with 61% of CD patients, and 75% of UC patients being in remission after 1 year. Half the patients maintained remission after median 2 years (680 days (412-948)) and 3.5 years (1334 days (995-1673)), respectively; p = 0.057. Twelve percent with CD and 40% with UC were in remission at the end of follow-up after 10 and 4.5 years, respectively. Longer disease duration was associated with relapse in univariate analysis in CD, OR 1.1 (1.0-1.1), p = 0.022. Of 25, 24 CD patients (96%), and 5 of 7 UC patients (71%) experienced complete clinical remission when retreated with IFX after relapse. CONCLUSION: While the short-term prognosis seems favorable, the majority of patients who discontinue IFX while in remission relapse over time. The response to retreatment with IFX at relapse seems favorable in this subpopulation.