Contribution of public oral pathology services to the diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil.

This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of oral and maxillofacial pathology laboratories (OMPLs) in Brazilian public universities to the diagnosis of lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A cross-sectional study was performed using biopsy records from a consortium of sixteen public OMPLs from all regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South). Clinical and demographic data of patients diagnosed with lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal SCC between 2010 and 2019 were collected from the patients' histopathological records. Of the 120,010 oral and maxillofacial biopsies (2010-2019), 6.9% (8,321 cases) were diagnosed as lip (0.8%, 951 cases), oral cavity (4.9%, 5,971 cases), and oropharyngeal (1.2%, 1,399 cases) SCCs. Most cases were from Brazil's Southeast (64.5%), where six of the OMPLs analyzed are located. The predominant profile of patients with lip and oral cavity SCC was Caucasian men, with a mean age over 60 years, low schooling level, and a previous history of heavy tobacco consumption. In the oropharyngeal group, the majority were non-Caucasian men, with a mean age under 60 years, had a low education level, and were former/current tobacco and alcohol users. According to data from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute, approximately 9.9% of the total lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal SCCs reported over the last decade in Brazil may have been diagnosed at the OMPLs included in the current study. Therefore, this data confirms the contribution of public OMPLs with respect to the important diagnostic support they provide to the oral healthcare services extended by the Brazilian Public Health System.

Hamartomatous Polyp of the Palatine Tonsil: A Case Report and Critical Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Hamartomatous polyp of the palatine tonsil is a rare benign tumor poorly recognized by clinicians and pathologists. We present a novel case report and provide a literature review about this diagnosis, highlighting its clinicopathological features and treatment modalities. METHODS: We herein report a case of a 22-year-old female patient who complained of a foreign body sensation in her throat. She presented with a pedunculated polyp attached to her right palatine tonsil, which was noticed 15 years ago. An excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia, and the microscopic aspect confirmed the diagnosis of the hamartomatous polyp of the palatine tonsil. The literature review was performed using the "palatine tonsil polyps" term in PubMed and Google Scholar. Only English-language publications showing clinical and microscopic descriptions were selected as inclusion criteria. RESULTS: As in our case report, this poorly understood lesion usually presents as a solitary, unilateral pedunculated mass attached to the palatine tonsil surface with nonspecific symptoms. The literature shows less than 100 cases reported, which reveals a lesion preference for male and young adult patients. Microscopically, it is characterized by disorganized proliferation of the connective tissue components indigenous to the involved site, with variable lymphangiectasia, which accounts for the diversity of the diagnostic term and its unknown incidence. Its treatment consists of excision of the polyp with or without tonsillectomy, and no recurrence or malignant transformation of these polyps has been reported. CONCLUSION: The hamartomatous polyp of the palatine tonsil is challenging due to its rarity and lack of standardization of the terminology used in the literature. Including this diagnosis in the 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification for Head and Neck Tumors is expected to contribute to a better understanding of this pathology.

Contribution of public oral pathology services to the diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of oral and maxillofacial pathology laboratories (OMPLs) in Brazilian public universities to the diagnosis of lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A cross-sectional study was performed using biopsy records from a consortium of sixteen public OMPLs from all regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South). Clinical and demographic data of patients diagnosed with lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal SCC between 2010 and 2019 were collected from the patients' histopathological records. Of the 120,010 oral and maxillofacial biopsies (2010-2019), 6.9% (8,321 cases) were diagnosed as lip (0.8%, 951 cases), oral cavity (4.9%, 5,971 cases), and oropharyngeal (1.2%, 1,399 cases) SCCs. Most cases were from Brazil's Southeast (64.5%), where six of the OMPLs analyzed are located. The predominant profile of patients with lip and oral cavity SCC was Caucasian men, with a mean age over 60 years, low schooling level, and a previous history of heavy tobacco consumption. In the oropharyngeal group, the majority were non-Caucasian men, with a mean age under 60 years, had a low education level, and were former/current tobacco and alcohol users. According to data from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute, approximately 9.9% of the total lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal SCCs reported over the last decade in Brazil may have been diagnosed at the OMPLs included in the current study. Therefore, this data confirms the contribution of public OMPLs with respect to the important diagnostic support they provide to the oral healthcare services extended by the Brazilian Public Health System.

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Modulate Gene Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with head and neck cancer receive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs concomitant with oncogenic treatment in order to control cardiovascular diseases and chronic inflammatory processes. Inflammation is closely related to neoplastic development and the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines represents a crucial event in this relationship. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and celecoxib treatment in the gene expression pattern of cytokines and chemokines in squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cells were treated with plasmatic concentrations of ASA and celecoxib and were submitted to cell viability assay and immunoenzymatic assay to investigate interleukin 6 (IL6) production. Treated cells were collected and a gene expression array was performed using the reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Both treatments provoked a discrete inhibitory effect on cell viability and modulated IL6 production. The mRNA expression of several cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and other chemotaxis-related genes were modulated after treatment with ASA and celecoxib. CONCLUSION: Plasmatic doses of ASA and celecoxib altered the expression of IL6 and the gene expression of chemokines (ligands and receptors) and cytokines in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

Exérese de tumor incomum em região pré-auricular: relato de caso / Exerese of incomum tumor in preauricular region: case report / Exeresis del incomum tumoral en la región pre-auricular: relato de caso

O cilindroma é um tumor de face raro que acomete frequentemente o couro cabeludo e o pescoço podendo ser benigno ou também desenvolver um curso maligno. É objetivo apresentar um caso de paciente de 55 anos de idade com um tumor de pequena dimensão em região pré-auricular a esquerda, com queixas álgicas e presença de discreta equimose. A terapêutica empregada foi a excisão cirúrgica e acompanhamento. A paciente, após 3 meses de controle pós-operatório apresenta-se sem queixas e sem sinais de recidiva. Deste modo, pode-se concluir que o tratamento empregado foi satisfatório com bons resultados. Em virtude da possibilidade de recidiva a paciente segue em acompanhamento(AU)

The cylindroma is a rare-face tumor that often affects the scalp and neck, which may be benign or develop a malignant course. The objective of this study is to present a 55-year-old patient with a small tumor in the preauricular region on the left, with painful complaints and a slight purpura. The therapy used was surgical excision and follow-up. The patient, after 3 months of postoperative control, presented with no complaints and no signs of relapse. In this way, it can be concluded that the treatment used was satisfactory with good results. Due to the possibility of recurrence, the patient is followed up(AU)

El cilindroma es un tumor de cara raro que acomete frecuentemente el cuero cabelludo y el cuello pudiendo ser benigno o también desarrollar un curso maligno. Es objetivo presentar un caso de paciente de 55 años de edad con un tumor de pequeña dimensión en región pre-auricular a la izquierda, con quejas álgicas y levemente enrojecida. La terapia empleada fue la excisión quirúrgica y seguimiento. La paciente, después de 3 meses de control postoperatorio se presenta sin quejas y sin signos de recidiva. De este modo, se puede concluir que el tratamiento empleado fue satisfactorio con buenos resultados. En virtud de la posibilidad de recidiva la paciente sigue en seguimiento(AU)

Immunohistochemical expression of WNT5A and MMPs in odontogenic epithelial tumors and cysts.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was compare the expression of WNT5A and MMP2, 7 and 20, in frequent benign odontogenic tumors and odontogenic cysts, since these lesions have a different biological behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-one paraffin-embedded specimens of odontogenic tumors, including ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor, and thirty-two odontogenic cysts were used for immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: The expression of WNT5A in odontogenic tumors and inflammatory cyst was higher than in developmental odontogenic cyst. There was no statistical difference (p<0.05) in the expression of WNT5A when comparing the analyzed tumors. The expression of MMP7 was lower in RC with a statistical difference when compared with all tumors and cysts. Statistical differences also occurred when comparing glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) to keratocyst odontogenic tumor (KOT) and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT). MMP20 expression was higher in ameloblastoma when compared to adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT), DC and GOC. The expression of MMP20 was lower in CCOT when compared to all tumors and cysts. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of WNT5A in a group of odontogenic lesions suggests the participation of a non-canonical WNT signaling pathway in the progression and maintenance of these lesions. These molecules are possibly involved in the biological differences between odontogenic tumors and cysts. Considering previous studies, WNT5A may help promote the calcification seen in AOT, CCOT and CEOT by activating MMP7.

DNA methyltransferase immunohistochemical expression in odontogenic tumours.

BACKGROUND: Odontogenic tumours are a heterogeneous group of lesions formed from tissues that give rise to the tooth. DNA methylation, a covalent addition of a methyl group to the 5-carbon position of a cytosine nucleotide, is considered an important regulator of gene expression. The addition of the methyl radical is catalysed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Although some epigenetic studies have been conducted in odontogenic tumours, a study with the three types of DNMTs in several different members of this group is missing. This study analyses the expression of DNMTs in odontogenic tumours. METHODS: Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 20 ameloblastomas, 10 calcifying cystic odontogenic tumours, 10 calcifying epithelial tumours, 10 adenomatoid odontogenic tumours, 10 keratocystic odontogenic tumours, five ameloblastic fibromas, two ameloblastic fibro-odontomas, four central odontogenic fibromas, seven peripheral odontogenic fibromas and 10 odontogenic myxomas were included. Immunohistochemical expression of DNMT1, 3A and 3B was assessed using a semi-quantitative analysis, and also a correlation with p21, p27 and E-cadherin immunoexpression was made. RESULTS: DNMT1, 3A and 3B were expressed in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of all odontogenic tumours. DNMT1 expression was directly correlated with p27 expression in ameloblastomas. CONCLUSION: The high expression of DNMTs in odontogenic tumour cells suggests methylation as an important mechanism for this group of tumours.

Efeito dos tratamentos com ácido acetilsalicílico e celecoxibe na expressão de citocinas e no comportamento de linhagens celulares de carcinoma epidermoide de boca / Effect of treatment with aspirin and celecoxib on the expression of cytokines and behavior of cell lines of squamous cell carcinoma

Quatro décadas de pesquisas mostraram que muitos mecanismos inflamatórios estão intrinsecamente ligados ao desenvolvimento e manutenção do câncer, e ainda, que as citocinas inflamatórias exercem papel primordial nessa relação. Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINEs) podem reduzir o desenvolvimento neoplásico por afetar a produção de citocinas inflamatórias pelas células neoplásicas. No entanto, até o momento não foi bem definido se o tratamento com AINEs é capaz de modular a expressão de citocinas inflamatórias por células do carcinoma epidermoide oral (CEO). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão de citocinas inflamatórias em linhagens celulares de CEO após tratamento com ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) e celecoxibe (CLX). Foi realizado screening da expressão de 84 citocinas e quimiocinas, através de PCR array, das linhagens SCC4, 9 e 25 tratadas com doses de AAS e CLX próximas às concentrações plasmáticas dos fármacos em humanos. Os resultados mostraram que AAS e CLX modularam a expressão de citocinas e que as linhagens responderam de maneira diferente aos tratamentos. Observou-se aumento de expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias como a IL-1?, IL-8 e TNF na SCC9 e 25, assim como diminuição de expressão de ACKR4 e CXCL10 na SCC4 e 9.

Four decades of research have shown that many inflammatory mechanisms are intrinsically linked to the development and maintenance of cancer and that inflammatory cytokines play pivotal role in this association. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce neoplastic growth on affecting the production of inflammatory cytokines by the neoplastic cells. So far, it is not well established if the treatment with NSAIDs can modulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines by OSCC cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of inflammatory cytokines by OSCC cell lines after treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and celecoxib (CLX). Eighty-four cytokines and chemokines mRNA expression were screened by PCR array on SCC4, 9 and 25 cell lines treated with ASA and CLX at plasma concentrations in humans. The results showed that ASA and CLX modulate the expression of cytokines with all cell lines responding differently to the treatments. Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1?, IL-8 and TNF in SCC9 and 25, and reduced expression of ACKR4 and CXCL10 in SCC4 and 9, was observed. Thus it follows that the treatments of lines SCC4, SCC9 and SCC25 with ASA and CLX at the next plasma concentrations in humans are able to modulate the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines.

Efeito dos tratamentos com ácido acetilsalicílico e celecoxibe na expressão de citocinas e no comportamento de linhagens celulares de carcinoma epidermoide de boca / Effect of treatment with aspirin and celecoxib on the expression of cytokines and behavior of cell lines of squamous cell carcinoma

Quatro décadas de pesquisas mostraram que muitos mecanismos inflamatórios estão intrinsecamente ligados ao desenvolvimento e manutenção do câncer, e ainda, que as citocinas inflamatórias exercem papel primordial nessa relação. Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINEs) podem reduzir o desenvolvimento neoplásico por afetar a produção de citocinas inflamatórias pelas células neoplásicas. No entanto, até o momento não foi bem definido se o tratamento com AINEs é capaz de modular a expressão de citocinas inflamatórias por células do carcinoma epidermoide oral (CEO). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão de citocinas inflamatórias em linhagens celulares de CEO após tratamento com ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) e celecoxibe (CLX). Foi realizado screening da expressão de 84 citocinas e quimiocinas, através de PCR array, das linhagens SCC4, 9 e 25 tratadas com doses de AAS e CLX próximas às concentrações plasmáticas dos fármacos em humanos. Os resultados mostraram que AAS e CLX modularam a expressão de citocinas e que as linhagens responderam de maneira diferente aos tratamentos. Observou-se aumento de expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias como a IL-1?, IL-8 e TNF na SCC9 e 25, assim como diminuição de expressão de ACKR4 e CXCL10 na SCC4 e 9.

Four decades of research have shown that many inflammatory mechanisms are intrinsically linked to the development and maintenance of cancer and that inflammatory cytokines play pivotal role in this association. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce neoplastic growth on affecting the production of inflammatory cytokines by the neoplastic cells. So far, it is not well established if the treatment with NSAIDs can modulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines by OSCC cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of inflammatory cytokines by OSCC cell lines after treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and celecoxib (CLX). Eighty-four cytokines and chemokines mRNA expression were screened by PCR array on SCC4, 9 and 25 cell lines treated with ASA and CLX at plasma concentrations in humans. The results showed that ASA and CLX modulate the expression of cytokines with all cell lines responding differently to the treatments. Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1?, IL-8 and TNF in SCC9 and 25, and reduced expression of ACKR4 and CXCL10 in SCC4 and 9, was observed. Thus it follows that the treatments of lines SCC4, SCC9 and SCC25 with ASA and CLX at the next plasma concentrations in humans are able to modulate the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines.

Immunolocalization of FGF-10 in murine incisors and molar germs / Imunolocalização de FGF-10 em germes de incisivos e molares murinos

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the presence of FGF-10 in mouse dental germs by means of the immunohistochemical technique, fromthe initial development phase through to the more advanced phases. Methods: Fetuses of five mice, on days 15.5, 16.5, 17.5, 18.5 and 19.5 of pregnancy, respectively, were collected. At time intervals of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 days after birth, the mouse offspring were sacrificed. The heads of all the specimens were fixed and submitted to histotechnique and3?m thick sections were obtained. The presence of FGF-10 was detected by means of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry technique.Results: Immunostaining was detected in both epithelium and ectomesenchyme with intensity and spatial-temporal differences. A reduction in the presence of FGF-10 was observed in the cervical loop area, on the lingual side of the incisor crowns, and both sides of the molar crowns. With the increase in enamel matrix deposition, immunostaining on the secretory pole of ameloblasts also increased. Conclusion: FGF-10 immunostaining could be related to cell proliferation in epithelium and cell differentiation in epithelium and ectomesenchyme. This could be related to morphological determination in intercuspal areas of molar germs and to continuous growth of the incisor crown. Decrease in FGF-10 in the cervical loop could be related to the termination of crown formation. Increase in FGF-10 expression in ameloblasts suggests a relationship with active enamel production. The results suggest the inclusion of the pattern of the presence of FGF-10 in future investigations into the cause of morphological anomalies, such as palato-gingival groove.

Objetivo: Identificar a presença de FGF-10 em germes dentários de rato pela técnica de imunohistoquímica. Métodos: Os fetos de cinco ratos, nos dias 15,5; 16,5; 17,5; 18,5; 19,5, respectivamente, de gravidez, foram coletados. Em intervalos de tempo de 0,5; 1,5; 2,5 e 3,5 dias após o nascimento, as proles de ratas foram sacrificadas. As cabeças de todos os exemplares foram fixadas e submetidas à histotécnica e cortes com 3?m de espessura foram obtidos. A presença de FGF-10 foi detectada pela técnica de imunohistoquímica da avidinabiotina-peroxidase. Resultados: A imunomarcação foi detectada no epitélio e no ectomesênquima com intensidade e diferenças espaço-temporais. Uma redução da presença de FGF-10 foi observada na área da alça cervical, no lado lingual de coroas de incisivo e em ambos os lados das coroas de molares. Com o aumento da deposição de matriz de esmalte, a imunomarcação no pólo secretor de ameloblastos também aumentou.Conclusão: a presença de FGF-10 parece estar relacionada com a proliferação de células no epitélio e diferenciação de células no epitélio e ectomesênquima. Isso pode estar relacionado à determinação morfológica nas áreas intercuspídeas de germes dos molares e ao crescimento contínuo da coroa nos incisivos. A diminuição do FGF-10 em áreas alça cervical parece estar relacionada com o término de formação da coroa. O aumento de FGF-10 em ameloblastos parece estar relacionada com a produção ativa de esmalte.