Atlas for Cholangioscopy and Cholecystoscopy: A Primer for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy in the Biliary Tree and Gallbladder.

Percutaneous endoscopy of the biliary system (cholangioscopy) and gallbladder (cholecystoscopy) has significantly impacted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to many diseases in interventional radiology, overcoming previous challenges related to scope size and rigidity. The current endoscopes offer enhanced maneuverability within narrow tubular structures such as bile ducts. Before endoscopy, reliance on 2D imaging modalities limited real-time visualization during percutaneous procedures. Percutaneous endoscopy provides 3D perspectives, enabling a better appreciation of normal structures, targeted biopsy of lesions, and accurate deployment of therapeutic interventions. This review aims to explore percutaneous endoscopic findings across various biliary and gallbladder pathologies.

NORTH AMERICAN EXPERT CONSENSUS ON THE POST-PROCEDURAL CARE OF PATIENTS AFTER PER-ORAL ENDOSCOPIC MYOTOMY USING A DELPHI PROCESS.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is significant variability in the immediate post-operative and long-term management of patients undergoing per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), largely stemming from the lack of high-quality evidence. We aimed to establish a consensus on several important questions on the after care of post-POEM patients through a modified Delphi process. METHODS: A steering committee developed an initial questionnaire consisting of 5 domains (33 statements): post-POEM admission/discharge, indication for immediate post-POEM esophagram, peri-procedural medications and diet resumption, clinic follow-up recommendations, and post-POEM reflux surveillance and management. A total of 34 experts participated in the 2 rounds of the Delphi process, with quantitative and qualitative data analyzed for each round to achieve consensus. RESULTS: A total of 23 statements achieved high degree of consensus. Overall, the expert panel agreed on the following: (1) same-day discharge after POEM can be considered in select patients, (2) a single dose of prophylactic antibiotics may be as effective as a short course, (3) a modified diet can be advanced as tolerated, (4) all patients should be followed in clinic and undergo objective testing for surveillance and management of reflux. Consensus could not be achieved on the indication of post-POEM esophagram to evaluate for leak. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this Delphi process established expert agreement on several important issues and provides a practical guidance on key aspects in the care of patients following POEM.

Percutaneous Biliary Interventions via the Modified Hutson Loop in Patients with Biliary-Enteric Anastomoses: A Retrospective Study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to present the institutional experience and algorithm for performing biliary interventions in liver transplant patients using the modified Hutson loop access (MHLA) and the impact of percutaneous endoscopy via the MHLA on these procedures. METHODS: Over 13 years, 201 MHLA procedures were attempted on 52 patients (45 liver transplants; 24 living and 21 deceased donors) for diagnostic (e.g., cholangiography) and therapeutic (e.g., stent/drain insertion and cholangioplasty) purposes. The most common indications for MHLA were biliary strictures (60%) and bile leaks (23%). Percutaneous endoscopy was used to directly visualize the biliary-enteric anastomosis, diagnose pathology (e.g., ischemic cholangiopathy), and help in biliary hygiene (removing debris/casts/stones/stents) in 138/201 (69%) procedures. Technical success was defined as cannulating the biliary-enteric anastomosis and performing diagnostic/therapeutic procedure via the MHLA. RESULTS: The technical success rate was 95% (190/201). The failure rate among procedures performed with and without endoscopy was 2% (3/138) versus 13% (8/63) (P = 0.0024), and the need for new transhepatic access (to aid the procedure) was 12% (16/138) versus 30% (19/63) (P = 0.001). Despite endoscopy, failure in 2% of the cases resulted from inflamed/friable anastomosis (1/3) and high-grade stricture (2/3) obstructing retrograde cannulation of biliary-enteric anastomosis. Major adverse events (bowel perforation and injury) occurred in 1% of the procedures, with no procedure-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: MHLA-based percutaneous biliary intervention is a safe and effective alternative to managing complications after liver transplant. Percutaneous endoscopy via the MHLA improves success rates and may reduce the need for new transhepatic access. Level of Evidence Level 4.

Development and initial validation of a video-based peroral endoscopic myotomy assessment tool.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Video analysis has emerged as a potential strategy for performance assessment and improvement. We aimed to develop a video-based skill assessment tool for peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). METHODS: POEM was deconstructed into basic procedural components through video analysis by an expert panel. A modified Delphi approach and 2 validation exercises were conducted to refine the POEM assessment tool (POEMAT). Twelve assessors used the final POEMAT version to grade 10 videos. Fully crossed generalizability (G) studies investigated the contributions of assessors, endoscopists' performance, and technical elements to reliability. G coefficients below .5 were considered unreliable, between .5 and .7 as modestly reliable, and above .7 as indicative of satisfactory reliability. RESULTS: After task deconstruction, discussions, and the modified Delphi process, the final POEMAT comprised 9 technical elements. G analysis showed low variance for endoscopist performance (.8%-24.9%) and high interrater variability (range, 63.2%-90.1%). The G score was moderately reliable (≥.60) for "submucosal tunneling" and "myotomy" and satisfactorily reliable (≥.70) for "active hemostasis" and "mucosal closure." CONCLUSIONS: We developed and established initial content and response process validity evidence for the POEMAT. Future steps include appraisal of the tool using a wider range of POEM videos to establish and improve the discriminative validity of this tool.

Percutaneous Cystic Duct Interventions and Drain Internalization for Calculous Cholecystitis in Patients Ineligible for Surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, and outcomes of percutaneous cholecystostomy drain internalization in patients with calculous cholecystitis who were not surgical candidates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Percutaneous cystic duct interventions were attempted in 17 patients (with the intent to place dual cholecystoduodenal stents) who were deemed unfit for surgery and had previously undergone percutaneous cholecystostomies for acute calculous cholecystitis. Baseline demographics, technical success, time from percutaneous cholecystostomy to internalization (dual cholecystoduodenal stent placement), stent patency duration, and adverse event rates were evaluated. RESULTS: Fifteen (88%) of 17 procedures to cross the cystic duct were technically successful. Of these 17 patients, 13 (76%) underwent successful placement of dual cholecystoduodenal stents. Two of these 13 patients (who had successful dual cholecystoduodenal stent placement) needed repeat percutaneous cholecystostomy drains (1 patient had stent migration leading to recurrent cholecystitis, and the other had a perihepatic biloma). The 1-year patency rate was 77% (95% CI, 47%-100%). CONCLUSIONS: Dual cholecystoduodenal stent placement in nonsurgical patients is a technically feasible treatment option with the goal to remove percutaneous cholecystostomy drains.

Peroral Endoscopy Myotomy (POEM) for Esophageal Motility Disorders.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to provide an overview of the current role of per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) in the management of primary esophageal motility disorders and treatment of Zenker's diverticulum. RECENT FINDINGS: POEM has been shown to be an effective treatment for achalasia. Recent research has suggested that the length of myotomy may be tailored to the disease phenotype and that short myotomy may be equally effective compared to long myotomy. The role of intra-operative EndoFLIP has shown promise as a tool to assess of the adequacy of myotomy. Further research is needed to determine the role of POEM in other esophageal motility disorders and for treatment of Zenker's diverticulum. Per oral endoscopic myotomy has been shown to be an effective and durable treatment option for achalasia with additional potential roles for the treatment of other esophageal motility disorders and Zenker's diverticulum.

Endoscopic Approaches to Gastroparesis.

Gastroparesis is a complex syndrome with multiple underlying etiologies and pathophysiologies that can cause significant morbidity for patients. Currently, there are limited effective and durable medical and surgical treatments for patients with gastroparesis. As such, there has been recent innovation and development in minimally invasive endoscopic treatments for gastroparesis. Endoscopic therapies that have been investigated for gastroparesis include enteral feeding tube placement, intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection, transpyloric stenting, gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy, and gastric electrical stimulation. This article aims to assess the effectiveness of current endoscopic therapies, as well as discuss future directions for endoscopic therapies, in the management of gastroparesis.

Gallbladder Agenesis with Refractory Choledocholithiasis.

Congenital agenesis of the gallbladder is a rare anomaly which is usually asymptomatic and found incidentally. In some cases, however, patients are symptomatic. Common symptoms include right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Jaundice is present in some symptomatic cases and is due to associated choledocholithiasis (Fiaschetti et al. 2009). In this case, a 63-year-old female presents with jaundice and episodic right upper quadrant abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting. Bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase were found to be markedly elevated. Upper endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) revealed choledocholithiasis, and the patient required multiple endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) sessions before successful extraction of all stones. Subsequent surgical exploration revealed congenital agenesis of the gallbladder. Although this is a rare finding, patients with agenesis of the gallbladder are at increased risk of developing de novo choledocholithiasis which may be challenging to extract.