[Adverse socio-economic conditions associated with the presence of obesity and its metabolic comorbidities in adults in San Luis, Argentina ]. / Bajo nivel de instrucción asociado a la presencia de obesidad y sus comorbilidades metabólicas en adultos de Argentina.

The prevalence of obesity depends on biopsychosocial and environmental factors and represents a risk factor for communicable and non-communicable diseases. Objectives: To determine the association between demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics and the presence of obesity and its metabolic comorbidities (MC) in adults in San Luis City, Argentina. Observational population-based cross-sectional study of 306 individuals aged 18-85 years from San Luis, Argentina, selected by multistage random sampling, with an overweight prevalence of 35% and a 0.05 margin of error. Socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle variables were assessed, and multiple logistic regression models were fitted with the presence of obesity and MC as outcomes and sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics as covariates. Obesity was found in 17.3% of participants, diabetes in 3%, high blood pressure (HBP) in 11%, dyslipidemia in 3.3% and coronary ischemic complications (CIC) in 13%. The proportion of residents with at least one of these conditions was 26.8%. Low Educational level (EL) was positively associated with the presence of obesity (OR 3.58; IC95% 1.04-12.24; p=0,04), and its MC (OR 5.25; IC95% 1.05-26.23; p=0.04) with respect to high EL. Similarly, the possibility of presenting CIC was increased in people with medium EL (OR 5.8; IC95% 1.12-30.19; p=0.03). On the other hand, the possibility of presenting diabetes increased by 17% with increasing body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.17; IC95% 1.03-1.34; p=0.01). Finally, women were more likely to present HBP (OR 3.71; IC95% 1.01-13.72; p=0.04) and CIC (OR 3,43; IC95% 1,06-11,10; p=0,03). Conclusion: the increase in age, female sex and medium and low NI are factors and conditions of vulnerability that predispose an increase in the prevalence of MC in adults from San Luis, Argentina.

La prevalencia de obesidad depende de factores biopsicosociales y ambientales, y es un factor de riesgo para enfermedades transmisibles y no transmisibles. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre las características demográficas, socioeconómicas y del estilo de vida, y la presencia de obesidad y sus comorbilidades metabólicas (CM) en adultos de la ciudad de San Luis, Argentina. Estudio observacional-poblacional-transversal en 306 individuos entre 18 y 85 años de San Luis, Argentina, seleccionados mediante un muestreo aleatorio multietápico, considerando una prevalencia de sobrepeso del 35% y un error de 0,05. Se indagaron variables socioeconómicas, demográficas, del estilo de vida, y se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística múltiple incluyendo presencia de obesidad y CM como variable de respuesta, y características sociodemográficas y del estilo de vida como covariables. El 17,3% de los participantes presentó obesidad, un 3% diabetes, el 11% hipertensión arterial (HTA), el 3,3% dislipidemia y un 13% complicaciones isquémicas coronarias (CIC). La proporción de habitantes con al menos una de esas patologías fue del 26,8%. Un bajo Nivel de instrucción (NI) se asoció positivamente con la presencia de obesidad (OR 3,58; IC95% 1,04-12,24; p=0,04), y sus CM (OR 5,25; IC95% 1,05-26,23; p=0,04) respecto al NI alto. Asimismo, la posibilidad de presentar CIC se vio aumentada en personas con NI medio (OR 5,8; IC95% 1,12-30,19; p=0,03). Por otro lado, la posibilidad de presentar diabetes aumenta un 17% a medida que aumenta el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (OR 1,17; IC95% 1,03-1,34; p=0,01). Finalmente, las mujeres fueron más propensas a presentar HTA (OR 3,71; IC95% 1,01-13,72; p=0,04) y CIC (OR 3,43; IC95% 1,06-11,10; p=0,03). Conclusión: el aumento en la edad, el sexo femenino y el NI medio y bajo son factores y condiciones de vulnerabilidad que predisponen un aumento en la prevalencia de CM en adultos de San Luis, Argentina.

Non-traditional data sources in obesity research: a systematic review of their use in the study of obesogenic environments.

BACKGROUND: The complex nature of obesity increasingly requires a comprehensive approach that includes the role of environmental factors. For understanding contextual determinants, the resources provided by technological advances could become a key factor in obesogenic environment research. This study aims to identify different sources of non-traditional data and their applications, considering the domains of obesogenic environments: physical, sociocultural, political and economic. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus and LILACS databases by two independent groups of reviewers, from September to December 2021. We included those studies oriented to adult obesity research using non-traditional data sources, published in the last 5 years in English, Spanish or Portuguese. The overall reporting followed the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 1583 articles, 94 articles were kept for full-text screening, and 53 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. We extracted information about countries of origin, study design, observation units, obesity-related outcomes, environment variables, and non-traditional data sources used. Our results revealed that most of the studies originated from high-income countries (86.54%) and used geospatial data within a GIS (76.67%), social networks (16.67%), and digital devices (11.66%) as data sources. Geospatial data were the most utilised data source and mainly contributed to the study of the physical domains of obesogenic environments, followed by social networks providing data to the analysis of the sociocultural domain. A gap in the literature exploring the political domain of environments was also evident. CONCLUSION: The disparities between countries are noticeable. Geospatial and social network data sources contributed to studying the physical and sociocultural environments, which could be a valuable complement to those traditionally used in obesity research. We propose the use of information available on the Internet, addressed by artificial intelligence-based tools, to increase the knowledge on political and economic dimensions of the obesogenic environment.

[Environmental sociodemographic conditions associated with health-nutrition profiles among elderly people, Córdoba-Argentina]. / Condiciones sociodemográficas ambientales asociadas a perfiles de salud-alimentación entre personas adultas mayores, Córdoba-Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: Demographic trends indicate that population aging is not exclusive to developed countries. Argentina reaches 15.5% of the elderly population. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the forefront the public health situation of this population, challenging health systems, with disproportionate impacts on this group, which has suffered more than 80% of the deaths in the country, mainly in those with comorbidities. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the sociodemographic and environmental conditions involved in the process of development of health and nutrition profiles of the elderly people of Córdoba, Argentina 2020. METHODOLOGY: Epidemiological, cross-sectional, population-based study that included 221 elderly people (≥60 years old), through random sampling. Data on sociodemographic and environmental conditions, health and dietary profiles were collected through structured interviews. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 68 years. Eighty-five percent recognized neighborhood contamination, 38% of them being garbage dumps close to their homes. Eighty-nine percent reported at least one non-communicable disease (NCD) or associated risk factor and 66% were overweight (BMI≥25kg/m2). The presence of obesity (BMI≥30kg/m2) was associated (OR=2.05; CI 1.007-3.922) with the development of NCDs. Only 4% of the population complied with the daily fruit and vegetable consumption recommendation. CONCLUSION: The predominant characteristics of the health and dietary profiles associated with NCDs identified suggest the need to study in depth the social determinants that condition the aging process.

Condiciones sociodemográficas ambientales asociadas a perfiles de salud-alimentación entre personas adultas mayores, Córdoba-Argentina / Environmental sociodemographic conditions associated with health-nutrition profiles among elderly people, Córdoba-Argentina

Introducción: Las tendencias demográficas indican que el envejecimiento poblacional no es exclusivo de los países desarrollados. Argentina alcanza el 15,5% de la población adulta mayor. La pandemia por COVID-19 puso en escena la situación de salud pública de esta población, desafiando los sistemas de salud, con impactos desproporcionados en este grupo que sufrió más del 80% de los decesos ocurridos en el país, principalmente en quienes presentaban comorbilidades. Objetivo: Analizar las condiciones sociodemográficas y ambientales que intervienen en el proceso de desarrollo de perfiles de salud y alimentación de la población adulta mayor de Córdoba, Argentina 2020. Metodología: Estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal, de base poblacional, que incluyó 221 personas adultas mayores (≥60 años) mediante muestreo aleatorizado. A través de entrevista estructurada se indagaron datos sobre condiciones sociodemográficas, ambientales, perfiles de salud y alimentación. Resultados: La edad promedio de los participantes fue de 68 años. Un 85% reconoció contaminación barrial, siendo el 38% basurales cercanos al domicilio. El 89% manifestaron al menos una enfermedad no transmisible (ENT) o factor de riesgo asociado y el 66% presentó exceso de peso (IMC≥25kg/m2). La presencia de obesidad (IMC≥30kg/m2) se asoció (OR: 2,05; IC: 1,007-3,922) con el desarrollo de ENT. Solo el 4% de la población cumplió con la recomendación de consumo diario de frutas y verduras. Conclusión: Las características predominantes de perfiles de salud y alimentación asociadas a ENT identificadas, plantean la necesidad de profundizar sobre los determinantes sociales que condicionan el proceso de envejecimiento. (AU)

Introduction: Demographic trends indicate that population aging is not exclusive to developed countries. Argentina reaches 15.5% of the elderly population. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the forefront the public health situation of this population, challenging health systems, with disproportionate impacts on this group, which has suffered more than 80% of the deaths in the country, mainly in those with comorbidities. Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic and environmental conditions involved in the process of development of health and nutrition profiles of the elderly people of Córdoba, Argentina 2020. Methodology: Epidemiological, cross-sectional, population-based study that included 221 elderly people (≥60 years old), through random sampling. Data on sociodemographic and environmental conditions, health and dietary profiles were collected through structured interviews. Results: The average age of the participants was 68 years. Eighty-five percent recognized neighborhood contamination, 38% of them being garbage dumps close to their homes. Eighty-nine percent reported at least one non-communicable disease (NCD) or associated risk factor and 66% were overweight (BMI≥25kg/m2). The presence of obesity (BMI≥30kg/m2) was associated (OR=2.05; CI 1.007–3.922) with the development of NCDs. Only 4% of the population complied with the daily fruit and vegetable consumption recommendation. Conclusion: The predominant characteristics of the health and dietary profiles associated with NCDs identified suggest the need to study in depth the social determinants that condition the aging process. (AU)

[A population-based study on seroprevalence and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Córdoba, Argentina]. / Estudio de base poblacional de seroprevalencia y factores asociados a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en Córdoba, Argentina.

Seroepidemiological studies help identify the indirect distribution of diseases, detecting serological markers of immunity and demonstrating undiagnosed infections in the general population. The objectives were to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Córdoba, Argentina, from December 2020 to January 2021 and to identify factors associated with the virus' contagiousness. A population-based cross-sectional observational study was performed in 3,225 individuals over two years of age living in Córdoba city, selected by multiple-stage random sampling proportional to distribution by gender, age group, and socioeconomic status in the city's population. Clinical characteristics, anthropometry, and comorbidities were collected by interview. Qualitative serological testing was performed for detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies (ARCHITECT, Abbott). SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was estimated for the total population and by age group, sex, socioeconomic status, and presence of target diseases. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using a log-binomial regression model. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was 16.68% (95%CI: 15.41-18.01). Age 2 to 18 years, living in neighborhoods with low socioeconomic status, and obesity increased the odds of seropositivity (PR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.10-2.04, PR = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.34-2.67 and PR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.04-1.85). The results indicate that the city of Córdoba displays differential attributes that increase the likelihood of a positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody test. This allows targeting epidemiological surveillance strategies to reduce the spread of the virus.

Los estudios seroepidemiológicos permiten conocer la distribución indirecta de las enfermedades, detectando marcadores séricos de inmunidad y demostrando infecciones no diagnosticadas en la población general. El objetivo fue estimar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra el SARS-CoV-2, en Córdoba, Argentina, entre diciembre de 2020 y enero de 2021, e identificar factores asociados a la contagiosidad del virus. Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal, de base poblacional, con 3.225 individuos mayores de 2 años, residentes en Córdoba Capital, que fueron seleccionados mediante un diseño de muestreo aleatorio en múltiples etapas, proporcional a la distribución por género, franja etaria y nivel socioeconómico de la población de Córdoba. Las características clínicas, antropometría y comorbilidades se recogieron mediante entrevistas. Se realizó un test serológico cualitativo para la detección de anticuerpos IgG antinucleocápside para SARS-CoV-2 (ARCHITECT, Abbott). La seroprevalencia del SARS-CoV-2 se estimó en la población y por franja de edad, sexo, nivel socioeconómico y presencia de las patologías estudiadas. Las razones de prevalencia (RP) se estimaron usando un modelo de regresión log-binomial. La seropositividad para SARS-CoV-2 fue de 16,68% (IC95%: 15,41-18,01). Tener entre 2 y 18 años, residir en barrios con nivel socioeconómico bajo y la presencia de obesidad, aumentaron la oportunidad de seropositividad (RP = 1,50; IC95%: 1,10-2,04, RP = 1,91; IC95%: 1,34-2,67 y RP = 1,39; IC95%: 1,04-1,85). Los resultados indican que en Córdoba Capital existen atributos diferenciales que aumentan la posibilidad de ser seropositivo para SARS-CoV-2. Esto permite dirigir estrategias de vigilancia epidemiológica para reducir la propagación del virus.

Os estudos soroepidemiológicos permitem conhecer a distribuição indireta das doenças, detectando marcadores séricos de imunidade e demonstrando infecções não diagnosticadas na população geral. O objetivo foi estimar a soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o SARS-CoV-2, em Córdoba, Argentina, entre dezembro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021, e identificar fatores associados à contagiosidade do vírus. Um estudo observacional transversal foi realizado, de base populacional, com 3.225 indivíduos maiores de 2 anos, residentes em Córdoba Capital, que foram selecionados por meio de um delineamento de amostragem aleatória em múltiplos estágios, proporcional à distribuição de gênero, a faixa etária e o nível socioeconômico da população de Córdoba. As características clínicas, antropometria e comorbidades foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas. Um teste sorológico qualitativo foi realizado para a detecção de anticorpos IgG anti-nucleocapsídeo para SARS-CoV-2 (ARCHITECT, Abbott). A soroprevalência do SARS-CoV-2 foi estimada na população e por faixa etária, sexo, nível socioeconômico e presença das patologias estudadas. Razões de prevalência (RP) foram estimadas usando um modelo de regressão log-binomial. A soropositividade para SARS-CoV-2 foi de 16,68% (IC95%: 15,41-18,01). Ter entre 2 e 18 años, residir em bairros com nível socioeconômico baixo e a presença de obesidade aumentaram a chance de soropositividade (RP = 1,50; IC95%: 1,10-2,04, RP = 1,91; IC95%: 1,34-2,67 e RP = 1,39; IC95%: 1,04-1,85). Os resultados indicam que em Córdoba Capital existem atributos diferenciais que aumentam a possibilidade de ser soropositivo para SARS-CoV-2. Isso permite direcionar estratégias de vigilância epidemiológica para reduzir a propagação do vírus.

[Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with illness and death from COVID-19 in ArgentinaVacinação contra SARS-CoV-2 e sua relação com doença e morte por COVID-19 na Argentina]. / Vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 y su relación con enfermedad y muerte por COVID-19 en Argentina.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in preventing illness and death from COVID-19 in Córdoba, Argentina, during the period from January through June 2021. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 1,139,458 residents of the province of Córdoba. Multiple logistic regression models were developed to describe the relationship between vaccination and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 or death from COVID-19, while taking account of comorbidities and chronic disease risk factors and adjusting for sex and age. Results: Among the general population, having received one or two doses of vaccine reduced the risk of illness by 98.8% and 99.3%, respectively, and the risk of dying by 83% and 96.5%, respectively. Among those who developed COVID-19, the probability of dying was reduced by 57% and 80%, respectively. Regarding probability of death, risk increased with age, with being male, and with obesity, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Vaccination is effective and protects against the risk of getting COVID-19, developing severe disease, or dying. Having obesity, arterial hypertension, or diabetes mellitus, in descending order, increases the risk of death.

Objetivo: Conhecer a eficácia da vacinação contra SARS-CoV-2 para prevenir o desenvolvimento de doença e morte por COVID-19 em Córdoba, Argentina, no período de janeiro a junho de 2021. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo em 1.139.458 residentes da província de Córdoba. Foram construídos modelos de regressão logística múltipla que relacionaram a vacinação à presença de SARS-CoV-2 ou morte por COVID-19, considerando comorbidades e fatores de risco para doenças crônicas e ajustando por sexo e idade. Resultados: Ter recebido uma ou duas doses da vacina na população geral reduziu o risco de adoecimento em 98,8% e 99,3%, respectivamente; e de morrer, em 83% e 96,5%, respectivamente. Naqueles que contraíram COVID-19, a probabilidade de morrer foi reduzida em 57% e 80%, respectivamente. Em relação à probabilidade de morte, o risco aumentou com o aumento da idade e para o sexo masculino, ou com a presença de obesidade, hipertensão arterial ou diabetes mellitus. Conclusão: A vacinação é efetiva e protege contra a possibilidade de contrair COVID-19, desenvolver doença grave ou morrer. A presença de obesidade, hipertensão arterial ou diabetes mellitus, em ordem decrescente, aumenta o risco de morte.

Vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 y su relación con enfermedad y muerte por COVID-19 en Argentina

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Conocer la efectividad de la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 para prevenir el desarrollo de enfermedad y muerte por COVID-19 en Córdoba, Argentina, en el periodo enero-junio de 2021. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en 1 139 458 residentes en la provincia de Córdoba. Se construyeron modelos de regresión logística múltiple que relacionaron la vacunación con la infección por SARS-CoV-2 o la muerte por COVID-19, considerando comorbilidades y factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas y ajustando por sexo y edad. Resultados. El haber recibido una o dos dosis de vacuna en la población general redujo el riesgo de enfermar un 98,8% y 99,3%, respectivamente; y de morir un 83% y 96,5%, respectivamente. En quienes contrajeron COVID-19, la probabilidad de morir se redujo en 57% y 80%, respectivamente. En cuanto a la probabilidad de muerte, el riesgo aumentó a medida que aumentaba la edad y con la pertenencia al sexo masculino o la presencia de obesidad, hipertensión arterial o diabetes mellitus. Conclusión. La vacunación es efectiva y protege contra la posibilidad de contraer COVID-19, desarrollar enfermedad grave o morir. Presentar obesidad, hipertensión arterial o diabetes mellitus, en orden decreciente, aumentan el riesgo de morir.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in preventing illness and death from COVID-19 in Córdoba, Argentina, during the period from January through June 2021. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 1,139,458 residents of the province of Córdoba. Multiple logistic regression models were developed to describe the relationship between vaccination and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 or death from COVID-19, while taking account of comorbidities and chronic disease risk factors and adjusting for sex and age. Results. Among the general population, having received one or two doses of vaccine reduced the risk of illness by 98.8% and 99.3%, respectively, and the risk of dying by 83% and 96.5%, respectively. Among those who developed COVID-19, the probability of dying was reduced by 57% and 80%, respectively. Regarding probability of death, risk increased with age, with being male, and with obesity, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion. Vaccination is effective and protects against the risk of getting COVID-19, developing severe disease, or dying. Having obesity, arterial hypertension, or diabetes mellitus, in descending order, increases the risk of death.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Conhecer a eficácia da vacinação contra SARS-CoV-2 para prevenir o desenvolvimento de doença e morte por COVID-19 em Córdoba, Argentina, no período de janeiro a junho de 2021. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo em 1.139.458 residentes da província de Córdoba. Foram construídos modelos de regressão logística múltipla que relacionaram a vacinação à presença de SARS-CoV-2 ou morte por COVID-19, considerando comorbidades e fatores de risco para doenças crônicas e ajustando por sexo e idade. Resultados. Ter recebido uma ou duas doses da vacina na população geral reduziu o risco de adoecimento em 98,8% e 99,3%, respectivamente; e de morrer, em 83% e 96,5%, respectivamente. Naqueles que contraíram COVID-19, a probabilidade de morrer foi reduzida em 57% e 80%, respectivamente. Em relação à probabilidade de morte, o risco aumentou com o aumento da idade e para o sexo masculino, ou com a presença de obesidade, hipertensão arterial ou diabetes mellitus. Conclusão. A vacinação é efetiva e protege contra a possibilidade de contrair COVID-19, desenvolver doença grave ou morrer. A presença de obesidade, hipertensão arterial ou diabetes mellitus, em ordem decrescente, aumenta o risco de morte.

Vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 y su relación con enfermedad y muerte por COVID-19 en Argentina / Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with illness and death from COVID-19 in Argentina / Vacinação contra SARS-CoV-2 e sua relação com doença e morte por COVID-19 na Argentina

RESUMEN Objetivo. Conocer la efectividad de la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 para prevenir el desarrollo de enfermedad y muerte por COVID-19 en Córdoba, Argentina, en el periodo enero-junio de 2021. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en 1 139 458 residentes en la provincia de Córdoba. Se construyeron modelos de regresión logística múltiple que relacionaron la vacunación con la infección por SARS-CoV-2 o la muerte por COVID-19, considerando comorbilidades y factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas y ajustando por sexo y edad. Resultados. El haber recibido una o dos dosis de vacuna en la población general redujo el riesgo de enfermar un 98,8% y 99,3%, respectivamente; y de morir un 83% y 96,5%, respectivamente. En quienes contrajeron COVID-19, la probabilidad de morir se redujo en 57% y 80%, respectivamente. En cuanto a la probabilidad de muerte, el riesgo aumentó a medida que aumentaba la edad y con la pertenencia al sexo masculino o la presencia de obesidad, hipertensión arterial o diabetes mellitus. Conclusión. La vacunación es efectiva y protege contra la posibilidad de contraer COVID-19, desarrollar enfermedad grave o morir. Presentar obesidad, hipertensión arterial o diabetes mellitus, en orden decreciente, aumentan el riesgo de morir.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the effectiveness of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in preventing illness and death from COVID-19 in Córdoba, Argentina, during the period from January through June 2021. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 1,139,458 residents of the province of Córdoba. Multiple logistic regression models were developed to describe the relationship between vaccination and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 or death from COVID-19, while taking account of comorbidities and chronic disease risk factors and adjusting for sex and age. Results. Among the general population, having received one or two doses of vaccine reduced the risk of illness by 98.8% and 99.3%, respectively, and the risk of dying by 83% and 96.5%, respectively. Among those who developed COVID-19, the probability of dying was reduced by 57% and 80%, respectively. Regarding probability of death, risk increased with age, with being male, and with obesity, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion. Vaccination is effective and protects against the risk of getting COVID-19, developing severe disease, or dying. Having obesity, arterial hypertension, or diabetes mellitus, in descending order, increases the risk of death.

RESUMO Objetivo. Conhecer a eficácia da vacinação contra SARS-CoV-2 para prevenir o desenvolvimento de doença e morte por COVID-19 em Córdoba, Argentina, no período de janeiro a junho de 2021. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo em 1.139.458 residentes da província de Córdoba. Foram construídos modelos de regressão logística múltipla que relacionaram a vacinação à presença de SARS-CoV-2 ou morte por COVID-19, considerando comorbidades e fatores de risco para doenças crônicas e ajustando por sexo e idade. Resultados. Ter recebido uma ou duas doses da vacina na população geral reduziu o risco de adoecimento em 98,8% e 99,3%, respectivamente; e de morrer, em 83% e 96,5%, respectivamente. Naqueles que contraíram COVID-19, a probabilidade de morrer foi reduzida em 57% e 80%, respectivamente. Em relação à probabilidade de morte, o risco aumentou com o aumento da idade e para o sexo masculino, ou com a presença de obesidade, hipertensão arterial ou diabetes mellitus. Conclusão. A vacinação é efetiva e protege contra a possibilidade de contrair COVID-19, desenvolver doença grave ou morrer. A presença de obesidade, hipertensão arterial ou diabetes mellitus, em ordem decrescente, aumenta o risco de morte.

Estudio de base poblacional de seroprevalencia y factores asociados a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en Córdoba, Argentina / A population-based study on seroprevalence and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Córdoba, Argentina / Estudo populacional de soroprevalência e fatores associados à infecção por SARS-CoV-2 em Córdoba, Argentina

Los estudios seroepidemiológicos permiten conocer la distribución indirecta de las enfermedades, detectando marcadores séricos de inmunidad y demostrando infecciones no diagnosticadas en la población general. El objetivo fue estimar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra el SARS-CoV-2, en Córdoba, Argentina, entre diciembre de 2020 y enero de 2021, e identificar factores asociados a la contagiosidad del virus. Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal, de base poblacional, con 3.225 individuos mayores de 2 años, residentes en Córdoba Capital, que fueron seleccionados mediante un diseño de muestreo aleatorio en múltiples etapas, proporcional a la distribución por género, franja etaria y nivel socioeconómico de la población de Córdoba. Las características clínicas, antropometría y comorbilidades se recogieron mediante entrevistas. Se realizó un test serológico cualitativo para la detección de anticuerpos IgG antinucleocápside para SARS-CoV-2 (ARCHITECT, Abbott). La seroprevalencia del SARS-CoV-2 se estimó en la población y por franja de edad, sexo, nivel socioeconómico y presencia de las patologías estudiadas. Las razones de prevalencia (RP) se estimaron usando un modelo de regresión log-binomial. La seropositividad para SARS-CoV-2 fue de 16,68% (IC95%: 15,41-18,01). Tener entre 2 y 18 años, residir en barrios con nivel socioeconómico bajo y la presencia de obesidad, aumentaron la oportunidad de seropositividad (RP = 1,50; IC95%: 1,10-2,04, RP = 1,91; IC95%: 1,34-2,67 y RP = 1,39; IC95%: 1,04-1,85). Los resultados indican que en Córdoba Capital existen atributos diferenciales que aumentan la posibilidad de ser seropositivo para SARS-CoV-2. Esto permite dirigir estrategias de vigilancia epidemiológica para reducir la propagación del virus.

Seroepidemiological studies help identify the indirect distribution of diseases, detecting serological markers of immunity and demonstrating undiagnosed infections in the general population. The objectives were to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Córdoba, Argentina, from December 2020 to January 2021 and to identify factors associated with the virus' contagiousness. A population-based cross-sectional observational study was performed in 3,225 individuals over two years of age living in Córdoba city, selected by multiple-stage random sampling proportional to distribution by gender, age group, and socioeconomic status in the city's population. Clinical characteristics, anthropometry, and comorbidities were collected by interview. Qualitative serological testing was performed for detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies (ARCHITECT, Abbott). SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was estimated for the total population and by age group, sex, socioeconomic status, and presence of target diseases. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using a log-binomial regression model. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was 16.68% (95%CI: 15.41-18.01). Age 2 to 18 years, living in neighborhoods with low socioeconomic status, and obesity increased the odds of seropositivity (PR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.10-2.04, PR = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.34-2.67 and PR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.04-1.85). The results indicate that the city of Córdoba displays differential attributes that increase the likelihood of a positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody test. This allows targeting epidemiological surveillance strategies to reduce the spread of the virus.

Os estudos soroepidemiológicos permitem conhecer a distribuição indireta das doenças, detectando marcadores séricos de imunidade e demonstrando infecções não diagnosticadas na população geral. O objetivo foi estimar a soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o SARS-CoV-2, em Córdoba, Argentina, entre dezembro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021, e identificar fatores associados à contagiosidade do vírus. Um estudo observacional transversal foi realizado, de base populacional, com 3.225 indivíduos maiores de 2 anos, residentes em Córdoba Capital, que foram selecionados por meio de um delineamento de amostragem aleatória em múltiplos estágios, proporcional à distribuição de gênero, a faixa etária e o nível socioeconômico da população de Córdoba. As características clínicas, antropometria e comorbidades foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas. Um teste sorológico qualitativo foi realizado para a detecção de anticorpos IgG anti-nucleocapsídeo para SARS-CoV-2 (ARCHITECT, Abbott). A soroprevalência do SARS-CoV-2 foi estimada na população e por faixa etária, sexo, nível socioeconômico e presença das patologias estudadas. Razões de prevalência (RP) foram estimadas usando um modelo de regressão log-binomial. A soropositividade para SARS-CoV-2 foi de 16,68% (IC95%: 15,41-18,01). Ter entre 2 e 18 años, residir em bairros com nível socioeconômico baixo e a presença de obesidade aumentaram a chance de soropositividade (RP = 1,50; IC95%: 1,10-2,04, RP = 1,91; IC95%: 1,34-2,67 e RP = 1,39; IC95%: 1,04-1,85). Os resultados indicam que em Córdoba Capital existem atributos diferenciais que aumentam a possibilidade de ser soropositivo para SARS-CoV-2. Isso permite direcionar estratégias de vigilância epidemiológica para reduzir a propagação do vírus.

Sociodemographic disparities and contextual factors in obesity: updated evidence from a National Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of sociodemographic and environmental factors with the obesity occurrence in Argentina from a sex- and age-comparative perspective and a multilevel approach. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study based on secondary data from the National Survey of Chronic Diseases Risk Factors (CDRF) 2018, Argentina. Two-level logistic regression models stratified by sex and age were used. SETTING: The nationwide probabilistic sample of the CDRF survey and twenty-four geographical units. PARTICIPANTS: 16 410 adult people, living in Argentine towns of at least 5000 people, nested into 24 geographical units. Sex and age groups were defined as young (aged 18-44 years), middle-aged (45-64 years) and older (65 years and older) men and women. RESULTS: Single men (all age groups) and divorced/widowed men (aged 45 years or older) had a lower obesity risk compared to married ones. In the middle-aged group, men with higher education showed a lower risk than men with incomplete primary education. In young women, a marked social gradient by educational level was observed. A low-income level coupled with highly urbanised contexts represents an unfavourable scenario for young and middle-aged women. Having a multi-person household was a risk factor for obesity (OR = 1·26, P = 0·038) in middle-aged women. Contextual factors linked to the availability of socially constructed recreational resources and green spaces were associated with obesity among young adults. CONCLUSIONS: Socio-environmental determinants of obesity seem to operate differently according to sex and age in Argentina. This entails the need to address the obesity epidemic considering gender inequalities and the socio-environmental context at each stage of life.

[Food patterns in Argentinian women related to socioeconomic and health factors during puerperium]. / Patrones alimentarios de mujeres argentinas durante el puerperio en relación con factores socioeconómicos y sanitarios.

Introduction: Food choices and nutritional requirements of women, which vary throughout their life cycle, are unknown for Argentinian women. Objective: To identify Argentinian women's dietary patterns and their relation to socioeconomic and health characteristics, during puerperium. Method: The food intake of 249 puerperal women was assessed for a cross-sectional study. Dietary patterns were determined by factor analysis, whose adherence was associated with different variables through Spearman's correlation and multivariate analyses. Results: Three patterns were revealed: macronutritional (MP), phytochemical (PP) and energetic (EP). Physical activity and family history of cardiometabolic diseases were positively associated to MP adherence (odds ratio [OR] = 2.69 and 2.68, respectively). Women without formal employment adhered less to PP (OR = 0.49). Low educational level increased adherence to EP (OR = 2.20). Body mass index correlated inversely to PP (rho = −0.16). Correspondence analysis revealed that high adherence to MP and PP were associated with formal employment, high educational level, adequate physical activity, normal body mass index and a diverse diet. Conclusion: Food choices were conditioned by family disease, physical activity, employment, and educational level. We identified three dietary patterns in postpartum women, which constitute an original contribution to future nutritional approaches.

Introducción: Las elecciones alimentarias afectan la salud de las mujeres, cuyos requerimientos nutricionales varían durante el ciclo vital. No obstante, en Argentina se desconocen los alimentos elegidos por las mujeres durante el puerperio. Objetivo: Identificar los patrones alimentarios de mujeres argentinas durante el puerperio y su relación con las características socioeconómicas y sanitarias. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 249 participantes, quienes respondieron sobre su frecuencia alimentaria. Se determinaron patrones por análisis factorial, cuya adherencia fue asociada a diferentes variables mediante correlación de Spearman y análisis multivariados. Resultados: El análisis reveló tres patrones: macronutricional (PM), fitoquímico (PF) y energético (PE). Tener antecedentes familiares de enfermedades cardiometabólicas y realizar actividad física se asociaron con mayor adherencia al PM (razón de momios [RM] = 2.69 y 2.68, respectivamente). Las mujeres sin empleo formal tuvieron menor adherencia al PF (RM = 0.49). Un bajo nivel educacional incrementó la adherencia al PE (RM = 2.20). El índice de masa corporal (IMC) se asoció inversamente al PF (rho = −0.16). El análisis de correspondencia reveló que la alta adherencia al PM y al PF, junto con una baja adherencia al PE, se asociaron con empleo formal, mayor nivel educativo, adecuada actividad física, lMC normal y una dieta diversa. Conclusiones: Las elecciones alimentarias estuvieron condicionadas por los antecedentes familiares patológicos, la actividad física, el empleo y el nivel educacional, identificándose tres patrones alimentarios propios de las mujeres, lo que constituye una contribución original para futuros abordajes nutricionales.

Association of PTP4A3 expression and tumour size in functioning pituitary adenoma: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: PTP4A3 is a subclass of a protein tyrosine phosphatase super family and is expressed in a range of epithelial neoplasms. We evaluated PTP4A3 expression and its association with clinicopathological parameters in different types of functioning pituitary adenomas. METHODS: A total of 34 functioning pituitary adenomas samples were evaluated in this observational study. PTP4A3 expression was examined by immunohistochemical staining, and, possible correlations between PTP4A3 and some clinicopathological variables were investigated. RESULTS: PTP4A3 was expressed in 19 out of 34 tumours (55%), at the cytoplasmic level of tumorous cells. Moreover, there was significant association (p=0.042) between PTP4A3 expression and tumorous size. CONCLUSIONS: PTP4A3 was expressed in more than half of the tumours analysed, with there being a significant association with the tumorous size of functioning adenomas. This allows to speculate that PTP4A3 may regulate tumour growth, although further investigations are necessary to determine if this phosphatase can serve as a biomarker or used as a therapeutic target in pituitary macroadenomas.

[Evolution of nutritional status in physical education students, associated with the level of cardiovascular risk, food consumption and the level of physical activity]. / Evolución del estado nutricional en estudiantes de educación física, asociado al nivel de riesgo cardiovascular, los hábitos alimentarios y el nivel de actividad física.

Introduction: The prevalence of overweight and obesity increases in university students as a consequence of the modification of their eating habits and their level of physical activity. The general objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between the nutritional status of Physical Education students and the level of physical activity, cardiovascular risk and eating habits, during the first three years of the degree. Method: Observational, descriptive and longitudinal section study. 67 students were studied. To assess nutritional status and cardiovascular risk, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (CC) were measured, respectively. To inquire about eating habits, a survey was used based on the recommendations of the dietary guidelines for the Argentine population. To estimate the level of physical activity, the IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire, short format, Spanish version was used. Results: Students with obesity, obesity, and elevated cardiovascular risk increased during the course of the study. For their part, healthy eating behaviors and a high level of physical activity in women decreased. BMI showed a positive correlation with CC. Healthy food selection in males was correlated with BMI. Conclusions: The evolution of the course in Physical Education indicated a progressive increase in the factors associated with obesity. These results would allow directing and promoting legislative actions that update the curriculum of the Physical Education career, according to the social and health needs of this population.

Introducción: La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad aumenta en estudiantes universitarios como consecuencia de la modificación de sus hábitos alimentarios y de su nivel de actividad física. El objetivo general del presente trabajo fue analizar la relación entre el estado nutricional de estudiantes de Educación Física y el nivel de actividad física, el riesgo cardiovascular y sus hábitos alimentarios, durante los primeros tres años de la carrera. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte longitudinal. Se estudiaron 67 estudiantes. Para valorar el estado nutricional y el riesgo cardiovascular se midieron el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de cintura (CC), respectivamente. Para indagar sobre los hábitos alimentarios se utilizó una encuesta basada en las recomendaciones de las guías alimentarias para la población argentina. Para estimar el nivel de actividad física se usó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física IPAQ, formato corto, versión en español. Resultados: Los estudiantes con preobesidad, obesidad y riesgo cardiovascular elevado aumentaron durante el transcurso del estudio. Por su parte, las conductas alimentarias saludables y el nivel de actividad física alto en mujeres disminuyeron. El IMC mostró una correlación positiva con la CC. La selección alimentaria saludable en varones se mostró correlacionada con el IMC. Conclusiones: La evolución del cursado de la carrera de Educación Física indicó un aumento progresivo de los factores asociados a la obesidad. Estos resultados permitirían direccionar y promover acciones legislativas que actualicen la currícula de la carrera de Educación Física, conforme a las necesidades sociales y sanitarias de esta población.

Diet Quality, Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk: An Epidemiologic Study in Córdoba, Argentina.

Breast cancer (BC) is a multifactorial disease. Environmental factors, specifically, obesity and diet quality, have been linked with an increased risk of BC in women. This research was aimed at assessing the association of diet quality with BC risk, considering nutritional status, in Córdoba province (Argentina). A case-control study was conducted during the period 2008-2016 (346 cases/566 controls). A diet quality score was calculated for each woman based on fifteen dietary components related to low-grade inflammation. Dietary information was obtained through a validated questionnaire. A score (0, 0.5, or 1) was assigned to each variable depending on compliance with dietary recommendations. The higher the score, the higher the degree of adherence to a poor quality diet, which carries a potential inflammatory effect. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between BC occurrence and diet quality, adjusting by body mass index. The mean score of women was 6.86 (1.83). Of total women studied, 20% were obese. A 39% increase in BC risk was observed for each unit of increase in the score in this group (Odds Ratio: 1.39; 95% Confidence Interval: 1086-1796). Obese women with poorer quality diet have a greater risk of BC occurrence in Córdoba (Argentina).

The inflammatory potential of Argentinian diet and oral squamous cell carcinoma / Potencial inflamatorio de la dieta argentina y carcinoma oral de células escamosas

Introduction: the goal of this study was to evaluate whether an association exists between dietary components related to inflammation and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Argentina. Methods: a case-control study was carried out with 3 controls for each case and participants of both genders who were between 24 and 85 years of age, who were recruited at the outpatient clinic, Odontology School, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, between 2012 and 2015. Dietary information was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire from which energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DIITM) scores were computed. Logistic regression models were fit to assess the association between E-DII and OSCC. Results: significantly higher intakes of macronutrients such as fat, protein and cholesterol, and of micronutrients such as iron, riboflavin, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin B6 were observed in cases as compared to controls (all p < 0.05). We also observed a significant 69% increase in OSCC for each point on the E-DII scale (OR 1.69, 95% CI [1.18-2.43]) after adjusting for alcohol and tobacco consumption. Conclusion: we found an association between diet-associated inflammation, as represented by the E-DII, and risk of OSCC. Future research should be directed at deepening our understanding of this association in other populations, and should include studies utilizing prospective designs

Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre los componentes de la dieta relacionados con la inflamación y el carcinoma oral de células escamosas (OSCC) en Argentina. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles con 3 controles para cada caso y participantes de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 24 y 85 años, que fueron atendidos por demanda espontánea en los Consultorios Externos de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba entre 2012 y 2015. La información sobre la dieta se recopiló mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia alimentaria, a partir del cual se calcularon las puntuaciones del Índice Inflamatorio Dietético (E-DII®), ajustado por energía. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre el E-DII y el OSCC. Resultados: en los casos se observaron ingestas de macronutrientes como grasas, proteínas y colesterol, y de micronutrientes como hierro, riboflavina, ácidos grasos monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados, omega-6 y omega-3, y vitamina B6 significativamente más altas que en los controles (p < 0,05). También observamos un aumento significativo del 69% en el OSCC por cada punto en la escala E-DII (OR 1,69, IC 95% [1,18-2,43]) después de ajustar el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Conclusión: nuestros resultados mostraron una asociación entre la inflamación asociada a la dieta, representada por el E-DII, y el riesgo de OSCC. La investigación futura deberá dirigirse a profundizar en la comprensión de esta asociación en otras poblaciones, incluyendo estudios que utilicen diseños prospectivos

The inflammatory potential of Argentinian diet and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the goal of this study was to evaluate whether an association exists between dietary components related to inflammation and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Argentina. Methods: a case-control study was carried out with 3 controls for each case and participants of both genders who were between 24 and 85 years of age, who were recruited at the outpatient clinic, Odontology School, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, between 2012 and 2015. Dietary information was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire from which energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DIITM) scores were computed. Logistic regression models were fit to assess the association between E-DII and OSCC. Results: significantly higher intakes of macronutrients such as fat, protein and cholesterol, and of micronutrients such as iron, riboflavin, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin B6 were observed in cases as compared to controls (all p < 0.05). We also observed a significant 69% increase in OSCC for each point on the E-DII scale (OR 1.69, 95% CI [1.18-2.43]) after adjusting for alcohol and tobacco consumption. Conclusion: we found an association between diet-associated inflammation, as represented by the E-DII, and risk of OSCC. Future research should be directed at deepening our understanding of this association in other populations, and should include studies utilizing prospective designs.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre los componentes de la dieta relacionados con la inflamación y el carcinoma oral de células escamosas (OSCC) en Argentina. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles con 3 controles para cada caso y participantes de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 24 y 85 años, que fueron atendidos por demanda espontánea en los Consultorios Externos de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba entre 2012 y 2015. La información sobre la dieta se recopiló mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia alimentaria, a partir del cual se calcularon las puntuaciones del Índice Inflamatorio Dietético (E-DII®), ajustado por energía. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre el E-DII y el OSCC. Resultados: en los casos se observaron ingestas de macronutrientes como grasas, proteínas y colesterol, y de micronutrientes como hierro, riboflavina, ácidos grasos monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados, omega-6 y omega-3, y vitamina B6 significativamente más altas que en los controles (p < 0,05). También observamos un aumento significativo del 69% en el OSCC por cada punto en la escala E-DII (OR 1,69, IC 95% [1,18-2,43]) después de ajustar el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Conclusión: nuestros resultados mostraron una asociación entre la inflamación asociada a la dieta, representada por el E-DII, y el riesgo de OSCC. La investigación futura deberá dirigirse a profundizar en la comprensión de esta asociación en otras poblaciones, incluyendo estudios que utilicen diseños prospectivos.

Nutrition transition profiles and obesity burden in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to identify nutrition transition (NT) profiles in Argentina (2005-2013) and assess their association with obesity in the adult population. DESIGN: A large cross-sectional study was performed considering data sets of nationally representative surveys. A multiple correspondence analysis coupled with hierarchical clustering was conducted to detect geographical clusters of association among sociodemographic and NT indicators. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of NT profile (proxy variable of contextual order) on obesity occurrence. SETTING: First, we used geographically aggregated data about the adult and child populations in Argentina. Second, we defined the population of adults who participated in the National Survey of Chronic Disease Risk Factors (2013) as the study population.ParticipantsTwenty-four geographical units that make up the territory of Argentina and 32 365 individuals over 18 years old living in towns of at least 5000 people. RESULTS: Three NT profiles were identified: 'Socionutritional lag' (characterized by undernutrition and socio-economically disadvantaged conditions; profile 1); 'Double burden of malnutrition' (undernutrition and overweight in highly urbanized scenarios; profile 2); and 'Incipient socionutritional improvement' (low prevalence of malnutrition and more favourable poverty indicator values; profile 3). Profiles 1 and 2 were significantly associated (OR; 95 % CI) with a higher risk of obesity occurrence in adults (1·17; 1·02, 1·32 and 1·44; 1·26, 1·64, respectively) compared with profile 3. CONCLUSIONS: Argentina is facing different NT processes, where sociodemographic factors play a major role in shaping diverse NT profiles. Most of the identified profiles were linked to obesity burden in adults.

Association of the glycaemic index and glycaemic load with colorectal cancer in the population of Córdoba (Argentina): results of a case-control study using a multilevel modelling approach.

The glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) are involved in the aetiology of different diseases, and they could be related to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the quality and quantity indicators of carbohydrates consumed by the population of Córdoba (Argentina) and the odds of developing CRC in 2008-2016 period. A case-control study was conducted with 492 participants (161/331 cases/controls), interviewed through a validated FFQ. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of GI, GL and the quantity or weekly intake of high-GI foods on CRC occurrence, following adjustment for individual/first-level covariates, and using level of urbanisation as the contextual variable. The models were stratified by sex. Participants in the highest v. lowest tertile of dietary GL and weekly intake of high-GI foods had increased odds of CRC presence in the entire sample (OR 1·64, 95 % CI 1·16, 2·34 and OR 1·11, 95 % CI 1·09, 1·14, respectively) and in women (OR 1·98, 95 % CI 1·24, 3·18 and OR 1·41, 95 % CI 1·09, 1·83, respectively). In men, the second tertile of GL and weekly intake of high-GI foods were associated with CRC (OR 1·44, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·99 and OR 1·48, 95 % CI 1·32, 1·65, respectively). Also, GI was associated with CRC in women (highest v. lowest tertile OR 2·12, 95 % CI 1·38, 3·27). In addition to the quantity and quality of carbohydrates intake, it is important to consider the frequency of consumption of high-GI foods in CRC prevention.

[The nutritional status analysis in physical education students, associated with eating habits and level of physical activity] / Análisis del estado nutricional en estudiantes educación física, asociada a hábitos alimentarios y nivel de actividad física.

INTRODUCTION: numerous studies show that the college-aged student modifies their eating habits and levels of physical activity and, consequently, their Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeds healthy values (?25). General objective: to analyze the nutritional status in students of two Physical Education Teaching training Institutes, located in Cordoba, Argentina, and their possible association with eating behaviours and level of physical activity. Method: observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. 134 students were studied.To assess nutritional status, the MBI was measured. To investigate about food selection and habits which accompanied the ingestion, a survey was used based on the recommendations from the Food Guidelines for the Argentine Population. To estimate energy expenditure by physical activity, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used, in short format, in the Spanish version. Results: Se podría presumir que el saludable estado nutricional de la población estudiada se debe a sus hábitos alimentarios mayormente saludables y, principalmente, a su alto nivel de actividad física. No obstante, el seguimiento de esta población, en un estudio longitudinal, podría ratificar o rectificar estas primeras presunciones. Conclusion: it can be assumed that the healthy nutritional status of the study population is due to their mostly healthy eating habits, and mainly to their high level of physical activity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Numerosas investigaciones señalan que el estudiante universitario modifica sus hábitos alimentarios y su nivel de actividad física y, como consecuencia, su Índice de masa corporal (IMC) supera los valores saludables (?25). OBJETIVO GENERAL: Analizar el estado nutricional en los estudiantes de dos Profesorados de Educación Física de Córdoba, Argentina y su posible asociación con los hábitos alimentarios y el nivel de actividad física.: MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se estudiaron 134 estudiantes. Para valorar el estado nutricional se midió el IMC. Para indagar sobre la selección y las conductas alimentarias, se utilizó una encuesta basada en las recomendaciones de las guías alimentarias para la población argentina. Para estimar el gasto energético en actividad física se usó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física IPAQ, formato corto, versión en español. RESULTADOS: El estado nutricional de la población estudiada mostró en general una mayor prevalencia con peso saludable (normopeso). Respecto a los hábitos alimentarios, las mayores proporciones de estudiantes evaluados presentaron una selección medianamente saludable y unas conductas saludables. En referencia al nivel de actividad física, ambos géneros mostraron, en una mayor proporción, un alto nivel de actividad física. Para todos los casos, el IMC resultó dentro de los valores saludables. CONCLUSIONES: Se podría presumir que el saludable estado nutricional de la población estudiada se debe a sus hábitos alimentarios mayormente saludables y, principalmente, a su alto nivel de actividad física. No obstante, el seguimiento de esta población, en un estudio longitudinal, podría ratificar o rectificar estas primeras presunciones.

Do Exposure to Arsenic, Occupation and Diet Have Synergistic Effects on Prostate Cancer Risk?

Background: Diverse environmental exposures, as well as dietary and lifestyle factors, are associated with prostate cancer (PC) etiology; however little is known about joint interactive influences. The aim of this study was to analyse effects of diet combined with arsenic in drinking water and agricultural occupation on PC risk. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Córdoba, Argentina (period 2008-2015) including 147 cases of PC and 300 controls. All subjects were interviewed about food consumption, socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics. A sample of drinking water was taken to determine arsenic concentrations. Adherence scores to the Traditional Dietary Pattern were estimated, based on a principal component factor analysis. A two-level logistic regression model was fitted in order to assess effects of the Traditional Pattern, occupation and arsenic exposure on the occurrence of PC (outcome). Family history of PC was considered as a clustering variable. Results: PC risk was greatest in subjects with high adherence to the Traditional Pattern (OR 2.18; 95%IC 1.097­4.344). Subjects exposed to arsenic in drinking water above 0.01mg/l who simultaneously performed agricultural activities showed a markedly elevated PC risk (OR 5.07; 95%IC 2.074-12.404). Variance of the random effect of family history of PC was significant. conclusion: Diet, arsenic and occupation in agriculture exert significant effects on PC risk. Further efforts are necessary to analyse risk factors integrally, in order to achieve a better understanding of the complex causal network for PC in this multiple-exposure population.