Kinesiotaping Is Not Better Than a Placebo: Kinesiotaping for Postural Control in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Patients-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the immediate and delayed effects of kinesiotape (KT) on postural control and patient-reported outcome measures under challenging conditions in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. METHODS: Thirty-two anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed patients for whom 6 months had passed since their operation were randomly assigned to either the KT (n = 16, aged 21.8 [5.5] y) or the placebo KT (n = 16, aged 24.0 [5.1] y) groups. Initially, both groups stood barefoot on a force platform while performing postural tasks in 4 randomized conditions (eyes open, eyes closed, cognitive task, and foam). Before the experiment, patients would bring the 4 conditions, which were written on folded papers, one by one, and in this way, the order of conditions for the examiners was determined. The patients' evaluations were conducted immediately and 48 hours after KT application. Postural control measures, with area and displacement of the center of pressure (CoP) in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions, and mean total velocity displacement of CoP (MVELO CoP) served as dependent variables. In addition, the International Knee Documentation Committee score was measured pretreatment and 48 hours posttreatment. RESULTS: Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for displacement of COP in medial-lateral direction (P = .002) and MVELO CoP (P = .034). MVELO CoP significantly decreased (mean difference = 0.60, P = .009) immediately after KT application compared with preapplication measures. In the placebo group, a statistically significant decrease in MVELO CoP (mean difference = 0.869, P = .001) was observed at 48 hours post-KT compared with preapplication values. International Knee Documentation Committee scores significantly improved at 48 hours post-KT application in both groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Though observed at different time points, both KT (immediately after the intervention) and placebo KT (48 h after the intervention) were found to improve postural control measures. It appears that the changes in postural control may be more related to proprioceptive enhancement due to KT rather than the specific KT pattern.

Isolation and Identification of Effective Probiotics on Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Strains and Their Biofilms.

Introduction: This study aimed to identify, assess, and isolate strong lactobacilli demonstrating broad antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against drug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Additionally, the mechanism of inhibition of these organisms was to be determined. Methods: Over a 6-month period (from December 2021 to June 2022), 53 clinical A. baumannii strains were collected from clinical samples. Twenty probiotic strains were isolated from local dairy products. Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus strains' cell-free supernatant (CFS) was identified using the agar well diffusion method and the microbroth dilution test. Anti-biofilm effect was performed by the microtiter plate assay. The MTT assay was also used to look into the probiotics' cytotoxic effects on the L929 fibroblast cell line. Results: During the 6-month period, 53 clinical A. baumannii strains were obtained and identified. Out of 20 lactobacillus strains, the CFS of a lactobacillus strain (named L9) showed an inhibitory effect against all A. baumannii strains. Using the broth microdilution method, it was shown that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of CFS extracts of L9 strains against A. baumannii strains were both » mg/mL. The result of the anti-biofilm showed that the selected probiotic could inhibit biofilm formation. The most common organic acid produced by all Lactobacillus strains, according to the HPLC method, was lactic acid, which was followed by acetic acid. The L929 fibroblast cell line was used in the cytotoxicity assay, which revealed that 100% of the cells in the L929 fibroblast cell line survived treatment with successive doses of CFSs for a full day. Conclusion: The probiotic strain isolated from local yogurt in this study showed potential anti-biofilm and antimicrobial properties against all drug-resistant Acinetobacter isolates. Given the increasing interest in probiotic microorganisms based on their high health benefits, further studies are recommended on the mechanisms of action between probiotics and A. baumannii strains to find new solutions for biological control and treatment of these infections without the use of antibiotics.

Astrocytes Are the Source of TNF Mediating Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity.

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) mediates homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) in response to chronic activity blockade, and prior work has established that it is released from glia. Here we demonstrate that astrocytes are the necessary source of TNF during HSP. Hippocampal cultures from rats of both sexes depleted of microglia still will increase TNF levels following activity deprivation and still express TTX-driven HSP. Slice cultures from mice of either sex with a conditional deletion of TNF from microglia also express HSP, but critically, slice cultures with a conditional deletion of TNF from astrocytes do not. In astrocytes, glutamate signaling is sufficient to reduce NFκB signaling and TNF mRNA levels. Further, chronic TTX treatment increases TNF in an NFκB-dependent manner, although NFκB signaling is dispensable for the neuronal response to TTX-driven HSP. Thus, astrocytes can sense neuronal activity through glutamate spillover and increase TNF production when activity falls, to drive HSP through the production of TNF.

The Association between Caring Behavior and Death Anxiety among Iranian Nurses Working in Covid-19 Wards.

Introduction: Nurses who are at the forefront of the fight against Covid-19 have faced problems such as anxiety and stress due to the high contagiousness of this disease and the challenges of providing services to infected patients. Death anxiety and the resulting fear following the Covid-19 pandemic can affect caring behaviors and the quality of nursing care services. Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the association between caring behaviors and death anxiety among Iranian nurses working in COVID-19 wards. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 in Tehran. The participants consisted of 233 nurses who were purposively selected from university hospitals in Iran. Data collection tools included Demographic Information Form, Death Anxiety Scale, and Caring Dimension Inventory (CDI-25). Data analysis was done using SPSS (version 16). Results: Most of the participants were female (79.4%), had less than 5 years of work experience (50.6%), and had bachelor's degree (88.8%). Based on the results, the level of death anxiety among nurses was moderate (7.05 ± 3.85) and their caring behavior was at optimal level (103.03 ± 13.15). Among the subscales of caring behavior, physical-technical behaviors with mean of 46.43 ± 6.20 got the highest score, and unnecessary behaviors with mean of 4.39 ± 0.73 got the lowest score compared to other subscales. Based on data analysis findings, caring behavior and its dimensions had no significant correlation with nurses' death anxiety (p = 0.111). Conclusions: Our results showed that despite having a moderate level of anxiety, nurses try to provide good care behaviors to patients with covid-19. However, reducing nurses' anxiety can improve caring behaviors.

Promising Larvicidal Effects of Nanoliposomes Containing Carvone and Mentha spicata and Tanacetum balsamita Essential Oils Against Anopheles stephensi.

PURPOSE: The use of synthetic pesticides to control the spread of mosquito-borne diseases has caused environmental pollution and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Developments of new green insecticides have thus received more attention to overcome these problems. METHODS: Nanoliposomes containing carvone and essential oils were first prepared. The nanoliposome physicochemical characteristics (particle size, morphology, and successful loading) were then evaluated by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and the Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform InfraRed (ATR-FTIR) analyses. Larvicidal effects of carvone, Mentha spicata, and Tanacetum balsamita essential oils were investigated against the main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, in non-formulated and nanoformulated states. RESULTS: The larvicidal effects of nanoformulated states were significantly more potent (7.2 folds, 3.5 folds, and 8 folds) than non-formulated states. Nanoliposomes containing M. spicata and T. balsamita essential oils with particle sizes of 175 ± 8 and 184 ± 5 nm showed the best efficacies (LC50 values = 9.74 and 9.36 µg/mL). CONCLUSION: The prepared samples could be used as new green potent larvicides against An stephensi mosquito in further field trials. It is also recommended to investigate their efficacies against other mosquitoes.

Adjunctive nano-curcumin therapy improves inflammatory and clinical indices in children with cystic fibrosis: A randomized clinical trial.

Inflammation may develop due to internal dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein or external factors in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This prospective randomized clinical trial aimed to ascertain the effects of nano-curcumin as an anti-inflammatory agent and a CFTR modulator on clinical and inflammatory markers in children with CF. Children with CF were randomly assigned to receive daily curcumin or a placebo for 3 months. The primary outcome measure was to evaluate inflammatory indices, nasopharyngeal swab analysis, and clinical assessments via spirometry, anthropometric measurements, and quality of life (QOL) analysis. Sixty children were included. Intra-group changes comparison showed that curcumin decreased the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (median: -0.31 mg/L, IQR: -1.53 to 0.81; p = .01) and fecal calprotectin level (-29 µg/g, -57.5 to 11.5; p = .03), also increased the level of interleukin (IL)-10 (6.1 pg/mL, 4.5-9; p = .01). Moreover, curcumin improved the overall QOL and the subscales of the questionnaire. Inter-group changes comparison depicted the number of Pseudomonas colonies reduced by about 52% in the curcumin group and gained weight by about 16% (p > .05). Nano-curcumin seems to be considered as an effective nutritional supplement on hs-CRP, IL-10, fecal calprotectin levels, and improving QOL in patients with CF.

EPS8 variant causes deafness, autosomal recessive 102 (DFNB102) and literature review.

Pathogenic variants in the EPS8 gene result in nonsyndromic hearing loss. This gene encodes the EPS8 protein in cochlear inner hair cells and performs critical roles in stimulating actin polymerization and bundling. Thus far, only four pathogenic variations in EPS8 have been described. In this study, we report the fifth pathogenic variant in the EPS8 gene in an Iranian patient with DFNB102. Furthermore, we review literature cases with EPS8 mutations.

Deep learning for tooth identification and enumeration in panoramic radiographs.

Background: Dentists begin the diagnosis by identifying and enumerating teeth. Panoramic radiographs are widely used for tooth identification due to their large field of view and low exposure dose. The automatic numbering of teeth in panoramic radiographs can assist clinicians in avoiding errors. Deep learning has emerged as a promising tool for automating tasks. Our goal is to evaluate the accuracy of a two-step deep learning method for tooth identification and enumeration in panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective observational study, 1007 panoramic radiographs were labeled by three experienced dentists. It involved drawing bounding boxes in two distinct ways: one for teeth and one for quadrants. All images were preprocessed using the contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization method. First, panoramic images were allocated to a quadrant detection model, and the outputs of this model were provided to the tooth numbering models. A faster region-based convolutional neural network model was used in each step. Results: Average precision (AP) was calculated in different intersection-over-union thresholds. The AP50 of quadrant detection and tooth enumeration was 100% and 95%, respectively. Conclusion: We have obtained promising results with a high level of AP using our two-step deep learning framework for automatic tooth enumeration on panoramic radiographs. Further research should be conducted on diverse datasets and real-life situations.

Huge Chiari Network in the Right Atrium Diagnosed as Thrombosis - Case Report and a Brief Review.

The Chiari network is a common benign finding usually found incidentally in the right atrium (RA). This lesion frequently coexists with patent foramen ovale (PFO). Although the Chiari network is diagnosed easily and has no clinical importance, sometimes, the accurate diagnosis becomes hard and the lesion itself, or with PFO, can lead to clinical events. Accordingly, cardiologists should consider the Chiari network and its differential diagnosis in the evaluation of RA masses.

Drug-induced vasculitis: Thiazide or the COVID-19 vaccine, which one is guilty? A case report and literature review.

A middle-aged woman with a history of COVID-19 vaccine administration and valve replacement surgery was admitted with bilateral palpable purpuric lesions in the lower extremities and headache. Based on the initial diagnosis of vasculitis, corticosteroid therapy was initiated, which led to the resolution of skin lesions.

Genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of Myofibrillar Myopathy 7 as a result of Kyphoscoliosis Peptidase deficiency: The first description of a missense mutation in KY and literature review.

KY is located on chromosome 3 and encodes a transglutaminase-like protein in the skeletal muscles, namely Kyphoscoliosis Peptidase. KY is primarily involved in the formation and stabilization of neuromuscular intersections making it essential for the development of the musculoskeletal system. Mutations in KY cause Myofibrillar Myopathy-7 (MFM-7) and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP). MFM-7 is an early onset muscle disorder with an autosomal recessive inheritance marked by progressive muscle weakness and joint contractures. Herein, we describe an Iranian family with MFM-7 caused by a homozygous novel variant in KY. We identified a homozygous variant (NM_178554.6:c.1247T > A, p. Ile416Asn) in KY in two patients born to consanguineous parents and the same heterozygous mutation in their parent by Whole-Exome Sequencing. The patients manifest muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, mobility restriction, and hyporeflexia. Lastly, we reviewed the phenotype and corresponding genotype of the previously reported cases with pathogenic variants in KY.

Health complaints in individual visiting primary health care: population-based national electronic health records of Iran.

BACKGROUND: The mission of medical schools is a sustainable commitment to orient education, research, and services based on the priorities and expectations of society. The most common complaints of patients from comprehensive health service centers (CHSCs) based on the data from electronic health records were assessed in order to determine primary health care (PHC) priorities for the educational planning of medical students in Iran. METHODS: A population-based national study was designed to assess clinical complaints of patients in all age groups who were referred to CHSCs at least once to be visited by physicians. All the data in the census were extracted from electronic health records in PHC system during 2015-2020, classified by the International Classification of Primary Care 2nd edition (ICPC-2e-English), and statistically analyzed. The total number of complaints that were recorded in the system was 17,430,139. RESULTS: 59% of the referring patients were women. The highest number of referrals was related to the age group of 18-59 years (56.9%), while the lowest belonged to the elderly people (13.3%). In all age and sex groups, the first ten complaints of patients with three top priorities in each category included process (follow-up, consultation, and results exam), digestive (toothache and gum complaint, abdominal pain, and diarrhea), respiratory (cough, sore throat, and runny nose), general (fever, pain, and weakness and fatigue), musculoskeletal (back pain, leg complaint, and knee injuries), endocrine and nutritional (weight gain, Feeding problem, and weight loss), cardiovascular (hypertension, palpitations, and Postural hypotension), neurological (headache, dizziness, and paralysis), sexual dysfunction (vaginal complaint, discharge, and irregular menstruation), and dermatological (pruritus, rash, and inflammation) problems. CONCLUSION: High priorities in referring to PHC had a key role in assessing the country's health needs. Since this study was in line with the national pattern of complaints and patients' profile, the present findings can be helpful to amend policy-making, educational planning and curricula development in medical schools.

Non-Invasive Lactate Monitoring System Using Wearable Chipless Microwave Sensors With Enhanced Sensitivity and Zero Power Consumption.

Monitoring lactate levels is an established method for determining hyperlactatemia in critically ill patients and assessing aerobic fitness. It is a widely used gold-standard technique in both professional and serious amateur sports. Non-invasive real-time lactate monitoring offers significant advantages over the current technology of finger-prick blood sampling. Possible candidate technology for developing non-invasive real-time lactate monitoring should be highly sensitive, flexible, and capable of real-time monitoring of lactate levels in interstitial fluid or within specific working muscle groups depending on the type of sport. Herein we describe a planar, flexible, passive, chipless tag resonator that is electromagnetically coupled to a reader placed in proximity to the lactate sensor tag. The tag resonator is a thin metallic tracing that can be taped on the skin. The resonance frequency of the tag fluctuates proportionately with changing lactate concentrations in a solution mimicking human interstitial fluid with very high sensitivity. The spectrum of the tag is reflected in the spectrum of the reader, which is a planar microwave resonator designed at a different frequency. The reader could be embedded in a cellphone or an application-specific wearable device for data communication and processing. The tag can accurately and reproducibly measure lactate concentrations in the range of 1 to 10 mM, which is in the physiological range of lactate observed at rest and during intense physical activity. Furthermore, the chrematistics of this technology will allow monitoring of lactate in specific working muscle groups.

Comparison of bone mineral density in forearm and hip regions and evaluation of area of these 2 sites.

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a common disease among middle-aged and older people. Because bone mineral density (BMD) is obtained by dividing bone mineral content by area, accurate measurement of the surface of the studied area plays an important role. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the area of the hip and forearm regions based on gender and height. Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive study of 758 individuals (702 female and 56 male, divided into 2 groups of ≥50 years old and <50 years old), experienced personnel performed densitometry of the forearm and femur using a Hologic device. The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 21. Results: In women ≥50 years old who were of white race, one-third of the forearm BMD showed moderate agreement with the femoral neck BMD, and in this group, total forearm BMD showed moderate agreement with the femoral neck BMD. In women <50 years old of Caucasian race, one-third of the forearm BMD showed good agreement with the femoral trochanter. In the same group of individuals, total forearm BMD also showed very good agreement with the femoral trochanter. In women <50 years old of white race, one-third of the forearm BMD showed good agreement with all 4 regions in the femur (trochanter, intertrochanteric, neck, total), and in the same group of individuals, total forearm BMD showed very good agreement with all 4 regions of the femur. Conclusion: According to the results obtained for comparison of forearm one-third with hip areas, it seems that simultaneous measurement of the forearm one-third area and different hip areas increases the accuracy of total BMD measurement.

Acute Kidney Injury After Liver Transplant: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Impact on Patient Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication of liver transplant. Here, we assessed the rate and contributing factors of acute kidney injury and need for renal replacement therapy in patients undergoing liver transplant at a transplant center in Tehran, Iran. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We identified all patients who underwent liver transplant at the Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex from March 2018 to March 2019 and who were followed for 3 months after transplant. Acute kidney injury was defined based on the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. We collected demographic and pretransplant, intraoperative, and posttransplant data. Univariable and multivariable models were applied to explore independent risk factors for acute kidney injury incidence and need for renal replacement therapy. RESULTS: Our study included 173 deceased donor liver transplant recipients. Rates of incidence of acute kidney injury and need for renal replacement therapy were 68.2% and 14.5%, respectively. The 3-month mortality rate among those with severe and mild or moderate acute kidney injury was 44.0% (14/25) and 9.7% (9/ 93), respectively (P < .001). Multivariable analyses indicated that serum albumin (relative risk of 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.87; P = .021), baseline serum creatinine (relative risk of 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-2.90; P = .037), and intraoperative mean arterial pressure (relative risk of 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.82; P = .008) were independent factors for predicting posttransplant acute kidney injury. Independent risk factors for requiring renal replacement therapy were pretransplant serum creatinine (relative risk of 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.89-4.47; P = .044) and intraoperative vasopressor infusion (relative risk of 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-2.00; P = .021). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high incidence of acute kidney injury among liver transplant recipients in our center. There was a significant association between severity of acute kidney injury and 3-month and in-hospital mortality.

Drug-target interaction prediction using unifying of graph regularized nuclear norm with bilinear factorization.

BACKGROUND: Wet-lab experiments for identification of interactions between drugs and target proteins are time-consuming, costly and labor-intensive. The use of computational prediction of drug-target interactions (DTIs), which is one of the significant points in drug discovery, has been considered by many researchers in recent years. It also reduces the search space of interactions by proposing potential interaction candidates. RESULTS: In this paper, a new approach based on unifying matrix factorization and nuclear norm minimization is proposed to find a low-rank interaction. In this combined method, to solve the low-rank matrix approximation, the terms in the DTI problem are used in such a way that the nuclear norm regularized problem is optimized by a bilinear factorization based on Rank-Restricted Soft Singular Value Decomposition (RRSSVD). In the proposed method, adjacencies between drugs and targets are encoded by graphs. Drug-target interaction, drug-drug similarity, target-target, and combination of similarities have also been used as input. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method is evaluated on four benchmark datasets known as Enzymes (E), Ion channels (ICs), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and nuclear receptors (NRs) based on AUC, AUPR, and time measure. The results show an improvement in the performance of the proposed method compared to the state-of-the-art techniques.

Effect of corn starch coating incorporated with nanoemulsion of Zataria multiflora essential oil fortified with cinnamaldehyde on microbial quality of fresh chicken meat and fate of inoculated Listeria monocytogenes.

The present study compared the effects of corn starch coatings incorporated with Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) in conventional, nanoemulsion (NZEO) and fortified nanoemulsion (NZEOC) forms, on specific spoilage microorganisms of chicken meat and on the fate of inoculated Listeria monocytogenes during 20 days storage at 4 ± 1 °C. Based on the results of GC-MS analysis of ZEO, carvacrol (36.62%) was the most important compound of essential oil. Samples coated with the starch solution containing nanoemulsions had better antimicrobial activities than conventional forms. Also, NZEOC treatment had the best antimicrobial properties at the end of storage with the following results: Total viable count (7.96 log10 CFU/g), Psychrotrophic count (7.29 log10 CFU/g), Lactic acid bacteria (6.51 log10 CFU/g), Enterobacteriaceae count (6.98 log10 CFU/g), Mold and yeast count (5.16 log10 CFU/g) and inoculated L. monocytogenes (6.51 log10 CFU/g). Furthermore, the addition of CIN-ZEO during nanoemulsion formation (NZEOC) increased the antimicrobial properties of the samples compared to individual addition of NZEO and CIN (NZEO + CIN) to the starch solution. Therefore, corn starch coating containing NZEOC is recommended as a natural preservative to enhance the microbial stability of poultry meat.

The effects of nano-curcumin as a nutritional strategy on clinical and inflammatory factors in children with cystic fibrosis: the study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder, which is caused by the CFTR protein defects. Along with CFTR dysfunction, inflammation plays a key role in the disease outcomes. Inflammation may develop due to the internal dysfunction of the CFTR protein or external factors. Curcumin affects the CFTR protein function primarily as a corrector and potentiator and secondary as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. The present study aims to assess the impact of nano-curcumin on clinical and inflammatory markers in children with CF. METHODS: This prospective, double blind control trial will be conducted at the Akbar Children's Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. Children with CF will be enrolled based on the eligibility criteria. Placebo and curcumin with the maximum dose of 80 mg considering the body surface of the patients will be administrated for 3 months. The primary outcome is to evaluate inflammation based on serum interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and hs-CRP, stool calprotectin, and neutrophil count of nasopharyngeal swab. The secondary outcome involved clinical assessment via spirometry, anthropometrics, and quality of life. They will be assessed before and after 3 months. DISCUSSION: Due to the multifarious effects of curcumin on CF disease, it could be proposed as a nutritional strategy in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20200705048018N1 . Registered on July 10, 2020.

Compassion-based care for COVID-19 patients: a qualitative analysis of nurses' perceptions.

Compassion is a basic approach to medical practice and is the core component of health care. The purpose of the present study was to explore nurses' perceptions of compassion-based care (CBC) for COVID-19 patients. In this qualitative study, the participants were selected using purposeful sampling. Individual and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 nurses, and conventional content analysis was used to categorize the data. In the care of COVID-19 patients, CBC consisted of three categories including pro-social behaviors, paying attention to the beliefs and values of patients, and concern for family members. The first category had three subcategories including empathy, altruism, and helping in critical situations. The second category included the subcategories of the spiritual approach to care and respect for cultural aspects. The third category, concern for family members, had one subcategory: the need to consider the patient's family. Our findings may help to develop a comprehensive model in COVID-19 care according to which, in addition to routine patient care, nurses will consider concepts such as empathy, altruism, helping in critical situations, spirituality, cultural values, and the family's needs at the end of the patient's life.

Prevention of Diabetic Complications by Walnut Leaf Extract via Changing Aldose Reductase Activity: An Experiment in Diabetic Rat Tissue.

BACKGROUND: Increased activity of aldose reductase (AR) is one of the mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic complications. Inhibiting AR can be a target to prevent diabetes complications. This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of cyclohexane (CH) and ethanol extracts (ET) of walnut leaves on AR activity in the lens and testis of diabetic rats. METHODS: Fifty-six male rats classified into seven groups as control and treatment groups and treated for 30 days. The treatment groups were treated with different concentrations of ET and CH. The diabetic control (DC) group was exposed to streptozotocin. AR activity was measured in the lens and testis. The expression of AR in the testis was evaluated by the immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS: Both extracts significantly reduced the AR activity (ng/mg of tissue protein) in the testis (0.034 ± 0.004, 0.038 ± 0.010, and 0.040 ± 0.007 in the treatment groups vs. 0.075 ± 0.007 in the DC group) and lens (1.66 ± 0.09, 2.70 ± 0.47, and 1.77 ± 0.20 in the treatment groups vs. 6.29 ± 0.48 in the DC group) of the treatment group compared to those of the DC group (P < 0.05). AR expression in the testes of the treatment groups was decreased compared with that of the DC group (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Walnut leaf extracts can reduce the activity and localization of AR in the testes and its activity in the lens of diabetic rats.