The cost associated with the development of the antimicrobial stewardship program in the adult general medicine setting in Qatar.

Objective: To estimate the economic impact of the developed antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) versus the preliminary ASP use, in the adults' general medicine settings in Qatar. Methods: Patient records were retrospectively reviewed during two periods: preliminary ASP was defined as the 12 months following ASP implementation (i.e. May 2015-April 2016), and developed ASP was defined as the last 12 months of a 5-year ASP implementation in Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) (i.e. February 2019-January 2020). The economic impact was the overall cost savings in resource use, including operational costs, plus the cost avoidance associated with ASP. Results: A total of 500 patients were included in the study. The operational costs decreased with the developed ASP. Whereas antimicrobial consumption and resource utilisation, and their associated costs, appear to have declined with the developed ASP, with a cost saving of QAR458 (US$125) per 100-patient beds, the avoided cost was negative, by QAR4,807 (US$1,317) per 100-patient beds, adding to a total QAR4,224 (US$1,160) increase in the 100-patient beds cost after ASP development. Conclusions: Despite that the developed ASP attained a total cost saving QAR458 (US$125) per 100-patient beds, the avoided cost was QAR-4,807 (US$-1,317) per 100-patient beds, which exceeded the cost savings achieved.

Cost­effectiveness of add­on dapagliflozin for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients without diabetes.

AIM: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of dapagliflozin added to standard of care (SoC) versus SoC in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients from the Qatari healthcare perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A lifetime Markov model was developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of adding dapagliflozin to SoC based on the findings of Petrie et al. 2020, which were based on the DAPA-HF trial. The model was constructed based on four health states: "alive with no event", "urgent visit for heart failure", "hospitalization for heart failure", and "dead". The model considered 1,000 hypothetical HFrEF and without T2DM patients using 3-month cycles over a lifetime horizon. The outcome of interest was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life-year gained (QALY) and years of life lived (YLL). Utility and cost data were obtained from published sources. A scenario analysis was performed to replace the transition probabilities of events in people without T2DM with the transition probabilities of events irrespective of T2DM status, based on findings of the DAPA-HF trial. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to confirm the robustness of the conclusion. RESULTS: Adding dapagliflozin to SoC was estimated to dominate SoC alone, resulting in 0.6 QALY and 0.8 YLL, at a cost saving of QAR771 (USD211) per person compared with SoC alone, with total healthcare costs of QAR42,413 (USD 11,620) versus 43,184 (USD11,831) per person, respectively. When replacing the transition probabilities of events in people without T2DM with the transition probabilities of events in people irrespective of T2DM status, dapagliflozin was cost-effective at ICER of QAR5,212 (USD1,428) per QALY gained and QAR3,880 (USD1,063) per YLL. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, dapagliflozin combined with SoC was cost saving in over 49% of the cases and cost-effective in over 43% of the simulated cases against QALYs gained and YLL. LIMITATIONS: Data from clinical trials were used instead of local data, which may limit the local relevance. However, evidence from the local Qatari population is lacking. Also, indirect costs were not included due to a paucity of available data. CONCLUSIONS: Adding dapagliflozin to SoC is likely to be a cost-saving therapy for patients with HFrEF and without T2DM in Qatar.

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is a type of heart failure characterized by left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less. Dapagliflozin is a novel therapy for this condition, which was initially designed to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is unclear whether dapagliflozin is a cost-effective option for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and without type 2 diabetes. A lifetime Markov model was developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of adding dapagliflozin to standard of care from the Qatari healthcare perspective. Model results suggest that adding dapagliflozin to standard of care dominated standard of care alone, resulting in a gain of 0.8 years of life lived, a gain of 0.6 quality-adjusted life-years, and a cost saving of 211 United States dollars per person.

Characteristics of the clinical pharmacists' interventions at the main general tertiary care hospital in Qatar.

Medication-related problems (MRPs) are prevalent throughout healthcare systems, whereby pharmacy-based interventions are pivotal to reducing occurrence. In the Middle East, including Qatar, the professional roles of pharmacists have been expanding to improve patient safety. This study aimed to characterize and analyze pharmacist-led interventions among hospitalized patients in the leading general hospital in Qatar. A retrospective analysis of pharmacist interventions in the internal medicine ward, critical care unit, and emergency department (ED) was conducted. Data were extracted from three periods of 1 month (March 1-31, 2018, July 15-August 15, 2018, and January 1-31, 2019). A descriptive type of analysis was undertaken. A total of 340 patients with 858 interventions were analyzed. The average age of the study participants was 51 years (SD ± 17.7). The study population was predominantly male (65%). The prevailing pharmacist intervention was adding drug therapy (27%), followed by medication discontinuation (18%) and dosage adjustments (16%). This pattern was maintained across all subpopulations, e.g., gender, age, and ward, except for the ED, where cessation of medication was the most frequent intervention (4%). The two pharmacological classes associated with most interventions were anti-infective and cardiovascular agents. Pharmacist interventions effectively identify, prevent, and resolve MRPs in general inpatient settings in Qatar.

Patterns and outcomes of paracetamol poisoning management in Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar: A retrospective cohort study.

We aimed to investigate the characteristics and clinical outcomes of paracetamol poisoning and paracetamol overdose in Qatar. This retrospective cohort study included patients admitted to the emergency department (ED). We included patients who presented with excessive paracetamol ingestion, between December 2018 and September 2019. The primary outcomes were describing the characteristics and outcomes of paracetamol overdose (from a suicidal overdose or accidental overdose, dose ≤ 150 mg/kg, when serum levels of <60 mmol/L) or dose ingested (≤75 mg/kg) with staggered ingestion poisoning due to suicidal attempt or accidental attempt, defined as the dose ingested (>150 mg/kg), acute ingestion, nomogram level more than the treatment line, or dose ingested (>75 mg/kg) with staggered ingestion, and assessing the management of excessive paracetamol ingestion. Secondary outcomes included evaluation of the time difference between ingestion and time of administration, hospitalization, and adverse drug events. Significant differences were detected between patients who presented with paracetamol overdose and those who presented with paracetamol toxicity. A total of 69 patients were analyzed, of whom 43 received paracetamol overdose (mean age 27.5 ± 11.1 years) and 26 had paracetamol poisoning (mean age 25 ± 6.22 years). Paracetamol poisoning was identified in 26% of the patients with a 24.3% history of psychiatric illness, compared to 18.6% with paracetamol overdose. More patients presented with paracetamol toxicity in the time between ingestion and obtaining serum levels compared to the overdose group. A significantly longer length of hospitalization was observed in the toxicity group. A significantly higher number of patients in the toxicity group received N-acetylcysteine (NAC). More hypotension and rashes were observed among those who received NAC in the toxicity group. Patients presenting to the ED due to paracetamol toxicity are not uncommon, and most cases occur in young adults, and few in patients with a history of psychiatric illness, suggesting that preventive approaches are highly required.