The efficacy of magnesium sulphate as an adjunct to local anaesthetics for perineal pain relief after episiotomy.

BACKGROUND: Episiotomy is a deliberate surgical incision of the perineum with the aim of increasing the vulval outlet to facilitate childbirth. However, it could be associated with some complications, such as pain, hemorrhage, and wound infection. It is a surgical procedure that requires adherence to basic surgical principles of providing adequate analgesia. AIM: To determine the efficacy of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) as an adjunct to local anesthetics for analgesia during episiotomy repair among women that had vaginal delivery at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria. SUBJECT AND METHODS: This was a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Pregnant women who had episiotomy during the study period were randomized into two groups. Those in Group A had xylocaine administered alone, whereas those in Group B had xylocaine + MgSO4 administered for repair of episiotomy. Pain was assessed by numeric rating scale at commencement of the repair, at 2 and 6 h after the repair. Patient's level of satisfaction, request for additional analgesia, and side effects were also assessed. RESULTS: The pain score in the xylocaine + MgSO4 group was lower throughout the period of assessment. There was no significant difference in the pain scores between the two groups at 0 and 6 h. However, there was significant difference in the mean pain scores between the two groups at 2 h (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the level of satisfaction, request for additional analgesia, and side effects between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Both xylocaine alone and xylocaine with MgSO4 provide adequate perineal pain relief during episiotomy repair. MgSO4 improves the analgesic effect of xylocaine at 2 h after episiotomy repair without any significant side effect.

Non-obstetric causes of severe maternal complications: a secondary analysis of the Nigeria Near-miss and Maternal Death Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the burden, causes and outcomes of severe non-obstetric maternal complications in Nigerian public tertiary hospitals. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a nationwide cross-sectional study. SETTING: Forty-two tertiary health facilities. POPULATION: Women admitted with complications during pregnancy, childbirth or puerperium. METHODS: All cases of severe maternal outcome (SMO: maternal near-miss or maternal death) due to non-obstetric causes were prospectively identified over a 1-year period. Maternal near-miss was defined using organ-system dysfunction (WHO), clinical, or management-based criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Causes and contributions of non-obstetric complications to SMO; fetal and neonatal outcomes; health service events associated with non-obstetric complications; and mortality index (% of maternal death/SMO). RESULTS: Of 100 107 women admitted with complications, 9401 (9.4%) were for non-obstetric causes; and 4.0% (375/9401) suffered severe non-obstetric complications. Of the 375 cases of severe non-obstetric complications, 48.8% (183/375) were near-misses and 51.2% (192/375) were maternal deaths. Severe anaemia unrelated to haemorrhage contributed 61.2% of near-misses and 32.8% of maternal deaths. The highest mortality indices were observed for cancer (91.7%), hepatic diseases (81.8%) and HIV/AIDS/HIV wasting syndrome (80.4%). Fatality was significantly high with extremes of age and no formal education. Regarding organ dysfunctions, neurological (77.1%) and cardiovascular (75.0%) dysfunctions had the highest mortality indices. Perinatal mortality was 65.9%. Time from diagnosis of severe non-obstetric complications to review by senior medical personnel, and to definitive intervention was <30 minutes in 30.2% and 29.8% of women with SMO, respectively. However, over 240 minutes elapsed between diagnosis and definitive intervention in more than one-third of women with SMO. CONCLUSION: Non-obstetric complications are associated with poorer pregnancy outcomes and deserve attention similar to that accorded obstetric complications. FUNDING: The original research that generated the data for this secondary analysis and the publication of this secondary analysis were funded by the UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), a co-sponsored programme executed by the World Health Organization (WHO). TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Non-obstetric causes are important contributors to maternal deaths and life-threatening morbidities in Nigerian hospitals.

Normal CD4 Count Range among Healthy Nigerian Population in Ilorin.

BACKGROUND: For the establishment and monitoring of the immune status, CD4 count is critical. OBJECTIVES: To determine the CD4 count range of apparently healthy Nigerians resident in Ilorin and compare with the national value. METHODS: An automated blood analyzer was used to determine the full blood count and CD4 count. The percentage of CD4 count was derived by using other variables. RESULTS: Of the 1205 participants, the reference CD4 count (percentage of CD4) range for adult was 400 to 1288 cells/mm3 (19%-48%) and for children was 582 to 3652 cells/mm3 (17%-50%). CD4 count and percentage of CD4 were significantly ( P = .001) higher in females than in males, and the CD4 count declined significantly with increasing age ( r = -.174, P ≤ .0001). The percentage of CD4 count shows less variation with age ( r = -.051, P = .076). Adult residents of Ilorin had significantly lower absolute mean CD4 count (808 ± 260) than that of the national reference values of 847.0 ± 307.0 cells/mm3 ( P = .001). CONCLUSION: We therefore advocate the use of CD4 count range derived in this study is lower than that of the national reference values.

When getting there is not enough: a nationwide cross-sectional study of 998 maternal deaths and 1451 near-misses in public tertiary hospitals in a low-income country.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the burden and causes of life-threatening maternal complications and the quality of emergency obstetric care in Nigerian public tertiary hospitals. DESIGN: Nationwide cross-sectional study. SETTING: Forty-two tertiary hospitals. POPULATION: Women admitted for pregnancy, childbirth and puerperal complications. METHODS: All cases of severe maternal outcome (SMO: maternal near-miss or maternal death) were prospectively identified using the WHO criteria over a 1-year period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence and causes of SMO, health service events, case fatality rate, and mortality index (% of maternal death/SMO). RESULTS: Participating hospitals recorded 91 724 live births and 5910 stillbirths. A total of 2449 women had an SMO, including 1451 near-misses and 998 maternal deaths (2.7, 1.6 and 1.1% of live births, respectively). The majority (91.8%) of SMO cases were admitted in critical condition. Leading causes of SMO were pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (23.4%) and postpartum haemorrhage (14.4%). The overall mortality index for life-threatening conditions was 40.8%. For all SMOs, the median time between diagnosis and critical intervention was 60 minutes (IQR: 21-215 minutes) but in 21.9% of cases, it was over 4 hours. Late presentation (35.3%), lack of health insurance (17.5%) and non-availability of blood/blood products (12.7%) were the most frequent problems associated with deficiencies in care. CONCLUSIONS: Improving the chances of maternal survival would not only require timely application of life-saving interventions but also their safe, efficient and equitable use. Maternal mortality reduction strategies in Nigeria should address the deficiencies identified in tertiary hospital care and prioritise the prevention of severe complications at lower levels of care. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Of 998 maternal deaths and 1451 near-misses reported in a network of 42 Nigerian tertiary hospitals in 1 year.

Role of Risk-Based Approach in the Prevention of Vertical Transmission of Neonatal Sepsis.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Vertical transmission of infections remains a common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. We studied the risk-based approach in preventing the vertical transmission of neonatal sepsis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective case control study of 154 pregnant women with risk factors for vertical transmission of infections (subjects) and 154 pregnant women without the risk factors (control) at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin from 1st July to 31st December, 2010. After counseling and consent taking, all participants had active management of labour and all subjects had parenteral intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis with Ampicillin. There was postnatal evaluation of all babies for signs of neonatal sepsis followed by blood culture and treatment of culture positive babies. The outcome measures were signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis, neonatal positive blood culture and maternal postpartum morbidity. RESULTS: Neonatal sepsis occurred in 16 babies (subjects=11, control=5); three babies had Early Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease (EOGBSD) (subjects=2, control=1; P=0.501) while 13 had non Group B Streptococcal (GBS) infections (subjects=9, control=4; P=0.113); onset of signs and symptoms was < 24hrs in all cases, incidence of EOGBSD were 12.9/1000 (subjects) and 6.5/1000 (controls). Subjects whose babies had sepsis had multiple risk factors; one dose of antibiotics and antibiotics to delivery interval < 2hours. There was no sepsis in babies of mothers who had adequate antibiotic prophylaxis. There was no maternal or neonatal death but 17.5% of subjects had maternal postpartum morbidities. CONCLUSION: The risk-based approach is a practicable alternative in preventing vertical transmission of neonatal sepsis if antibiotic prophylaxis is adequate before delivery.

Coagulation profile in severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Ilorin, Nigeria: implications for anaesthetic management in operative obstetrics.

BACKGROUND: Severe preeclampsia and eclampsia are associated with coagulopathy which may be a contraindication to central neural axial blockade for caesarean section. Many investigations of bleeding tendencies are not done in our environment because of logistic reasons and emergency presentations of these patients.The study was designed to determine the coagulation profile of severe preeclamptic and eclamptic women in labour and possibly arrive at affordable and readily available investigation(s) that can be used in excluding bleeding tendencies in these patients. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective study, 50 severely preeclamptic/eclamptic patients in labour and, 50 parturients with normal pregnancies, and, in labour were recruited. Full blood count including platelet count, prothrombin time (PT) using the International Normalized Ratio (INR) and partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK) were done in all the patients. RESULTS: Mean platelet count was significantly lower in study patients than in controls, 158.1 × 10(9)/l versus 216.9 × 10(9)/l, p = 0.0001. Mean INR and PTTK were within the reference values for the reagents used but mean INR was significantly greater in cases than in controls, 1.06 ± 0.01 versus 0.92 ± 0.01 (p = 0.001) while PTTK was also significantly longer in cases than in controls, 38.4 ± 0.21 versus 34.3 ± 0.44 seconds (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: As platelet count can be readily obtained and it is affordable in our environment, it can be used in assessing bleeding tendencies in these patients for their effective management.

UMBILICAL CORD PARAMETERS IN ILORIN: CORRELATES AND FOETAL OUTCOME.

BACKGROUND: The anthropometric parameters of the umbilical cord have clinical significance. Current parameters of the cord, its correlates and related foetal outcome are lacking in our parturients. OBJECTIVES: To describe the anthropometric parameters and abnormalities of the umbilical cord; and determine their maternal correlates and foetal outcome. DESIGN: A cross sectional analytical study. SETTING: The Obstetric and Gynaecology Department of the Universityof Ilorin Teaching Hospital, between September 2012 and June 2013. SUBJECTS: Healthy pregnant women with singleton pregnancies. RESULTS: Four hundred and twenty-eight (428) singleton deliveries were studied. The respective mean values of the cord length and width were 526.87 ± 115.5mm and 19.56 ± 11.12mm.Short cord (< 40cm) occurred in 7.2% while long cord (> 69cm) was found in 9.3% of the parturient. The incidences of single umbilical artery, cord round the body and knots were 7%, 8.4% and 14.5% respectively. Nuchal cord was the most common (91.4%). Only gestational age had significant statistical relationship with cord length abnormalities (P = 0.0093). The cord length was an important correlate of cord helices, knots and vessels (P < 0.05).Parity had correlations with the number of vessels (R = 0.099, P = 0.042). The cord coiling index was statistically related to the presence of congenital abnormalities (P = 0.011). Other perinatal events were not related to umbilical cord parameters. Perinatal asphyxia was the most common indication for NICU admission (3.5%) but there was no significant statistical difference between NICU admission and cord parameters. CONCLUSION: The umbilical cord parameters in apparently healthy parturients in Ilorin were comparable with others elsewhere. The cord length and helix are important correlates of gestational age and congenital abnormalities. Parity may be related to abnormal umbilical vessels. Cord length, coils, coil index and umbilical vessels should be examined post-natally.

Umbilical cord parameters in Ilorin: correlates and foetal outcome

Background: The anthropometric parameters of the umbilical cord have clinical significance. Current parameters of the cord, its correlates and related foetal outcome are lacking in our parturients. Objectives: To describe the anthropometric parameters and abnormalities of the umbilical cord; and determine their maternal correlates and foetal outcome. Design: A cross sectional analytical study. Setting: The Obstetric and Gynaecology Department of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, between September 2012 and June 2013. Subjects: Healthy pregnant women with singleton pregnancies. Results: Four hundred and twenty- eight (428) singleton deliveries were studied. The respective mean values of the cord length and width were 526.87±115.5mm and 19.56±11.12mm. Short cord (< 40cm) occurred in 7.2% while long cord (> 69cm) was found in 9.3% of the parturient. The incidences of single umbilical artery, cord round the body and knots were 7%, 8.4% and 14.5% respectively. Nuchal cord was the most common (91.4%). Only gestational age had significant statistical relationship with cord length abnormalities (P = 0.0093). The cord length was an important correlate of cord helices, knots and vessels (P< 0.05).Parity had correlations with the number of vessels(R= 0.099, P=0.042). The cord coiling index was statistically related to the presence of congenital abnormalities (P=0.011). Other perinatal events were not related to umbilical cord parameters. Perinatal asphyxia was the most common indication for NICU admission (3.5%) but there was no significant statistical difference between NICU admission and cord parameters. Conclusion: The umbilical cord parameters in apparently healthy parturients in Ilorin were comparable with others elsewhere. The cord length and helix are important correlates of gestational age and congenital abnormalities. Parity may be related to abnormal umbilical vessels. Cord length, coils, coil index and umbilical vessels should be examined post-natally

Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a mature cystic ovarian teratoma with bladder invasion: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Malignant transformation in a mature cystic ovarian teratoma is rare. Except in cases with high index of suspicion or overt metastasis, oophorectomy is the mainstay of treatment for ovarian teratoma. METHOD: A 46-year-old perimenopausal woman who had salpingo-oophorectomy following a clinical diagnosis of benign ovarian tumour that was subsequently reported histologically as mature cystic ovarian teratoma with malignant transformation is presented. RESULTS: She was referred to our facility based on the histopathology report and haematuria two weeks after surgery. Cystoscopic biopsy done was reported as metastatic squamous cell carcinoma most probably from the ovary. Patient was thereafter referred for radiotherapy but was lost to follow-up after the first course. CONCLUSION: Adequate evaluation prior to surgery in suspected ovarian teratoma with malignant transformation is critical to determine extent of surgery and adjuvant therapy. Prognosis in advanced disease condition such as the case presented is generally poor although radical pelvic surgery with resection of the adjacent involved bladder before radiotherapy would probably have improved her prognosis.

Clinical pattern of gynecological/early pregnancy complaints and the outcome of pelvic sonography in a private diagnostic center in Ilorin.

BACKGROUND: Gynecological and early pregnancy complaints (GEPC)/lower abdominal complaints (LAC) are common in female patients seeking medical advice or treatments. Clinical limitations of GEPC or LAC are better resolved through appropriate laboratory and imaging investigation, among which the ultrasound examination (USS) is one. AIM: To determine the distribution/clinical pattern of female patients with GEPC/LAC, and to evaluate the correlation between the clinical and sonographical diagnoses, as seen in a private diagnostic center in the Ilorin metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 253 consecutive cases with GEPC/LAC, who had USS, were retrieved using 3.5 and 5 MHZ probes with SIEMENS Sonoline SL-1 machine, from January 2004 to December 2006, and retrospectively analyzed for the following variables: Age, occupation, complaints of vaginal bleeding, with or without pain, history of amenorrhea or infertility, clinical and ultrasound impression of early pregnancy complaints, including ectopic pregnancies and pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), with exclusion of urogenital and gastrointestinal complaints/cases. Pregnancies greater than 12 weeks were excluded, bringing the total number of cases examined to 242. RESULTS: Mean age was 30.44 years, median = 29.00; Mode = 25.00; with an STD of 7.69973. The youngest patient was 15-years-old while the oldest was 70 years. Cases of bleeding per vaginam Bleeding per vaginam (BPV), with or without pain, were the highest, 149 cases (61.6%), followed by threatened abortion, 45 cases (18.6%), and non-viable or incomplete abortions, 13 cases (5.4%). In contrast dysfunctional uterine bleedings (DUB) ranked the highest among the USS results, with 62 cases (25.6%), incomplete abortion cases were 44 (18.2%), while the non-viable pregnancies (missed abortions, blighted ovum, and early intrauterine fetal deaths (IUFD) cases) contributed to 26 cases (10.7%). Viable pregnancies were nine; incomplete abortions, nine; DUB, seven; Non-viable pregnancies, six; Threatened abortions, four; PID, four; complete abortions, two; Query-infected or degenerating fibroids, two; and others two. Threatened abortion ranked the highest among the definite clinical diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding per vaginam ranked the highest among GEPC/LACS in this environment, while there was poor correlation between clinical impressions and USS findings.

Vesicovaginal fistula: a review of nigerian experience.

BACKGROUND: Vesicovaginal fistula is a preventable calamity, which has been an age-long menace in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To review the causes, complications, and outcome of Vesicovaginal fistula in Nigeria. METHODS: Studies on Vesicovaginal fistula were searched on the internet. Information was obtained on PubMed(medline), WHO website, Bioline International, African Journal of Line, Google scholar, Yahoo, Medscape and e Medicine. RESULTS: Many Nigerian women are living with Vesicovaginal fistula. The annual obstetric fistula incidence is estimated at 2.11 per 1000 births. It is more prevalent in northern Nigeria that southern Nigeria. Obstetric fistula accounts for 84.1%-100% of the Vesicovaginal fistula and prolonged obstructed labour is consistently the most common cause (65.9%-96.5%) in all the series. Other common causes include caesarean section, advanced cervical cancer, uterine rupture, and Gishiri cut. The identified predisposing factors were early marriage and pregnancy, which were rampant in northern Nigeria, while unskilled birth attendance and late presentation to the health facilities was common nationwide. Among the significant contributory factors to high rate of unskilled birth attendance and were poverty, illiteracy, ignorance, restriction of women's movement, non-permission from husband and transportation. All but one Nigerian studies revealed that primiparous women were the most vulnerable group. Pregnancy outcome was dismal in most cases related to delivery with still birth rate of 87%-91.7%. Stigmatization, divorce and social exclusion were common complications. Overall fistula repair success rate was between 75% and 92% in a few centres that offer such services. CONCLUSION: Vesicovaginal fistula is prevalent in Nigeria and obstetric factors are mostly implicated. It is a public health issue of concern.

Vesicovaginal Fistula: a Review of Nigerian Experience

BACKGROUND: Vesicovaginal fistula is a preventable calamity; which has been an age-long menace in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To review the causes; complications; and outcome of vesicovaginal fistula in Nigeria. METHODS: Studies on vesicovaginal fistula were searched on the internet. Information was obtained on Pubmed (medline); WHO website; Bioline Innternational; African Journal on Line; Google scholar; Yahoo; Medscape and e Medicine. RESULTS: Many Nigerian women are living with vesicovaginal fistula. The annual obstetric fistula incidence is estimated at 2.11 per 1000 births. It is more prevalent in northern Nigeria than southern Nigeria. Obstetric fistula accounts for 84.1-100of the vesicovaginal fistula and prolonged obstructed labour is consistently the most common cause (65.9-96.5) in all the series. Other common causes include caesarean section; advanced cervical cancer; uterine rupture; and Gishiri cut. The identified predisposing factors were early marriage and pregnancy; which were rampant in northern Nigeria; while unskilled birth attendance and late presentation to the health facilities was common nationwide. Among the significant contributory factors to high rate of unskilled birth attendance were poverty; illiteracy; ignorance; restriction of women's movement; non-permission from husband; and transportation. All but one Nigerian studies revealed that primiparous women were the most vulnerable group. Pregnancy outcome was dismal in most cases related to delivery with still birth rate of 87-91.7. Stigmatization; divorce and social exclusion were common complications. Overall fistula repair success rate was between 75and 92in a few centres that offer such services. CONCLUSION: Vesicovaginal fistula is prevalent in Nigeria and obstetric factors are mostly implicated. It is a public health issue of concern

Rectovaginal fistula following sexual intercourse: a case report.

Female genital fistula is an important feature of the developing countries gynecology. Most of the rectovaginal fistulae encountered in the tropics are due to obstetrics causes and genital malignancies. In developed countries, radiation injury and Crohn's disease are also common etiological factors. The index case is reported to highlight the rare situation, where a 24-year old married nullipara sustained low rectovaginal fistula following normal coitus. She was later divorced by her husband.

From home delay to institutional neglect: an emerging trend in obstructed labour.

Analysis of 146 patients managed for obstructed labour at a referral tertiary hospital in South West Nigeria shows that labour became obstructed in a lower cadre health facility among majority (76.7%) of the women. This calls for improved maternity service delivery in our locality.

Maternal mortality in a Nigerian teaching hospital - a continuing tragedy.

The aim of this review is to determine the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in a Nigerian tertiary health institution (University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria). The review was done through a retrospective analysis of maternal mortality records. The MMR for the 6-year period (1997-2002) was 825 per 100,000 live births. The common causes of maternal mortality included severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, 30 (27.8%); haemorrhage, 22 (20.4%) and complications of unsafe abortion 16 (14.8%). Grandmultiparous and patients aged 40 years and above were at the highest risk. This hospital-based MMR is very high and when compared with previous reports showed a 150% increase. Most of the maternal deaths are, however, preventable. Increased efforts at educating women, improvement of the socioeconomic conditions of the populace and strong political commitment in making emergency obstetric care available in rural and district hospitals are some of the measures that need to be adopted to reduce this avoidable tragedy.

The bacteriology of pre-labour rupture of membranes in a Nigerian teaching hospital.

A prospective case control study that was conducted at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria, between 1st January and 31st December 2002. The purpose of this study was to determine the association and the pattern of bacteria/microorganisms in the aetiology of pre-labour premature rupture of membrane (PROM) in this centre. A total of 108 cases of PROM and 98 control cases that presented between 37 completed weeks' and 40 weeks' gestation were analysed. Pathogens were isolated in 48 patients, giving a recovery rate of 44.4%. The common pathogens include Gardnerella vaginalis (29.1%), Candida (23.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18.7%). Others were Streps. Pyogenes (16.6%), coagulase negative staphylococcus (CONS) (6.3%) and Klebsiella (6.3%). Only Candida and S. aureus were isolated in the controls. Ofloxacin and azithromycin were 100% active against all the isolated pathogens, while ampicillin was the least active. G. vaginalis was the most sensitive among the isolates while CONS and Klebsiella were the least sensitive. It is evident in this study that some pathogens were associated with PROM and that G. vaginalis was the most common organism and azithromycin was the only antibiotic with 100% sensitivity. We suggest that metronidazole should be added to azithromycin to cover for anaerobes in cases of PROM, where facilities for screening for anaerobes are not available.

Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant women in Ilorin, Nigeria.

In a cross-sectional study, 230 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin, Nigeria from January 2000 to December 2000 were screened randomly to determine the prevalence of common STDs among them, using conventional methods. One hundred and fourteen (49.4%) of the subjects harboured various agents including Candida spp. (37.8%), Trichomonas vaginalis (4.7%), Gardnerella vaginalis (3.9%), syphilis (1.7%) and Neisseria gonorrhea (1.3%). Risk factors associated with significant infection were young age and level of education. The importance of routine STD screening in pregnancy especially among the young and illiterate is advocated. It is recommended that routine screening for STDs should be incorporated into antenatal care.

Analysis of 348 consecutive cases of primary postpartum haemorrhage at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

A retrospective analysis of 348 cases of primary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) that occurred at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 1996 was carried out. The incidence of PPH was 4.5%. Booking status of the patients had no relation with occurrence of PPH in this study (P>0.05). The risk of PPH in advanced maternal age (over 35 years) and grandmultiparity (para 5 and over) was twofold higher than low maternal age (<25 years) and low parity (para 0-1), P<0.05, respectively. The incidence of PPH was higher in deliveries conducted by midwives than doctors (P<0.05). Anaemic patients (PCV< or =30%) were more at risk than non-anaemic patients (P<0.05). Uterine atony, 183 (53.8%) was the most common cause of PPH and a combination of uterotonic agents and uterine massage were effective in controlling PPH in 171 (49.1%) of the cases. Seven (2.0%) patients required hysterectomy. One-third of the patients had a blood transfusion. To reduce the incidence of PPH, we recommend that doctors should supervise the delivery of parturients at risk of PPH and advocate health education against high parity.