RESUMEN
We analysed the patterns of genetic variability of eastern Mediterranean populations of the scleractinian coral Cladocora caespitosa, from the Aegean and Levantine seas, using 19 polymorphic microsatellite loci, 11 of which were newly characterized. The observed genetic pattern reflects a scenario of isolation by environment: F ST comparisons showed a higher degree of genetic differentiation between the two Cypriot populations that are separated by only 11 km than between these two Levantine populations and the Aegean population in Greece, which are separated by 1300 km. We hypothesize that local-scale oceanographic factors influenced the dispersal of planulae between the geographically close populations, playing a crucial role in the genetic structure of this coastal coral. Yet, despite being characterized as a species with limited dispersal and high self-recruitment, large-scale migration does eventually occur as first-generation migrants were identified between the most distant populations. In line with previous findings of reproductive plasticity in C. caespitosa, we also found localized differences in reproduction mode (sexual vs. asexual) within a geographically limited context. Several individuals were identified as clones, indicating the predominance of asexual reproduction in one of the Cypriot populations. We interpret this predominance either as a direct response to or as an indirect consequence of perturbations suffered by this C. caespitosa population. These perturbations are caused by unfavourable environmental conditions that threatened local survival, in particular water temperature changes and windstorm swells. Asexual reproduction may be a mechanism used by C. caespitosa to counteract mortality events and recolonize devastated areas, and likely accounts for the occasional high levels of clonality and low levels of genetic diversity. Local adaptations such as these should therefore be considered in conservation and management strategies to maintain and preserve the gene pool of this endangered species. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s00338-020-02040-3).
RESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar las intoxicaciones agudas por sustancias químicas y biológicas en pacientes mayores de doce años que acudieron a la Unidad de Emergencia del Hospital Nacional de Neumología y Medicina Familiar "Dr. José Antonio Saldaña", San Salvador, El Salvador, durante el período de enero 2017 a noviembre 2018, METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal; la muestra fueron 70 usuarios intoxicados que cumplieron criterios de inclusión, obteniéndose información a través de la revisión de expedientes clínicos. RESULTADOS: Entre los principales hallazgos se tuvo que los más afectados fueron los adolescentes, estudiantes; predominó el sexo masculino. La etiología más frecuente fue la ingesta de fármacos, en un contexto de intento suicida. A pesar que la severidad de la mayoría de las intoxicaciones fue baja, se tuvieron dos casos letales, causados por ingesta de sustancias no farmacológicas. CONCLUSIONES: Se concluyó que la víctima de una intoxicación aguda que acude a la Unidad de Emergencia del Hospital Nacional de Neumología y Medicina Familiar "Dr. José Antonio Saldaña", es principalmente un adolescente masculino, estudiante, que realizó un intento suicida a través de la ingesta de fármacos, y que en su mayoría se catalogaron como leves. Ante la existencia de protocolos de tratamiento para un número limitado de intoxicaciones, se continúa brindando manejo en muchos casos a través de revisiones bibliográficas diversas
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adolescente , Intento de Suicidio , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Protocolos Clínicos , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios Transversales , Administración en SaludRESUMEN
Cladocora caespitosa is a reef-building zooxanthellate scleractinian coral in the Mediterranean Sea. Mortality events have recurrently affected this species during the last decade. Thus, knowledge of its genetic structure, population diversity, and connectivity is needed to accomplish suitable conservation plans. In order to obtain a better understanding of the population genetics of this species, 13 highly variable microsatellites markers were developed from a naturally bleached colony. The developed primers failed to amplify zooxanthella DNA, isolated from C. caespitosa, verifying that these markers were of the coral and not algal symbiont origin. The degree of polymorphism of these loci was tested on tissue samples from 28 colonies. The allele number for each loci ranged from 2 to 13 (mean N(a) = 5.4), with an average observed heterozygosity of 0.42 (H(e) = 0.43) and all loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These new markers should be useful in future conservation genetic studies and will help to improve the resolution of the individual identification within this coral species. Primers were also tested in Oculina patagonica, with successful amplifications of several loci.
