Clinical assessment of the fetal right Quantitative Lung Index.

OBJECTIVES: We have previously described gestational-age-independent sonographic indices to assess fetal lung size in the right and left lungs: The Quantitative Lung Index for the right lung (QLI-R) and for the left lung (QLI-L), respectively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical cutoff point of the QLI-R to predict pulmonary hypoplasia and neonatal death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective assessment of the QLI-R in patients with left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH-L) and other fetal conditions at risk for fetal pulmonary hypoplasia. Cross-section and longitudinal assessment of the behavior of the QLI-R in untreated and treated patients. ROC curve analysis to determine the optimal cutoff point of the QLI-R in predicting neonatal death. RESULTS: One hundred eighteen patients with CDH-L and other fetal conditions at risk for pulmonary hypoplasia had QLI-R measurements done. Seventeen patients were excluded for various reasons. Eleven patients with conditions other than CDH-L but at risk for pulmonary hypoplasia were used for intraclass coefficient measurements of the QLI-R. Ninety patients had CDH-L, of which 78 did not undergo antenatal intervention and in which the cutoff point for pulmonary hypoplasia and neonatal demise was assessed. Stent tracheal occlusion was performed in the remaining 12 patients with CDH-L, in which the behavior of the QLI after surgery was assessed. Analysis of the ICC showed an overall intra-rater reliability of 0.985 (Cronbach's Alpha-based). There was no correlation between gestational age and QLI-R (-0.73, Pearson correlation, p = .72). Twenty-six of the 78 patients (33%) with CDH-L managed expectantly had a neonatal demise. A QLI-R equal to or less than 0.45 was significantly predictive of neonatal demise (area under the curve 0.64, p = .046, sensitivity 77%). Nine of the 12 patients (75%) that underwent tracheal occlusion had neonatal survival. Of these, 10 had serial assessments of the QLI-R after surgery. An increase in the QLI-R of 0.11 was associated with a tendency for neonatal survival (p = .056). CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that the QLI-R is a gestational-age-independent measurement of fetal lung size, with a high degree of reproducibility. In a population of expectantly managed CDH-L patients, a cutoff value of the QLI-R of 0.45 or lower is predictive of neonatal death from pulmonary hypoplasia. The QLI-R can be used to monitor fetal lung growth after tracheal occlusion, and an increase in the QLI-R is suggestive of neonatal survival. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to explore the use of the QLI in other populations at risk for pulmonary hypoplasia and consequent neonatal demise.

Variation of intraocular pressure comparing rebound (TONOVET Plus®) and applanation (TONO-PEN VET®) tonometry in New Zealand rabbits treated with Amlodipine® / Variación de la presión intraocular comparando la tonometría de rebote (TONOVET Plus®) y aplanación (TONO-PEN VET®) en conejos de Nueva Zelanda tratados con Amlodipino® / Variação da pressão intraocular comparando a tonometria de rebote (TONOVET Plus®) e de aplanação (TONO-PEN VET®) em coelhos da Nova Zelândia tratados com Amlodipina®

Abstract Rabbits have played an important role in ophthalmological research processes, however in the environment there has been a deficiency of sensitive equipment in measurement of intraocular pressure for this species. To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measured with rebound (TONOVET Plus®) and applanation (TONO-PEN VET®) tonometry in healthy New Zealand rabbits treated with Amlodipine. Twelve healthy male New Zealand white rabbits, 5 months old; two groups with 6 individuals were used in this study. The experimental group was given Amlodipine® at a dose of 5 mg/kg, once a day for a month. Blood pressure and intraocular pressure were measurement before treatment and 6 h after treatment in a period of one month. A trend is noted where the group of animals treated with amlodipine® presents lower values than the control group, both in systolic and diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure of the control group showed an average of 116.5 ± 7.9 mmHg and 117.4 ± 8.9 mmHg and the treatment group showed an average of 113.6 ± 7.9 mmHg and 111.8 ± 10.0 mmHg (pretreatment and posttreatment respectively). Tonometry: the values obtained using the TONOVET Plus® (19 ± 3 mmHg) are on average higher than the values obtained using the TONO-PEN VET® (17 ± 3 mmHg). It was possible to demonstrate the relationship between systemic blood pressure and intraocular pressure in New Zealand white rabbits. Rebound tonometry showed less variability in results than applanation tonometry. This study confirmed that both tonometers are reliable for measuring IOP in rabbits.

Resumen Los conejos han jugado un papel importante en los procesos de investigación oftalmológica, sin embargo, en el medio ha existido una deficiencia de equipos sensibles en la medición de la presión intraocular para esta especie. Para comparar la presión intraocular (PIO) medida con la tonometría de rebote (TONOVET Plus®) y aplanación (TONO-PEN VET®) en conejos Nueva Zelanda sanos y tratados con Amlodipino, fueron usados doce conejos Nueva Zelanda, machos, sanos, de 5 meses de edad y distribuidos en dos grupos con 6 individuos cada uno. El grupo experimental recibió Amlodipino® en una dosis de 5 mg/kg, una vez al día durante un mes. La presión arterial y la presión intraocular se midieron antes del tratamiento y 6 h después del tratamiento en un período de un mes. Se observa una tendencia donde el grupo de animales tratados con amlodipino® presenta valores más bajos que el grupo control, tanto en presión sistólica como diastólica. La presión sistólica del grupo control mostró un promedio de 116,5 ± 7,9 mmHg y 117,4 ± 8,9 mmHg y el grupo de tratamiento mostró un promedio de 113,6 ± 7,9 mmHg y 111,8 ± 10,0 mmHg (pretratamiento y postratamiento respectivamente). Tonometría: los valores obtenidos con el TONOVET Plus® (19 ± 3 mmHg) son en promedio superiores a los valores obtenidos con el TONO-PEN VET® (17 ± 3 mmHg). Fue posible demostrar la relación entre la presión arterial sistémica y la presión intraocular en conejos blancos Nueva Zelanda. La tonometría de rebote mostró menos variabilidad en los resultados que la tonometría de aplanamiento. Este estudio confirmó que ambos tonómetros son confiables para medir la PIO en conejos.

Resumo Os coelhos têm desempenhado um papel importante nos processos de pesquisa oftalmológica, porém no meio tem havido uma deficiência de equipamentos sensíveis na medida da pressão intraocular para esta espécie. Comparar a pressão intraocular (PIO) medida com tonometria de rebote (TONOVET Plus®) e de aplanação (TONO-PEN VET®) em coelhos saudáveis da Nova Zelândia tratados com Amlodipina®. Foram utilizados neste estudo doze coelhos brancos da Nova Zelândia, machos saudáveis, 5 meses de idade; distribuído em dois grupos com 6 indivíduos cada um. O grupo experimental recebeu Amlodipina® na dose de 5 mg / kg, uma vez ao dia durante um mês. A pressão arterial e a pressão intraocular foram medidas antes do tratamento e 6 horas após o tratamento em um período de um mês. Nota-se uma tendência onde o grupo de animais tratados com amlodipina® apresenta valores inferiores ao grupo controle, tanto na pressão sistólica quanto na diastólica. A pressão sistólica do grupo controle apresentou média de 116,5 ± 7,9 mmHg e 117,4 ± 8,9 mmHg e o grupo tratamento apresentou média de 113,6 ± 7,9 mmHg e 111,8 ± 10,0 mmHg (pré-tratamento e pós-tratamento, respectivamente). Tonometria: os valores obtidos com o TONOVET Plus® (19 ± 3 mmHg) são em média superiores aos valores obtidos com o TONO-PEN VET® (17 ± 3 mmHg). Foi possível demonstrar a relação entre a pressão arterial sistêmica e a pressão intraocular em coelhos brancos da Nova Zelândia. A tonometria de rebote mostrou menos variabilidade nos resultados do que a tonometria de aplanação. Este estudo confirmou que ambos os tonômetros são confiáveis para medir a PIO em coelhos.

Causal analysis of fetal death in high-risk pregnancies.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the causes of fetal death among the stillbirths using two classification systems from 22 weeks of gestation in a period of three years in high-risk pregnancies. This is a retrospective observational study. METHODS: The National Institute of Perinatal Health in Mexico City is a Level 3 care referral center attending high-risk pregnancies from throughout the country. The population consisted of patients with fetal death during a three-year period. Between January 2016 and December 2018, all stillbirths were examined in the Pathology Department by a pathologist and a medical geneticist. Stillbirth was defined as a fetal death occurring after 22 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: Main outcome measures: Causal analysis of fetal death using the International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems-Perinatal Mortality (ICD-PM) and initial causes of fetal death (INCODE) classification systems. A total of 297 stillborn neonates were studied. The distribution of gestational age in antepartum stillbirths (55.2%) showed a bimodal curve, 36% occurred between 24 and 27 weeks and 32% between 32 and 36 weeks. In comparison, the majority (86%) of intrapartum deaths (44.8%) were less than 28 weeks of gestation. Of the 273 women enrolled, 93 (34%) consented to a complete fetal autopsy. The INCODE system showed a present cause in 42%, a possible cause in 54% and a probable cause in 93% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The principal causes of antepartum death were fetal abnormalities and pathologic placental conditions and the principal causes of intrapartum death were complications of pregnancy which caused a premature labor and infections.

Hallazgos imagenológicos del vólvulo cecal, descripción por medio de un caso / Imaging findings of the cecal volvulus, description through a case

El vólvulo del ciego es la torsión intestinal que afecta al colon ascendente o al íleon terminal debido a un ciego móvil. Descrita por Bundschuh en 1913, representa el 1 % de los casos de obstrucción intestinal y del 10 % al 40 % de los vólvulos colónicos. Su incidencia es baja, afecta de 2,8 a 7,1 millones de individuos por año, con prevalencia en mujeres jóvenes. Se puede presentar en pacientes con antecedentes quirúrgicos, masas abdominales y estreñimiento. Las imágenes diagnósticas son importantes para su identificación: la radiografía de abdomen muestra hallazgos poco específicos, pero representativos; la tomografía computarizada muestra hallazgos más sensibles y específicos. A continuación, se presenta un caso clínico y por medio de este se revisan los hallazgos más importantes del vólvulo cecal.

The cecum volvulus is intestinal torsion that affects the ascending colon or terminal ileum due to a mobile cecum. Described by Bundschuh in 1913, it represents 1 % of cases of intestinal obstruction and between 10 % to 40 % of colonic volvulus cases. Its incidence is low, affecting 2.8 to 7.1 million individuals per year, with a higher prevalence in young women. It can occur in patients with a surgical history, abdominal masses and constipation. Diagnostic images are important for its identification; abdominal radiography shows nonspecific but representative findings, computed tomography shows more sensitive and specific findings. A clinical case is presented and the most important findings of the cecal volvulus are reviewed.

Complementary and Integrative Medicine Use in Individuals Seeking Conventional Medical Oncology Care in Chile: Prevalence and Patient Characteristics.

PURPOSE: Complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) use during cancer care has increased in Western medical settings. Little is known about interest in and use of CIM approaches by oncology patients in Chile and South America. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients presenting for conventional outpatient or inpatient medical oncology care at the Clinica Alemana in Santiago, Chile, from March to June 2017 were asked to complete a survey about their interest in and use of CIM approaches. Goals included determining the prevalence of CIM use and exploring associations between CIM use and patient characteristics. Statistical analyses included a two-tailed t test for continuous variables, Fischer's exact test for categorical variables, and logistic regression for association between CIM use and other variables. RESULTS: Of 432 patients surveyed, 66.9% were diagnosed with breast cancer, 84.8% were women, the majority of patients (58.1%) were between age 40 and 60 years, and 51.5% (n = 221) reported CIM use. No association was found between CIM use and the sociodemographic variables of sex, age, education, or income. In all, 44.6% of patients with breast cancer reported CIM use compared with 64.8% of patients with other cancer types (P > .001). Most commonly reported types of CIM used included herbals (49.1%), vitamins and minerals (40.8%), and prayer or meditation (40.4%). Most frequent reasons for CIM use were to "do everything possible" (72%) and to "improve my immune function" (67.8%). Most patients (43.4%) reported starting CIM use at the time of cancer diagnosis, with only 55.4% sharing information regarding CIM use with their medical team. CONCLUSION: The majority of patients surveyed reported engaging in CIM use, with just over half the users communicating with their oncology team about their CIM use. Increased awareness of regional differences in CIM use may help increase communication regarding this subject and contribute to improved outcomes.

Thirty clues to the exceptional diversification of flowering plants.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: As angiosperms became one of the megadiverse groups of macroscopic eukaryotes, they forged modern ecosystems and promoted the evolution of extant terrestrial biota. Unequal distribution of species among lineages suggests that diversification, the process that ultimately determines species richness, acted differentially through angiosperm evolution. METHODS: We investigate how angiosperms became megadiverse by identifying the phylogenetic and temporal placement of exceptional radiations, by combining the most densely fossil-calibrated molecular clock phylogeny with a Bayesian model that identifies diversification shifts among evolutionary lineages and through time. We evaluate the effect of the prior number of expected shifts in the phylogenetic tree. KEY RESULTS: Major diversification increases took place over 100 Ma, from the Early Cretaceous to the end of the Paleogene, and are distributed across the angiosperm phylogeny. The long-term diversification trajectory of angiosperms shows moderate rate variation, but is underlain by increasing speciation and extinction, and results from temporally overlapping, independent radiations and depletions in component lineages. CONCLUSIONS: The identified deep time diversification shifts are clues to the identification of ultimate drivers of angiosperm megadiversity, which probably involve multivariate interactions among intrinsic traits and extrinsic forces. An enhanced understanding of angiosperm diversification will involve a more precise phylogenetic location of diversification shifts, and integration of fossil information.

Validez y confiabilidad del instrumento Jefferson scale of atittudes toward physician nurse colaboration scale en el contexto Colombiano / Validity and reliability of the instrument Jefferson scale of attitudes towards the scale of collaboration of doctors and nurses in the Colombian context

El modelo de atención centrado en el paciente, es el ideal para la prestación delos servicios de salud, y este contempla aspectos como el trabajo colaborativo entre los profesionales de la salud. En Colombia no se cuenta con un instrumento que permita medir este constructo, por lo que esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la validez y confiabilidad de la versión en español del instrumento: "Jefferson Scale of Attitudes Toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration " que cuenta con 15 ítems en escala tipo Likert. Para llevar a cabo este estudió se usó un diseño de tipo metodológico para evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento a través de pruebas estadísticas. La primera fase que se desarrolló fue la traducción y retrotraducción con ayuda de un grupo de traductores oficiales y una enfermera con alto nivel de inglés y residente en Canadá y un equipo evaluador que eligió la versión final del instrumento en español. A continuación, se realizó la validación de contenido mediante consenso de expertos, en los que se convocó un equipo de jueces que cumplieran con las características requeridas para que evaluaran la pertinencia, suficiencia, claridad y relevancia de cada uno de los ítems del instrumento. Los resultados fueron: indíce de kappa 0.44 en suficiencia, 0.54 en coherencia, 0.54 en relevancia, 0.41 en claridad, y razón de validez de contenido de 0.88, 0.89, 0.92 y 0.89 respectivamente. En la validación de constructo se realizó análisis factorial que arrojó como resultado seis factores con valores de asociación entre .45 el más bajo y .79 el más alto. El Alfa de Cronbach para determinar la confiabilidad fue de .0195.

The model Patient-centred healthcar is the ideal for the provision of health services, and this includes aspects such as collaborative work among health professionals. In Colombia, there is no instrument to measure this construct, so this research aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the instrument: "Jefferson attitude scale toward nurse-physician collaboration" that counts with 15 items on a Likert scale. To carry out this study, a methodological type design was used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the instrument through statistical tests. The first phase that allowed the translation and back-translation with the help of a group of official translators and a nurse with English level and resident in Canada and an evaluation team that chose the final version of the instrument in Spanish.Then, content validation was carried out by consensus of experts, which were sent to a team of judges who met the required characteristics to assess the relevance, sufficiency, clarity and relevance of each of the instrument's items. The results were: 0.50 in sufficiency, 0.54 in coherence, 0.54 in relevance, 0.41 in clarity, 0.88, 0.89, 0.92 and 0.89 respectively. In the validation of the construct, the factorial analysis was performed, which resulted in sesis factors with association values between .45 the lowest and .79 the highest. The Cronbach's Alpha to determine reliability was .0195

A metacalibrated time-tree documents the early rise of flowering plant phylogenetic diversity.

The establishment of modern terrestrial life is indissociable from angiosperm evolution. While available molecular clock estimates of angiosperm age range from the Paleozoic to the Late Cretaceous, the fossil record is consistent with angiosperm diversification in the Early Cretaceous. The time-frame of angiosperm evolution is here estimated using a sample representing 87% of families and sequences of five plastid and nuclear markers, implementing penalized likelihood and Bayesian relaxed clocks. A literature-based review of the palaeontological record yielded calibrations for 137 phylogenetic nodes. The angiosperm crown age was bound within a confidence interval calculated with a method that considers the fossil record of the group. An Early Cretaceous crown angiosperm age was estimated with high confidence. Magnoliidae, Monocotyledoneae and Eudicotyledoneae diversified synchronously 135-130 million yr ago (Ma); Pentapetalae is 126-121 Ma; and Rosidae (123-115 Ma) preceded Asteridae (119-110 Ma). Family stem ages are continuously distributed between c. 140 and 20 Ma. This time-frame documents an early phylogenetic proliferation that led to the establishment of major angiosperm lineages, and the origin of over half of extant families, in the Cretaceous. While substantial amounts of angiosperm morphological and functional diversity have deep evolutionary roots, extant species richness was probably acquired later.

El papel de lasffracciones lipídicas, lipoproteínas y apolipoproteínas en preeclampiaa / The role f lipidd fractions, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in preeclampsia / O papel das raçõões lipídicas, lipoproteínas e apolipoproteínas na preeclampsia

La Preeclampsia (PE) es un trastorno multisistémico, exclusivo de la gestación humana y responsable de aproximadamente 44.000 muertes maternas anuales a nivel mundial; esta enfermedad está asociada a múltiples complicaciones tanto en la madre como en el feto, sin embargo, su etiología no se encuentra totalmente dilucidada y en consecuencia ha sido difícil definir estrategias válidas de predicción. La PE es una enfermedad compleja y comparte diferentes factores de riesgo con las enfermedades cardiovasculares; como la obesidad, hipertensión arterial, resistencia a la insulina y dislipidemias. Con esto se evidencia que algunas alteraciones en los niveles lípidos y apolipoproteínas, se asocian con mayor peroxidación lipídica y estrés oxidativo lo cual puede desencadenar en disfunción endotelial para ambas patologías. Por tanto, la exploración de la evidencia de una asociación entre las fracciones lipídicas y riesgo de PE, puede aportar nuevo conocimiento en torno a la etiología de esta enfermedad. En la presente revisión, se plantearán las principales implicaciones biológicas de las alteraciones del perfil lipídico y apolipoproteínas en la génesis de la PE. Se describirán los estudios observacionales que se han aproximado a su evaluación y se identificarán sus principales debilidades metodológicas, con el fin de plantear estrategias para una evaluación integral de esta vía fisiopatológica, con posibles implicaciones predictivas de la enfermedad.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystemic disorder unique to human pregnancy and responsible for about 44,000 maternal deaths worldwide. This disease is associated with multiple complications for both mother and fetus; however, its etiology is not totally clear and it has therefore been difficult to define valid prediction strategies. PE is a complex disease and it shares different risk factors with cardiovascular disease, such as obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, evidencing that the presence of disturbances in lipid and apolipoprotein levels are associated with increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress which can lead to endothelial dysfunction in both diseases. Therefore, exploring the evidence of an association between lipid fractions and PE risk can provide new knowledge about the etiology of this disease. In this review, the major biological implications of lipid profile and apolipoproteins alterations in the genesis of PE will be presented, describing the observational studies and identifying its main methodological weaknesses in order to create strategies for comprehensive assessment of the pathophysiological pathway with potential predictive implications of the disease.

A Preeclampsia (PE) é um transtorno multissistêmico, exclusivo da gestação humana e responsável por aproximadamente 44.000 mortes maternas anuais a nível mundial; esta doença esta associada a múltiplas complicações tanto na mãe como no feto, porém, sua etiologia não está totalmente esclarecida e consequentemente tem sido difícil definir estratégias válidas de predição. A PE é uma doença complexa e compartilha diferentes fatores de risco com as doenças cardiovasculares, como a obesidade, hipertensão arterial, resistência à insulina e dislipidemias; evidenciando que alterações nos níveis dos lipídios e apolipoproteínas, se associam com maior peroxidação lipídica e estresse oxidativo que pode desencadear disfunção endotelial para ambas patologias. Portanto, a exploração da evidência de uma associação entre las frações lipídicas e risco de PE, pode contribuir com novo conhecimento ao redor da etiologia desta doença. Na presente revisão, serão apresentadas as principais implicações biológicas das alterações do perfil lipídico e apolipoproteínas na gênese da PE, descrevendo os estudos observacionais que se aproximaram à sua avaliação e identificando suas principais fraquezas metodológicas, com o objetivo de propor estratégias para uma avaliação integral desta via fisiopatológica, com possíveis implicações preditivas da doença.

Comparison of autologous serum with a commercial product as an adjunct in the treatment of uncomplicated corneal ulceration in dogs / Comparación de suero autólogo con un producto comercial como complemento en el tratamiento de úlceras corneales no complicadas en caninos / Comparação de soro autólogo com um produto comercial, como adjuvante no tratamento de úlcera de córnea não complicada em cães

Corneal ulcers are among the most common presentations of ocular ailments in dogs. Objective: this study compares the efficacy of a commercial ointment based on vitamin A, E and hydrolyzed casein, with the use of autologous serum eyedrops in the re-epithealization of uncomplicated corneal ulcers. Methods: forty-one dogs with superficial corneal ulcers, and otherwise healthy, were enrolled in the study and randomly allocated into two groups. They all received standard therapy based on antimicrobial eye drops of ciprofloxaxin and use of an Elizabethan collar. With prior owner consent, blood samples were taken from group A, allowed clotting, and serum separated and stored in sterile containers for use topically on the affected eye. In addition to the standard therapy, patients received either 2 drops of autologous serum (group A) or 1 cc of the re-epitelializing ointment (group B) every hours 6 hours, and 10 minutes following the antimicrobial drops. Healing was monitored by measuring the wound size with calipers on days 3 and 7 of the follow-up, and a Mann-Whithey test was used to compare both groups (SAS, version 9.1). Results: no significant differences were observed between groups in the re-epithelization process. On day 3, the reduction of the disepithelialized area was 1.47 ± 1.42 and 1.26 ± 0.99 mm for groups A and B, respectively. By day 7, the average decrease was 0.94 ± 0.77 and 1.42 ± 1.21 mm for groups A and B, respectively. Conclusion: autologous serum was as effective as a commercial re-epithelializing ointment to treat uncomplicated corneal ulcer in dogs.

Las afecciones del globo ocular son frecuentes en pequeños animales, siendo la úlcera corneal una de las presentaciones más comunes. Objetivo: en este trabajo se comparó la eficacia del suero autólogo frente a un ungüento oftálmico a base de vitaminas A, E y caseína hidrolizada, en el tiempo de reepitelización de ulceras no complicadas en caninos. Métodos: para el estudio se formaron dos grupos aleatorios de 21 pacientes cada uno, que presentaban ulceras superficiales en grado I y II. Previo consentimiento del propietario, al grupo A se extrajo sangre para obtención del suero que posteriormente se aplicaría en forma de gotas tópicas en el ojo afectado. Ambos grupos recibieron terapia estándar antimicrobiana en forma de gotas de ciprofloxaxina y uso de collar isabelino. A los 10 minutos de instalar el antimicrobiano, se hicieron aplicaciones tópicas cada 6 horas, de 2 gotas de suero autólogo (grupo A) o de 1 cc del ungüento reepitelizante (grupo B). La respuesta se evaluó mediante dos mediciones del tamaño de la úlcera a los 3 y 7 días de iniciar el tratamiento. Como método estadístico se empleó el contraste de Mann Whithey con base en un 95% de confiabilidad para las variables de disminución de la úlcera corneal y el tiempo de curación (SAS versión 9.1). Resultados: no hubo diferencias significativas al día 3 con respecto a la disminución del tamaño de la úlcera corneal, que fue del 1.47 ± 1.42 mm y 1.26 ± 0.99 mm para los grupos A y B, respectivamente. Al día 7, la media de disminución fue de 0.94 ± 0.77 mm para el grupo A, y de 1.42 ± 1.21 mm para el B, sin haber diferencias estadísticas. Conclusión: los resultados permiten concluir que el suero autólogo es igual de efectivo que el ungüento comercial epitelizante como complemento en el tratamiento de la úlcera corneal no complicada en caninos.

As afecções dos olhos são comuns na prática de pequenos animais, das quais a úlcera de córnea é uma das apresentações mais comuns. A pesquisa consistiu em comparar um produto comercial com o soro autólogo como coadjuvante no tratamento de úlcera de córnea, e determinar após a pesquisa qual sería o tratamento mais adequado. Além disto, esperava-se determinar qual tratamento permitía reduzir mais o tamanho das úlceras de córnea não complicada em cães. Métodos: formaram-se dois grupos de 21 indivíduos cada um; o grupo A recebeu antibiótico tópico mais soro autólogo, e o B recebeu o mesmo antibiótico mais a preparação comercial (epitelizante). A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada através de duas medidas do tamanho da úlcera. O método estatístico utilizado foi o teste de Mann-Whitney, com uma confiabilidade de 95% para as variáveis de redução da úlcera de córnea e de tempo. Para a análise dos dados foi empregado o software SAS versão 9.1. Resultados: a media no día 3 do tratamento para reduzir o tamanho médio de uma úlcera de córnea foi de 1.47 ± 1.42 mm para o tratamento A e 1.26 ± 0.99 mm para o B, não se encontrou diferença estatística entre os tratamentos (p>0.05); no dia 7 a redução média no tratamento A foi de 0.94 ± 0.77 mm e 1.42 ± 1.21 mm para o B, neste caso, também não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos (p>0.05). Em nenhuma das amostras cultivadas encontrou-se contaminação microbiana. Conclusõe: nós concluímos que o soro autólogo é tão eficaz quanto o produto comercial epitelizante como adjuvante no tratamento de úlcera de córnea não complicada em cães. Também foi observado que a preparação do soro autólogo pode ser utilizada por um período máximo de sete días sob refrigeração sem ter problemas de contaminação microbiológica.

Phylogeny, diversification rates and species boundaries of Mesoamerican firs (Abies, Pinaceae) in a genus-wide context.

The genus Abies is distributed discontinuously in the temperate and subtropical montane forests of the northern hemisphere. In Mesoamerica (Mexico and northern Central America), modern firs originated from the divergence of isolated mountain populations of migrating North American taxa. However, the number of ancestral species, migratory waves and diversification speed of these taxa is unknown. Here, variation in repetitive (Pt30204, Pt63718, and Pt71936) and non-repetitive (rbcL, rps18-rpl20 and trnL-trnF) regions of the chloroplast genome was used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the Mesoamerican Abies in a genus-wide context. These phylogenies and two fossil-calibrated scenarios were further employed to estimate divergence dates and diversification rates within the genus, and to test the hypothesis that, as in many angiosperms, conifers may exhibit accelerated speciation rates in the subtropics. All phylogenies showed five main clusters that mostly agreed with the currently recognized sections of Abies and with the geographic distribution of species. The Mesoamerican taxa formed a single group with species from southwestern North America of sections Oiamel and Grandis. However, populations of the same species were not monophyletic within this group. Divergence of this whole group dated back to the late Paleocene and the early Miocene depending on the calibration used, which translated in very low diversification rates (r(0.0)=0.026-0.054, r(0.9)=0.009-0.019 sp/Ma). Such low rates were a constant along the entire genus, including both the subtropical and temperate taxa. An extended phylogeographic analysis on the Mesoamerican clade indicated that Abies flinckii and A. concolor were the most divergent taxa, while the remaining species (A. durangensis, A. guatemalensis, A. hickelii, A. religiosa and A. vejari) formed a single group. Altogether, these results show that divergence of Mesoamerican firs coincides with a model of environmental stasis and decreased extinction rate, being probably prompted by a series of range expansions and isolation-by-distance.

Concurrent 2,4-D and triclopyr biomonitoring of backpack applicators, mixer/loader and field supervisor in forestry.

Two herbicides, 2,4-D and triclopyr esters (application ratio 1.6:1 acid equivalents) were applied as a tank mix by a crew of 8 backpack sprayer applicators, a mixer/loader, and a field supervisor. The crew was employed in a conifer release program in northern California during the summer of 2002. Biomonitoring (urine, 24 h) utilized 2,4-D and triclopyr (a.e.) as rapidly excreted exposure biomarkers. The absorbed dosages of 2,4-D and triclopyr were calculated based upon cotton whole body suits and biomonitoring. Dosages based upon accumulation of the herbicides on body suits averaged 42.6 µg (a.e.) 2,4-D/kg-d and 8.0 µg (a.e.) triclopyr/kg-d. Six consecutive days of concurrent urine collections showed that backpack applicators excreted an average of 11.0 µg (a.e.) 2,4-D/kg-d and 18.9 µg (a.e.) triclopyr/kg-d. Estimates based upon curve fitting were 17.1 and 29.3 µg (a.e.)/kg-d, respectively. Results suggest that passive dosimetry for 2,4-D consistently overestimated the dosage measured using biomonitoring by a factor of 2-3 fold, while for triclopyr, passive dosimetry underestimated the absorbed dose based on biomonitoring by a factor of 2-4 fold.

Neotropical mutualism between Acacia and Pseudomyrmex: phylogeny and divergence times.

The interaction between Acacia and Pseudomyrmex is a textbook example of mutualism between ants and plants, nevertheless aspects of its evolutionary biology have not been formally explored. In this paper we analyze primarily the phylogenies of both New World Acacia and of their associated species of ants, and the geographic origin of this mutualism. Until now, there has been no molecular analysis of this relationship in terms of its origin and age. We analyzed three chloroplast markers (matK, psaB-rps14, and trnL-trnF) on a total of 70 taxa of legumes from the subfamily Mimosoideae, and two nuclear regions (long-wavelength rhodopsine and wingless) on a total of 43 taxa of ants from subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae. The monophyly of subgenus Acacia and within the New World lineages that of the myrmecophilous Acacia group was established. In addition, our results supported the monophyly of the genus Pseudomyrmex and of the associated acacia-ants P. ferrugineus group. Using Bayesian methods and calibration data, the estimated divergence times for the groups involved in the mutualism are: 5.44+/-1.93 My for the myrmecophilous acacias and 4.58+/-0.82 My for their associated ant species, implying that their relationship originated in Mesoamerica between the late Miocene to the middle Pliocene, with eventual diversification of both groups in Mexico.

Ultrastructural alterations during embryonic rats' lung development caused by ozone.

Ozone (O3) is an oxidizing agent that acts on phospholipids, proteins and sugars of cellular membranes producing free radicals, which cause oxidative damages. The O3 exposure has been used as a model to study oxidative stress, in which the respiratory airways represent the entrance to the organism. In this study, ultrastructural alterations were identified at the bronchiolar level during the intra-uterine lung development, using an O3 exposure model in pregnant rats during 18, 20 and 21 days of gestation. Twelve pregnant Wistar rats, six controls and six exposed to 1 ppm O3 inhalation during 12 h per day, were used. The rats were sacrificed at gestational days 18, 20 and 21; the fetuses were obtained and their lungs dissected. The ultrastructural analysis evidenced swollen mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuolization of the epithelial cells and structural disorder caused by the oxidative stress. At gestation day 20, flake-off epithelial cells and laminar bodies in the bronchiolar lumen were observed. In the 21-gestation-day group, the mitochondria were edematous and their cristae were disrupted by the damage caused in mitochondrial membranes.

[Lack of association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms in Colombian adults]. / Ausencia de asociación entre síndrome metabólico y síntomas depresivos en adultos colombianos.

BACKGROUND: There is a possible association depressive symptoms (DS) and metabolic syndrome (MS), to the extent that treating one condition improves the other. AIM: To estimate the association between MS and DS among the employees of a medical school. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional study of 159 people aged 41+/-11 years (88 men). MS was evaluated according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)/Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) and ATP-IIIa criteria and the depression questionnaire of the Center for Epidemiológical Studies (CES-D) was used for DS. A multivariate logistic regression was performed adjusting for age and gender. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS according to ATP-III was 13.2% (95% CI: 8.4-19.5), to ATP-IIIa was 34.0% (95% CI: 26.6-41.9) and to IDF was 33.3% (95% CI: 26.1-41.2). The prevalence of clinically relevant SD was 15.1% (95% CI: 9.9-21.6). No significant association was found between DS and MS according to the different criteria: ATP-III OR 1.30 (95% CI: 0.40-4.24), ATP-IIIa OR 0.94 (95% CI: 0.37-2.33), IDF OR 1.20 (95% CI: 0.49-2.95). CONCLUSIONS: In this series, no association was observed between MS and depression.

[Impact of the new definitions in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in an adult population at Bucaramanga, Colombia]. / Impacto de las nuevas definiciones en la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en una población adulta de Bucaramanga, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome depends on the criteria used for its classification. Three criteria in common use are those from International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP-III) or its update (ATP-IIIa). OBJECTIVE: The prevalence statistic for generated metabolic syndrome was compared on the basis of each of the three criteria in an adult population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 155 teachers and employees in the school of medicine. The average age was 40.9; 54.2% were men. The three criteria were applied and the prevalences were compared with the Wilcoxon test and Cohen's kappa. RESULTS: Metabolic syndrome prevalence generated by each criterion was as follows: ATP-III was 12.3% (95%CI 7.5-18.5), ATP-IIIa was 34.8% (95%CI 27.4-42.9) and IDF 32.9% (95%CI 25.6--40.9). The prevalence indicated by ATP-III was lower than the ATP-IIIa or IDF prevalences (p < 0,001); however those of ATPIII-a and IDF were similar (p=0,083). Poor agreement was seen between ATP-III and ATP-IIIa (k=0.414, IC95% 0.409-0.420), and between ATP-III and IDF (k=0.374, IC95% 0.368-0.379); however, very good agreement was obtained between ATP-IIIa and IDF (k=0.957, IC95% 0.950-0.963). CONCLUSION: The new definitions for metabolic syndrome, ATP-IIIa and IDF, increase the prevalence statistic by three times. This occurred despite the inclusion in IDF of an obesity factor in the criteria set.

Ausencia de asociación entre síndrome metabólico y síntomas depresivos en adultos colombianos / Lack of association between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms in Colombian adults

Background: There is a possible association depressive symptoms (DS) and metabolic syndrome (MS), to the extent that treating one condition improves the other. Aim: To estimate the association between MS and DS among the employees of a medical school. Material and methods: Cross sectional study of 159 people aged 41±11 years (88 men). MS was evaluated according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)ZAdult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) and ATP-IIIa criteria and the depression questionnaire of the Center for Epidemiológica! Studies (CES-D) was used for DS. A multivariate logistic regression was performed adjusting for age and gender. Results: The prevalence of MS according to ATP-III was 13.2 percent (95 percent CI: 8.4-19.5), to ATP-IIIa was 34.0 percent (95 percent CI: 26.6-41.9) and to IDF was 33.3 percent (95 percent CI: 26.1-41.2). The prevalence of clinically relevant SD was 15.1 percent (95 percent CI: 9.9-21.6). No significant association was found between DS and MS according to the different criteria: ATP-III OR 1.30 (95 percent CI: 0.40-4.24), ATP-IIIa OR 0.94 (95 percent CI: 0.37-2.33), IDF OR 1.20 (95 percent CI: 0.49-2.95). Conclusions: In this series, no association was observed between MS and depression.

Impacto de las nuevas definiciones en la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en una población adulta de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Impact of the new definitions in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in an adult population at Bucaramanga, Colombia

Introducción. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico depende de los criterios de clasificación empleados, como son los de la International Diabetes Federation y el Adult Treatment Panel o su modificación.Objetivo. Comparar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico generada por cada una de las tres definiciones en una población de adultos. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 155 personas (54,2 por ciento varones, edad promedio de 40,9 años). Se aplicaron las tres definiciones y se comparó la prevalencia con la prueba de Wilcoxon y la concordancia con kappa de Cohen. Resultados. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico según el Adult Treatment Panel-III (ATP-III) fue 12,3 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 7,5-18,5), según el Adult Treatment Panel-IIIa (ATP-IIIa), 34,8 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 27,4-42,9) y según la International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 32,9 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 25,6-40,9). La prevalencia por ATP-III es inferior a la vista por ATP-IIIa e IDF (p<0,001), pero entre estas dos últimas es similar (p=0,083). Hay pobre concordancia entre ATP-III y ATP-IIIa (k=0,414, IC95 por ciento 0,409-0,420), y entre ATP-III e IDF (k=0,374, IC95 por ciento 0,368–0,379), pero muy buena entre ATP-IIIa e IDF (k=0,957, IC95 por ciento 0,950–0,963). Conclusión. Las nuevas definiciones para el síndrome metabólico (ATP-IIIa e IDF) aumentan tres veces la prevalencia del diagnóstico, sin encontrar diferencias entre ellas, a pesar de que la última organización incluye la obesidad central como un criterio necesario para el diagnóstico, cuando en la primera no se hace igual ponderación.

Introduction. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome depends on the criteria used for its classification. Three criteria in common use are those from International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP-III) or its update (ATP-IIIa). Objective. The prevalence statistic for generated for metabolic syndrome was compared for on the basis of each of the three criteria. Materials and methods. The sample consisted of 155 teachers and employees in the school of medicine. The average age was 40.9; 54.2% were men. The three criteria were applied and the prevalences were compared with the Wilcoxon test and Cohen’s kappa. Results. Metabolic syndrome prevalence generated by each criterion was as follows: ATP-III was 12.3% (95%CI 7.5-18.5), ATP-IIIa was 34.8% (95%CI 27.4-42.9) and IDF 32.9% (95%CI 25.6--40.9). The prevalence indicated by ATP-III was lower than the ATP-IIIa or IDF prevalances (p < 0,001); however those of ATPIII-a and IDF were similar (p=0,083). Poor agreement was seen between ATP-III and ATP-IIIa (k=0.414, IC95% 0.409-0.420), and between ATP-III and IDF (k=0.374, IC95% 0.368-0.379); however, very good agreement was obtained between ATP-IIIa and IDF (k=0.957, IC95% 0.950-0.963). Conclusion. The new definitions for metabolic syndrome, ATP-IIIa and IDF, increase the prevalence statistic by three times. This occurred despite the inclusion in IDF of an obesity factor in the criteria set.

Ultrastructural modifications in the mitochondrion of mouse Sertoli cells after inhalation of lead, cadmium or lead-cadmium mixture.

CD-1 mice inhaled 0.01 M lead acetate, 0.006 M cadmium chloride or Pb-Cd mixture during 1h twice a week during 4 weeks. Testes were processed for transmission electron microscopic analysis. The percentage of damaged mitochondria was related to exposure time and the type of metal inhaled, noticing more damage when the mixture was administered. A dose-time relationship was found. Cadmium chloride caused the most severe mitochondrial alteration compared to lead acetate, whereas the mixture was more aggressive compared with each metal alone. Our results suggest that the changes in Sertoli cell could lead to a transformation process that may interfere with spermatogenesis.