Survival in stomach cancer: analysis of a national cancer information system and a population-based cancer registry in Colombia

Background: Stomach cancer is among the most frequent, is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Assessing its survival is important to guide evidence-based health policies. Aims: To estimate stomach cancer survival in Colombia (2014-2019) with data from the National Cancer Information System (NCIS) and in Cali with data from the Cali Population Cancer Registry (RPCC) (1998-2017). Methods: NCIS estimated the overall 3-year net survival for 8,549 people, while RPCC estimated 5-year net survival for 6,776 people. Results: The 3-year net survival was 36.8% (95% CI: 35.5-38.1). Net survival was higher in people with special insurance (61.7%; 95% CI: 44.8-74.8) or third payer (40.5%; 95% CI: 38.7-42.3) than state insurance (30.7%; 95% CI: 28.7-32.8). It was also higher in women and people diagnosed at early stages. Multivariable analysis showed consistency with survival estimations with a higher risk of death in men, people with state insurance, and diagnosed at advanced stages. In Cali, the 5-year net survival remained stable in men during the last 20 years. In women the 5-year net survival in women increased 8.60 percentage points, equivalent to a 50% increase compared to the 1998-2002 period. For 2013-17, it was 19.1% (95%CI: 16.2-22.2) in men, and 24.8% (95% CI: 20.4-29.3) in women. Conclusions: Population survival estimates from the RPCC were lower than those observed in the NCIS. The differences in their methods and scope can explain variability. Nevertheless, our findings could be complementary to improve cancer control planning in the country.

Antecedentes: El cáncer de estómago se encuentra entre los más frecuentes y es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Evaluar su supervivencia es importante para orientar las políticas de salud basadas en la evidencia. Objetivos: Estimar la supervivencia del cáncer de estómago en Colombia (2014-2019) con datos del Sistema Nacional de Información del Cáncer (NCIS) y en Cali con datos del Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Cali (RPCC) (1998-2017). Métodos: El NCIS estimó la supervivencia neta a tres años para 8,549 personas y el RPCC la calculó a 5 años para 6,776 personas registradas en sus bases de datos. Resultados: La supervivencia neta a tres años en Colombia fue del 36.8% (IC 95%: 35.5-38.1). La supervivencia neta fue mayor en personas con seguro especial (61.7%; IC 95%: 44.8-74.8) o tercer pagador (40.5%; IC 95%: 38.7-42.3) que el seguro estatal (30.7%; IC 95%: 28.7-32.8). También fue mayor en mujeres y personas diagnosticadas en etapas tempranas. El análisis multivariable mostró consistencia con la estimación de supervivencia con mayor riesgo de muerte en hombres, personas con seguro estatal y diagnosticados en estadios avanzados. En Cali, la supervivencia neta a 5 años se mantuvo estable en los hombres durante los últimos 20 años. En las mujeres aumentó 8.60 puntos porcentuales, equivalente a un aumento del 50% en comparación con el período 1998-2002. Para el período 2013-17 fue 19.1% (IC 95%: 16.2-22.2) en los hombres y 24.8% (IC 95%: 20.4-29.3) en las mujeres. Conclusiones: Las estimaciones de supervivencia del RPCC fueron más bajas que las obtenidas por el NCIS. Las diferencias en sus métodos y alcance pueden explicar la variabilidad. Sin embargo, nuestros hallazgos pueden ser complementarios para mejorar la planificación del control del cáncer en el país..

Survival in stomach cancer: analysis of a national cancer information system and a population-based cancer registry in Colombia.

Background: Stomach cancer is among the most frequent, is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Assessing its survival is important to guide evidence-based health policies. Aims: To estimate stomach cancer survival in Colombia (2014-2019) with data from the National Cancer Information System (NCIS) and in Cali with data from the Cali Population Cancer Registry (RPCC) (1998-2017). Methods: NCIS estimated the overall 3-year net survival for 8,549 people, while RPCC estimated 5-year net survival for 6,776 people. Results: The 3-year net survival was 36.8% (95% CI: 35.5-38.1). Net survival was higher in people with special insurance (61.7%; 95% CI: 44.8-74.8) or third payer (40.5%; 95% CI: 38.7-42.3) than state insurance (30.7%; 95% CI: 28.7-32.8). It was also higher in women and people diagnosed at early stages. Multivariable analysis showed consistency with survival estimations with a higher risk of death in men, people with state insurance, and diagnosed at advanced stages. In Cali, the 5-year net survival remained stable in men during the last 20 years. In women the 5-year net survival in women increased 8.60 percentage points, equivalent to a 50% increase compared to the 1998-2002 period. For 2013-17, it was 19.1% (95%CI: 16.2-22.2) in men, and 24.8% (95% CI: 20.4-29.3) in women. Conclusions: Population survival estimates from the RPCC were lower than those observed in the NCIS. The differences in their methods and scope can explain variability. Nevertheless, our findings could be complementary to improve cancer control planning in the country.

Antecedentes: El cáncer de estómago se encuentra entre los más frecuentes y es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Evaluar su supervivencia es importante para orientar las políticas de salud basadas en la evidencia. Objetivos: Estimar la supervivencia del cáncer de estómago en Colombia (2014-2019) con datos del Sistema Nacional de Información del Cáncer (NCIS) y en Cali con datos del Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Cali (RPCC) (1998-2017). Métodos: El NCIS estimó la supervivencia neta a tres años para 8,549 personas y el RPCC la calculó a 5 años para 6,776 personas registradas en sus bases de datos. Resultados: La supervivencia neta a tres años en Colombia fue del 36.8% (IC 95%: 35.5-38.1). La supervivencia neta fue mayor en personas con seguro especial (61.7%; IC 95%: 44.8-74.8) o tercer pagador (40.5%; IC 95%: 38.7-42.3) que el seguro estatal (30.7%; IC 95%: 28.7-32.8). También fue mayor en mujeres y personas diagnosticadas en etapas tempranas. El análisis multivariable mostró consistencia con la estimación de supervivencia con mayor riesgo de muerte en hombres, personas con seguro estatal y diagnosticados en estadios avanzados. En Cali, la supervivencia neta a 5 años se mantuvo estable en los hombres durante los últimos 20 años. En las mujeres aumentó 8.60 puntos porcentuales, equivalente a un aumento del 50% en comparación con el período 1998-2002. Para el período 2013-17 fue 19.1% (IC 95%: 16.2-22.2) en los hombres y 24.8% (IC 95%: 20.4-29.3) en las mujeres. Conclusiones: Las estimaciones de supervivencia del RPCC fueron más bajas que las obtenidas por el NCIS. Las diferencias en sus métodos y alcance pueden explicar la variabilidad. Sin embargo, nuestros hallazgos pueden ser complementarios para mejorar la planificación del control del cáncer en el país..

Burden and magnitude of risk in HIV/AIDS in the Colombian health system: a real-world data approach / Carga y magnitud del riesgo en VIH/SIDA en el sistema de salud colombiano: enfoque de datos del mundo real

Abstract Aim: To assess the epidemiological situation of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in the municipalities and regions of Colombia in 2018. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with secondary data from the High-Cost Diseases Fund from February 1st, 2018 to January 31st, 2019. We included sociodemographic, clinical variables, and related to geographic location. We calculated incidence, prevalence, and mortality according to the Colombian geographical regions, department and municipality of residence. Crude and age-standardized rates were estimated. Results: By 2018, 10,930 new cases of PLWHA were reported, being more frequent in males, aged between 25 to 49 years. 39.32% were reported with AIDS and 35.27% had undetectable HIV viral load. During 2018, there are 109,056 PLWHA in Colombia. The highest age-standardized incidence and prevalence were reported in Florencia (Cauca) (354.28 per 100,000 and 3.32 per 100people, respectively). The age-standardized incidence rate was 22.12 per 100,000 population (95% CI 21.71-22.54). Age-standardized prevalence and mortality were 0.23 per 100 population (95% CI 0.22-0.23) and 3.78 per 100,000 population (95% CI 3.61-3.96), respectively. Conclusion: Different strategies should be implemented to improve the identification of risk factors in the population, especially in some regions of Colombia and prevent transmission.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la situación epidemiológica de las personas que viven con el VIH y el SIDA (PVVS) en los municipios y regiones de Colombia en 2018. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con datos secundarios del Fondo Colombiano de Enfermedades de Alto Costo entre febrero 1 de 2018 al 31 de enero de 2019. Incluimos variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas con la ubicación geográfica. Calculamos la incidencia, prevalencia y mortalidad según la región geográfica colombiana, el departamento de residencia y el municipio. Se estimaron tasas crudas y estandarizadas por edad. Resultados: Para el 2018, 10.930 nuevos casos de PVVS fueron reportados, siendo más frecuentes en hombres, en edades entre 25 a 49 años. 39.32% fueron reportados con SIDA y 35.27% tuvieron una carga viral de VIH indetectable. 109,056 PVVS en Colombia. Las incidencia y prevalencia ajustadas por edad más altas se informaron en Florencia (Cauca) (354.28 por 100,000 y 3.32 por 100 personas, respectivamente). La tasa de incidencia estandarizada por edad fue de 22.12 por 100,000 habitantes (IC 95% 21.71-22.54). La prevalencia y mortalidad ajustadas por edad fueron 0.23 por 100 habitantes (IC 95% 0.22-0.23) y 3.78 por 100.000 habitantes (IC 95% 3.61-3.96), respectivamente. Se deben implementar diferentes estrategias para mejorar la identificación de los factores de riesgo en la población, especialmente en algunas regiones geográficas de Colombia y prevenir la transmisión.

Factors associated with delays in time to treatment initiation in Colombian women with cervical cancer: A cross-sectional analysis.

Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the leading causes of morbidity in upper-middle income countries such as Colombia. Several studies have reported poor prognosis when treatment is delayed. We aimed to describe the factors associated with delays in time to treatment initiation (TTI) in Colombian women with CC. Cross-sectional analysis including newly diagnosed cases of CC during 2018 and reported to the National Administrative Cancer Registry. TTI was defined as days from diagnosis to the first treatment (chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery). Linear and multinomial logistic regression models were estimated to analyze the association of interest. 1,249 new cases of CC were analyzed (26.98% in-situ and 40.11% locally advanced). The median age was 46 years (IQR: 36-58). Median TTI was 71 days (IQR: 42-105), varying from 70 days (IQR: 43-106) among the surgery group to 76 days (IQR: 41-118) in women under chemotherapy. Only 12.41% were treated within 30 days from diagnosis. TTI was significantly longer in women with state insurance (ß = 18.95 days, 95% CI: 11.77-26.13) compared with those insured by the third payer. Women from the Pacific and Eastern regions also had a significantly longer TTI than those living in the capital of Colombia. Age, health insurance, region of residence, and stage at diagnosis were associated with TTI longer than 45 days in the multinomial model. We concluded that demographic variables (age, region of residence, and health insurance) which are proxies of social disparities and poor access to quality health care services, were associated with delays in TTI.

Caracterización epidemiológica y clínica en menores de 13 años que viven con VIH en Colombia. 2018: un estudio de corte transversal / Epidemiological and clinical characterization in minors under 13 years living with HIV in Colombia. 2018: a crosssectional study

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los niños que viven con el VIH/sida, en Colombia. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de tipo corte transversal analitico, realizado en los menores de 13 años que viven con el VIH /sida y que fueron reportados a un organismo técnico colombiano en el 2018. Se estimó la prevalencia del VIH/sida y se caracterizaron los niños con VIH y niños con sida. Resultados: 655 niños tenían la infección. La prevalencia de VIH/sida fue de 0,05 (IC 95% 0,04 - 0,07) por 1.000 niños. El 50,08% pertenecían al sexo femenino y el 79,85% al régimen subsidiado. La transmisión materno infantil predominó en el 89,16%. El 83,21% usaban tratamiento antirretroviral. El 50,08% se encontraba indetectable. Las principales enfermedades que definieron el sida fueron la neumonía y el síndrome de desgaste. La región de residencia, el último conteo de linfocitos T CD4+ y el diagnóstico temprano de VIH mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos. Conclusión: La reducción de la transmisión materno infantil del VIH ha sido una meta mundial; sin embargo, fue el principal mecanismo de transmisión en los menores de 13 años en Colombia. Las acciones deben dirigirse a la prevención de la transmisión y al diagnóstico temprano del VIH.

Abstract Objective: To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children living with HIV / AIDS in Colombia. Methods: Retrospective observational study of analytical cross section, carried out in children under 13 years of age living with HIV / AIDS and who were reported to High Cost Diseases Fund in 2018. The prevalence of HIV / AIDS was estimated and children with HIV and children with AIDS were characterized. Results: 655 children had the infection. The HIV / AIDS prevalence was 0.05 (95% CI; 0.04 - 0.07) per 1,000 children. 50.08% were female and 79.85% to the subsidized insurance. Mother-to-child transmission predominated in 89.16%. 83.21% of children used antiretroviral treatment and 50.08% were undetectable. The main diseases that defined AIDS were pneumonia and wasting syndrome. The region of residence, the last CD4 T cells counts and early diagnosis of HIV showed statistical differences between the groups. Conclusion: Reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV has been a global goal; however, it was the main transmission mechanism in the children under 13 in Colombia. Actions should be directed to prevent transmission and early diagnosis of HIV.

Patterns of breast, prostate and cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Colombia: an administrative registry data analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is widely recognized as a global public health problem. Breast, prostate, and cervical cancer are among the most frequent types in developing countries. Assessing their incidence and mortality by regions and municipalities is important to guide evidence-based health policy. Our aim was to describe the incidence and mortality trends for breast, cervical, and prostate cancer across regions and municipalities in Colombia during 2018. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis with data from people with breast, prostate, or cervical cancer, reported to the National Administrative Cancer Registry during 2018. A descriptive analysis was performed. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were estimated at national, regional, and municipal levels. Finally, we identify the regions and municipalities with significantly higher or lower incidence and mortality rates compared to national estimations. RESULTS: Breast cancer was the most frequent type among all new cases and deaths in Colombia. Breast, prostate and cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 were: 18.69 (CI 95%: 18.15-19.25) and 10.48 (CI 95%: 10.07-10.91); 11.34 (CI 95%: 10.90-11.78) and 7.58 (CI 95%: 7.22-7.96); 5.93 (CI 95%: 5.62-6.25) and 4.31 (CI 95%: 4.05-4.58), respectively. Eastern region had both, incidence and mortality rates, significantly lower than national for all types of cancer. By municipalities, there was a heterogeneous pattern. Nonetheless, Agua de Dios (Cundinamarca), had one of the highest incidence rates for all types. CONCLUSIONS: We observed clear differences in cancer incidence and mortality across regions and municipalities, depending on each type of cancer. Our findings are important to improve screening coverage, early detection, and treatment in the country.

Primary prophylaxis was associated with lower arthropathy in Colombian men with haemophilia B: A longitudinal analysis (2015-2019).

INTRODUCTION: The risk of chronic haemophilic arthropathy (CHA) is related to severity. Evidence suggests that primary prophylaxis (PPr) could reduce CHA incidence and its impact on quality of life. AIM: To evaluate the association between PPr and CHA in Colombian males with haemophilia B (HB) during 2015 to 2019. METHODS: A panel-time analysis was performed with data provided by the National Health System to update a nationwide open cohort of people with congenital coagulopathies. The association was evaluated in a logistic random-effect regression model (LRERM), adjusted by age at diagnosis, prophylaxis dose and frequency, severity, haemarthrosis and high-titre inhibitors. RESULTS: During 2015-2019, a total of 362 men with HB and treated with either, primary, secondary or tertiary prophylaxis were identified. At baseline, CHA prevalence in the cohort was 36.84% (n = 133), median age was 19.0 years (IQR: 10.0-27.0), and median age at diagnosis was 1.0 year (IQR: 0.0-4.0). PPr was prescribed in 37.85% (n = 137), and median dose (IU/Kg/dose) was almost the same for primary vs. secondary/tertiary prophylaxis. Patients in PPr had a lower frequency of severe HB, CHA, haemarthrosis, infectious complications and high-titre inhibitors than those in secondary or tertiary prophylaxis (STPr). In the LRERM, PPr was associated with a significant reduction of 89.70% in the odds of CHA (aOR = 0.103, IC 95%: 0.040, 0.270; P < .001), compared with STPr. CONCLUSIONS: PPr decreased the odds of CHA by 89.70% in males with HB in Colombia. Our findings are consistent with previous studies and support the strategy to prescribe PPr to our patients.

National registry of haemophilia and other coagulopathies: A multisector initiative in the Colombian Health System.

INTRODUCTION: Haemophilia is an orphan and high-cost disease worldwide and, especially in middle-income countries as Colombia. Given its burden of disease, in 2014, a national administrative registry was created to centralize demographic, clinical and economic information regarding to haemophilia and other coagulopathies. OBJECTIVE: To describe the building and implementation processes of the Colombian registry of haemophilia and other coagulopathies. METHODS: The 'consensus conference' methodology was used to design the registry. It was a multisector process, which included different actors of the health system (healthcare payers and providers, government institutions, academic and scientific organizations and patients). RESULTS: Colombia's national registry includes 95 variables, grouped in four sections: (1) sociodemographic data, (2) clinical condition, (3) economic costs, and (4) administrative updates. According to a resolution, stated by the Ministry of Health, payers and providers of healthcare must report annually to the registry the information of new and existing patients with coagulopathies. CONCLUSIONS: A national registry serves as an organized and interactive system for monitoring morbidity and mortality, assessing healthcare access and its impact on disease complications, as well as associated costs to medical assistance. Furthermore, registry information can guide a rational making decision process to use economic resources efficiently. On the other hand, data about orphan diseases can encourage health research and evidence-based care to improve quality of life and reduce associated disability.

Incidence and Prevalence of Cancer in Colombia: The Methodology Used Matters.

PURPOSE: Incidence and prevalence are important factors in policy making and planning in health care systems. The aim of this study was to compare two different estimates of the incidence and prevalence of cancer in Colombia-real-world data from the health care system and estimates from cancer registries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from all providers were aggregated by the High-Cost Diseases Office (Cuenta de Alto Costo [CAC]). The real-world, age-standardized observed incidence (OI) and observed prevalence (OP) rates were calculated using the number of patients with a diagnosis of cancer who were cared for in the national health system between 2014 and 2015. The registry estimated incidence (EI) and estimated prevalence (EP) were extracted from GLOBOCAN population fact sheets for 2012, which use data from four Colombian city-based registries and extrapolate survival using the average for Asian countries, together with registries from Uganda and Zimbabwe. RESULTS: A total of 130,441 patients were analyzed. The OI of cancer in Colombia was 69.2 and the OP was 479 (per 100,000 people) in early 2015, whereas the EI was 175.2 and the 5-year EP was 501.2 (per 100,000 people), showing a higher estimate from GLOBOCAN data for 2012 than was observed in early 2015 by the CAC. Some differences were higher in specific cancers. CONCLUSION: Because of differences in methodology, the EI and the EP are not comparable to the OI and the OP. Policymakers need robust and current information to prioritize disease prevention and control programs. In Colombia, the OI and the OP-calculated by the CAC with data from the whole country-offer an opportunity for a more precise real-world estimation of patients with cancer in Colombia.

[Kidney disease in Colombia: Priority for risk management]. / Enfermedad renal en Colombia: prioridad para la gestión de riesgo.

Objective To describe the demographic and clinical manifestations of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), arterial hypertension, and/or diabetes mellitus, and to determine the association between the presence of these pathologies and the development of CKD. Methods Analytic and cross-sectional study. The information, with a cutoff date of 30 June 2013, comes from the integrated database of CKD and patients with hypertension and diabetes, which the Colombian payer entities provided to the national fund for high-cost diseases (Cuenta de Alto Costo). A descriptive analysis was conducted and the prevalence of CKD and stage 5 CKD was determined. Crude odds ratios (OR) were used to determine the association between CKD and age, sex, and diabetes. Results 2,599,419 records were analyzed, of which 40% corresponded to people with CKD. Overall, 74.9% of the population had hypertension and 6.4% had diabetes. The prevalence of CKD was 2.81%, with 94.3% of patients in stages 1 to 3. In patients with diabetes, the risk of presenting CKD is 1.03 (confidence interval of 95% [CI95%] 1.016-1.043). Among persons over 60 years of age, the risk of CKD is 2.15 (CI95% 2.140-2.167). Conclusions 33.4% of patients with hypertension or diabetes have not been studied to determine the presence or absence of CKD. It is a priority to implement strategies for secondary and primary prevention in order to prevent the progression of CKD and reduce the prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes.

Enfermedad renal en Colombia: prioridad para la gestión de riesgo / Kidney disease in Colombia: Priority for risk management

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), hipertensión arterial o diabetes mellitus y encontrar la asociación entre la presencia de estas patologías y el desarrollo de ERC. Métodos Estudio analítico y de corte transversal. La información procede de la base de datos única de ERC y de pacientes con hipertensión arterial y diabetes, que las entidades obligadas a compensar suministraron a la Cuenta de Alto Costo, reportada con corte al 30 de junio de 2013. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se determinó la prevalencia de ERC y enfermedad renal crónica en estadio 5 (ERC5). Se determinó la asociación entre ERC y edad, sexo y la diabetes mediante odds ratio (OR) crudos. Resultados Se analizaron 2 599 419 registros, de los cuales 40% correspondían a personas con ERC. El 74,9% de la población tenía hipertensión y 6,4% tenía diabetes. La prevalencia de ERC fue de 2,81%, y 94,3% de los pacientes se encontraba en estadios 1 a 3. El riesgo de presentar ERC en los pacientes con diabetes es 1,03 (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%] 1,016 – 1,043). En los mayores de 60 años, el riesgo de ERC es 2,15 (IC95% 2,140 – 2,167). Conclusiones El 33,4% de pacientes con hipertensión o diabetes no han sido estudiados para determinar la presencia o ausencia de ERC. Es prioritario aplicar estrategias de prevención secundaria y primaria, para evitar la progresión de ERC y reducir la prevalencia de factores de riesgo como hipertensión y diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the demographic and clinical manifestations of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), arterial hypertension, and/or diabetes mellitus, and to determine the association between the presence of these pathologies and the development of CKD. Methods Analytic and cross-sectional study. The information, with a cutoff date of 30 June 2013, comes from the integrated database of CKD and patients with hypertension and diabetes, which the Colombian payer entities provided to the national fund for high-cost diseases (Cuenta de Alto Costo). A descriptive analysis was conducted and the prevalence of CKD and stage 5 CKD was determined. Crude odds ratios (OR) were used to determine the association between CKD and age, sex, and diabetes. Results 2,599,419 records were analyzed, of which 40% corresponded to people with CKD. Overall, 74.9% of the population had hypertension and 6.4% had diabetes. The prevalence of CKD was 2.81%, with 94.3% of patients in stages 1 to 3. In patients with diabetes, the risk of presenting CKD is 1.03 (confidence interval of 95% [CI95%] 1.016-1.043). Among persons over 60 years of age, the risk of CKD is 2.15 (CI95% 2.140-2.167). Conclusions 33.4% of patients with hypertension or diabetes have not been studied to determine the presence or absence of CKD. It is a priority to implement strategies for secondary and primary prevention in order to prevent the progression of CKD and reduce the prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes.

Enfermedad renal en Colombia: prioridad para la gestión de riesgo / Kidney disease in Colombia: Priority for risk management

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), hipertensión arterial o diabetes mellitus y encontrar la asociación entre la presencia de estas patologías y el desarrollo de ERC. Métodos. Estudio analítico y de corte transversal. La información procede de la base de datos única de ERC y de pacientes con hipertensión arterial y diabetes, que las entidades obligadas a compensar suministraron a la Cuenta de Alto Costo, reportada con corte al 30 de junio de 2013. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se determinó la prevalencia de ERC y enfermedad renal crónica en estadio 5 (ERC5). Se determinó la asociación entre ERC y edad, sexo y la diabetes mediante odds ratio (OR) crudos. Resultados. Se analizaron 2 599 419 registros, de los cuales 40% correspondían a personas con ERC. El 74,9% de la población tenía hipertensión y 6,4% tenía diabetes. La prevalencia de ERC fue de 2,81%, y 94,3% de los pacientes se encontraba en estadios 1 a 3. El riesgo de presentar ERC en los pacientes con diabetes es 1,03 (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%] 1,016 – 1,043). En los mayores de 60 años, el riesgo de ERC es 2,15 (IC95% 2,140 – 2,167). Conclusiones. El 33,4% de pacientes con hipertensión o diabetes no han sido estudiados para determinar la presencia o ausencia de ERC. Es prioritario aplicar estrategias de prevención secundaria y primaria, para evitar la progresión de ERC y reducir la prevalencia de factores de riesgo como hipertensión y diabetes.

Objective. To describe the demographic and clinical manifestations of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), arterial hypertension, and/or diabetes mellitus, and to determine the association between the presence of these pathologies and the development of CKD. Methods. Analytic and cross-sectional study. The information, with a cutoff date of 30 June 2013, comes from the integrated database of CKD and patients with hypertension and diabetes, which the Colombian payer entities provided to the national fund for high-cost diseases (Cuenta de Alto Costo). A descriptive analysis was conducted and the prevalence of CKD and stage 5 CKD was determined. Crude odds ratios (OR) were used to determine the association between CKD and age, sex, and diabetes. Results. 2,599,419 records were analyzed, of which 40% corresponded to people with CKD. Overall, 74.9% of the population had hypertension and 6.4% had diabetes. The prevalence of CKD was 2.81%, with 94.3% of patients in stages 1 to 3. In patients with diabetes, the risk of presenting CKD is 1.03 (confidence interval of 95% [CI95%] 1.016-1.043). Among persons over 60 years of age, the risk of CKD is 2.15 (CI95% 2.140-2.167). Conclusions. 33.4% of patients with hypertension or diabetes have not been studied to determine the presence or absence of CKD. It is a priority to implement strategies for secondary and primary prevention in order to prevent the progression of CKD and reduce the prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes.

Evaluación de la reproducibilidad de la retinoscopia dinámica monocular de Merchán / Evaluation of the reproducibility of the Merchán monocular dynamic retinoscopy

Objetivo: Evaluar la reproducibilidad de la retinoscopia dinámica monocular y su nivel de acuerdo con la retinoscopia estática binocular y monocular, retinoscopia de Nott y Método Estimado Monocular (MEM). Métodos: Se determinó la reproducibilidad entre los evaluadores y entre los métodos por medio del coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) y se establecieron los límites de acuerdo de Bland y Altman.Resultados: Se evaluaron 126 personas entre 5 y 39 años y se encontró una baja reproducibilidad interexaminador de la retinoscopia dinámica monocular en ambos ojos CCI ojo derecho: 0.49 (IC95% 0.36; 0.51); ojo izquierdo 0.51 (IC95% 0.38; 0.59). El límite de acuerdo entre evaluadores fue ±1.25 D. Al evaluar la reproducibilidad entre la retinoscopia dinámica monocular y la estática se observó que la mayor reproducibilidad se obtuvo con la estática binocular y monocular y, en visión próxima, entre el método estimado monocular y la retinoscopia de Nott. Conclusiones: La retinoscopia dinámica monocular no es una prueba reproducible y presenta diferencias clínicas significativas para determinar el estado refractivo, en cuanto a poder dióptrico y tipo de ametropía, por tanto, no se puede considerar dentro de la batería de exámenes aplicados para determinar diagnósticos y correcciones refractivas tanto en la visión lejana como en la visión próxima.

Objective: To assess the reproducibility of monocular dynamic retinoscopy and its level of agreement with binocular static retinoscopy, the Nott retinoscopy, and the Monocular Estimated Method (MEM). Materials and methods: The reproducibility was determined among evaluators and among the methods through the intraclass coefficient of correlation (ICC) and set the limits of agreement of Bland and Altman. Results: A total of 126 subjects between 5 and 39 years of age were evaluated and low inter-rater reproducibility of the monocular dynamic retinoscopy was found in both eyes: ICC right eye: 0.49 (IC 95% 0.36; 0.61) left eye 0.51 (IC 95% 0.38; 0.59). The limit of agreement between evaluators was ±1.25D. In assessing reproducibility between the monocular dynamic retinoscopy and the static retinoscopy, it was observed that the greatest reproducibility was obtained with the binocular and monocular static retinoscopy and in near vision between the estimated method monocular and Nott retinoscopy. Conclusions: Monocular dynamic retinoscopy is not a reproducible test and presents clinical differences meaningful to determine the refractive state, regarding power dial and type of ametropy; therefore, it could not be considered within the battery of tests used to determine diagnoses and refractive corrections both in distant vision and in near vision.