The Uptake of Heparanase into Mast Cells Is Regulated by Its Enzymatic Activity to Degrade Heparan Sulfate.

Mast cells take up extracellular latent heparanase and store it in secretory granules. The present study examined whether the enzymatic activity of heparanase regulates its uptake efficiency. Recombinant mouse heparanase mimicking both the latent and mature forms (L-Hpse and M-Hpse, respectively) was internalized into mastocytoma MST cells, peritoneal cell-derived mast cells, and bone marrow-derived mast cells. The internalized amount of L-Hpse was significantly higher than that of M-Hpse. In MST cells, L-Hpse was continuously internalized for up to 8 h, while the uptake of M-Hpse was saturated after 2 h of incubation. L-Hpse and M-Hpse are similarly bound to the MST cell surface. The expression level of cell surface heparan sulfate was reduced in MST cells incubated with M-Hpse. The internalized amount of M-Hpse into mast cells was significantly increased in the presence of heparastatin (SF4), a small molecule heparanase inhibitor that does not affect the binding of heparanase to immobilized heparin. Enzymatically quiescent M-Hpse was prepared with a point mutation at Glu335. The internalized amount of mutated M-Hpse was significantly higher than that of wild-type M-Hpse but similar to that of wild-type and mutated L-Hpse. These results suggest that the enzymatic activity of heparanase negatively regulates the mast cell-mediated uptake of heparanase, possibly via the downregulation of cell surface heparan sulfate expression.

Structure-activity relationships of natural quinone vegfrecine analogs with potent activity against VEGFR-1 and -2 tyrosine kinases.

A series of analogs of vegfrecine, a natural quinone vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was synthesized via oxidative amination of 2,5-dihydroxybenzamide with functionalized arylamine followed by ammonolysis and substitution of the quinone ring. The inhibitory activities of the analogs against the VEGFR-1 and -2 tyrosine kinases were assayed in vitro with the aim to identify a compound suitable to treat cancer and inflammatory diseases. Alterations of the functionality of the phenyl group, substitution of the quinone ring, and oxidative cyclization of the 1-carboxamide-2-aminoquinone moiety to form an isoxazole quinone ring were examined. Introduction of halo- and alkyl-substituents at the 5'-position of the phenyl ring resulted in potent inhibition of the VEGFR-1 and -2 tyrosine kinases. In particular, structural modification at C-5' on the phenyl ring was shown to significantly affect the selectivity of the inhibition between the VEGFR-1 and -2 tyrosine kinases. Compound 8, 5'-methyl-vegfrecine, showed superior selectivity toward the VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase over the VEGFR-1 tyrosine kinase.

Human pancreatic cancer cells under nutrient deprivation are vulnerable to redox system inhibition.

Large regions in tumor tissues, particularly pancreatic cancer, are hypoxic and nutrient-deprived because of unregulated cell growth and insufficient vascular supply. Certain cancer cells, such as those inside a tumor, can tolerate these severe conditions and survive for prolonged periods. We hypothesized that small molecular agents, which can preferentially reduce cancer cell survival under nutrient-deprived conditions, could function as anticancer drugs. In this study, we constructed a high-throughput screening system to identify such small molecules and screened chemical libraries and microbial culture extracts. We were able to determine that some small molecular compounds, such as penicillic acid, papyracillic acid, and auranofin, exhibit preferential cytotoxicity to human pancreatic cancer cells under nutrient-deprived compared with nutrient-sufficient conditions. Further analysis revealed that these compounds target to redox systems such as GSH and thioredoxin and induce accumulation of reactive oxygen species in nutrient-deprived cancer cells, potentially contributing to apoptosis under nutrient-deprived conditions. Nutrient-deficient cancer cells are often deficient in GSH; thus, they are susceptible to redox system inhibitors. Targeting redox systems might be an attractive therapeutic strategy under nutrient-deprived conditions of the tumor microenvironment.

Leucinostatin Y: A Peptaibiotic Produced by the Entomoparasitic Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum 40-H-28.

Leucinostatin Y, a new peptaibiotic, was isolated from the culture broth of the entomoparasitic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum 40-H-28. The planar structure was elucidated by detailed analysis of its NMR and MS/MS data. The absolute configurations of the amino acids were partially determined by an advanced Marfey's method. The biological activities of leucinostatin Y were assessed using human pancreatic cancer cells, revealing the importance of the C-terminus of leucinostatins for preferential cytotoxicity to cancer cells under glucose-deprived conditions and inhibition of mitochondrial function.

Monotherapy with a novel intervenolin derivative, AS-1934, is an effective treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes various gastrointestinal diseases including gastric cancer. Hence, eradication of this infection could prevent these diseases. The most popular first-line treatment protocol to eradicate H. pylori is termed "triple therapy" and consists of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), clarithromycin, and amoxicillin or metronidazole. However, the antibiotics used to treat H. pylori infection are hindered by the antibiotics-resistant bacteria and by their antimicrobial activity against intestinal bacteria, leading to side effects. Therefore, an alternative treatment with fewer adverse side effects is urgently required to improve the overall eradication rate of H. pylori. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and mechanism of action of an antitumor agent, intervenolin, and its derivatives as an agent for the treatment of H. pylori infection. RESULTS: We demonstrate that intervenolin, and its derivatives showed selective anti-H. pylori activity, including antibiotic-resistant strains, without any effect on intestinal bacteria. We showed that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, is a target and treatment with intervenolin or its derivatives decreased the protein and mRNA levels of H. pylori urease, which protects H. pylori against acidic conditions in the stomach. Using a mouse model of H. pylori infection, oral monotherapy with the intervenolin derivative AS-1934 had a stronger anti-H. pylori effect than the triple therapy commonly used worldwide to eradicate H. pylori. CONCLUSION: AS-1934 has potential advantages over current treatment options for H. pylori infection.

Corrigendum: Microbial metabolites and derivatives targeted at inflammation and bone diseases therapy: chemistry, biological activity and pharmacology.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.138.

Microbial metabolites and derivatives targeted at inflammation and bone diseases therapy: chemistry, biological activity and pharmacology.

Microbial metabolites have attracted increasing interest as a source of therapeutics and as probes for biological mechanisms. New microbial metabolites and derivatives targeted at inflammation and bone disease therapy have been identified by focusing on prostaglandin release, osteoblast differentiation and immune cell functions. These modulators of inflammatory processes and bone disease contribute to our understanding of biological mechanisms and support identification of the therapeutic potential of drug lead candidates. The present review describes recent advances in the chemistry and analysis of inhibitors of prostaglandin release or other functional molecules of immune cells, as well as inducers of osteoblast differentiation, including biological and pharmacological activities.The Journal of Antibiotics advance online publication, 1 November 2017; doi:10.1038/ja.2017.138.

Phenazine carboxylic acid and its derivative induce osteoblast differentiation in preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells but adipocyte differentiation in pluripotent mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells.

Osteoblast and adipocyte are differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells and dysregulation of the differentiation might result in disease, such as osteoporosis and diabetes. To find small compounds that induce osteoblast differentiation, we screened an in-house natural compounds library with mouse preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression as an early osteoblast marker. We found that phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), one of the major phenazine derivatives produced by Pseudomonas, induced osteoblast differentiation in the cells at micromolar concentrations. PCA acted synergistically with an agonist of hedgehog signaling in inducing ALP activity in the cells. We also found that 2-hydroxy-PCA (2H-PCA) induced osteoblast differentiation in the cells but 2-methoxy-PCA and 1-hydroxy-phenazine did not. Unexpectedly, treatment of mouse pluripotent mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells with PCA or 2H-PCA induced an obvious morphological change. Oil Red O staining and real-time reverse-transcription PCR analysis revealed that PCA induced not osteoblast differentiation but adipocyte differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells. These compounds could allow us to investigate the mechanism of osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation in the two model cell systems through a chemical biology approach.

Vibrio japonicus sp. nov., a novel member of the Nereis clade in the genus Vibrio isolated from the coast of Japan.

A novel Vibrio strain, JCM 31412T, was isolated from seawater collected from the Inland Sea (Setonaikai), Japan, and characterized as a Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile, ovoid-shaped bacterium with one polar flagellum. Based on 16S rDNA gene identity, strain JCM 31412T showed a close relationship with type strains of Vibrio brasiliensis (LMG 20546T, 98.2% identity), V. harveyi (NBRC 15634T, 98.2%), V. caribbeanicus (ATCC BAA-2122T, 97.8%) and V. proteolyticus (NBRC 13287T, 97.8%). The G+C content of strain JCM 31412T DNA was 46.8%. Multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) of eight loci (ftsZ, gapA, gyrB, mreB, pyrH, recA, rpoA and topA; 5535bp) further clustered strain JCM 31412T in the Nereis clade, genus Vibrio. Phenotypically, strain JCM 31412T differed from the closest related Vibrio species in its utilization of melibiose and raffinose, and its lack of casein and gelatin hydrolysis. It was further differentiated based on its fatty acid composition, specifically properties of C12:03OH and summed features, which were significantly different from those of V. brasiliensis, V. nigripulchritudo and V. caribbeanicus type strains. Overall, the results of DNA-DNA hybridization, and physiological and biochemical analysis differentiated strain JCM 31412T from other described species of the genus Vibrio. Based on these polyphasic taxonomic findings, it was therefore concluded that JCM 31412T was a novel Vibrio species, for which the name Vibrio japonicus sp. nov. was proposed, with JCM 31412T (= LMG 29636T = ATCC TSD-62T) as the type strain.

New anti-cancer chemicals Ertredin and its derivatives, regulate oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis and suppress sphere formation in vitro and tumor growth in EGFRvIII-transformed cells.

BACKGROUND: EGFRvIII is a mutant form of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) that lacks exons 2-7. The resulting protein does not bind to ligands and is constitutively activated. The expression of EGFRvIII is likely confined to various types of cancer, particularly glioblastomas. Although an anti-EGFRvIII vaccine is of great interest, low-molecular-weight substances are needed to obtain better therapeutic efficacy. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify low molecular weight substances that can suppress EGFRvIII-dependent transformation. METHODS: We constructed a new throughput screening system and searched for substances that decreased cell survival of NIH3T3/EGFRvIII spheres under 3-dimensional (3D)-culture conditions, but retained normal NIH3T3 cell growth under 2D-culture conditions. In vivo activity was examined using a mouse transplantation model, and derivatives were chemically synthesized. Functional characterization of the candidate molecules was investigated using an EGFR kinase assay, immunoprecipitation, western blotting, microarray analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, and measurement of lactate and ATP synthesis. RESULTS: In the course of screening 30,000 substances, a reagent, "Ertredin" was found to inhibit anchorage-independent 3D growth of sphere-forming cells transfected with EGFRvIII cDNA. Ertredin also inhibited sphere formation in cells expressing wild-type EGFR in the presence of EGF. However, it did not affect anchorage-dependent 2D growth of parental NIH3T3 cells. The 3D-growth-inhibitory activity of some derivatives, including those with new structures, was similar to Ertredin. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Ertredin suppressed tumor growth in an allograft transplantation mouse model injected with EGFRvIII- or wild-type EGFR-expressing cells; a clear toxicity to host animals was not observed. Functional characterization of Ertredin in cells expressing EGFRvIII indicated that it stimulated EGFRvIII ubiquitination, suppressed both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis under 3D conditions, and promoted cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: We developed a high throughput screening method based on anchorage-independent sphere formation induced by EGFRvIII-dependent transformation. In the course of screening, we identified Ertredin, which inhibited anchorage-independent 3D growth and tumor formation in nude mice. Functional analysis suggests that Ertredin suppresses both mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic glycolysis in addition to promoting EGFRvIII degradation, and stimulates apoptosis in sphere-forming, EGFRvIII-overexpressing cells.

An iminosugar-based heparanase inhibitor heparastatin (SF4) suppresses infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes into inflamed dorsal air pouches.

Local infiltration of inflammatory cells is regulated by a number of biological steps during which the cells likely penetrate through subendothelial basement membranes that contain heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In the present study, we examined whether administration of heparastatin (SF4), an iminosugar-based inhibitor of heparanase, could suppress local inflammation and degradation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in basement membranes. In a carrageenan- or formyl peptide-induced dorsal air pouch inflammation model, the number of infiltrated neutrophils and monocytes was significantly lower in mice after topical administration of heparastatin (SF4). The concentration of chemokines MIP-2 and KC in pouch exudates of drug-treated mice was similar to control. In a zymosan-induced peritonitis model, the number of infiltrated cells was not altered in drug-treated mice. To further test how heparastatin (SF4) influences transmigration of inflammatory neutrophils, its suppressive effect on migration and matrix degradation was examined in vitro. In the presence of heparastatin (SF4), the number of neutrophils that infiltrated across a Matrigel-coated polycarbonate membrane was significantly lower, while the number of neutrophils passing through an uncoated membrane was not altered. Lysate of bone marrow-derived neutrophils released sulfate-radiolabeled macromolecules from basement membrane-like extracellular matrix, which was suppressed by heparastatin (SF4). Heparan sulfate degradation activity was almost completely abolished after incubation of lysate with protein G-conjugated anti-heparanase monoclonal antibody, strongly suggesting that the activity was due to heparanase-mediated degradation. Taken together, in a dorsal air pouch inflammation model heparastatin (SF4) potentially suppresses extravasation of inflammatory cells by impairing the degradation of basement membrane heparan sulfate.

Heparanase augments inflammatory chemokine production from colorectal carcinoma cell lines.

To explore possible roles of heparanase in cancer-host crosstalk, we examined whether heparanase influences expression of inflammatory chemokines in colorectal cancer cells. Murine colorectal carcinoma cells incubated with heparanase upregulated MCP-1, KC, and RANTES genes and released MCP-1 and KC proteins. Heparanase-dependent production of IL-8 was detected in two human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Addition of a heparanase inhibitor Heparastatin (SF4) did not influence MCP-1 production, while both latent and mature forms of heparanase augmented MCP-1 release, suggesting that heparanase catalytic activity was dispensable for MCP-1 production. In contrast, addition of heparin to the medium suppressed MCP-1 release in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, targeted suppression of Ext1 by RNAi significantly suppressed cell surface expression of heparan sulfate and MCP-1 production in colon 26 cells. Taken together, it is concluded that colon 26 cells transduce the heparanase-mediated signal through heparan sulfate binding. We propose a novel function for heparanase independent of its endoglycosidase activity, namely as a stimulant for chemokine production.

Asteltoxins from the Entomopathogenic Fungus Pochonia bulbillosa 8-H-28.

New asteltoxins C (3) and D (4) were found in the extract of the entomopathogenic fungus Pochonia bulbillosa 8-H-28. Compound 2, which was spectroscopically identical with the known asteltoxin B, was isolated, and structural analysis led to a revision of the structure of asteltoxin B. Compounds 2 and 4 have a novel tricyclic ring system connected to a dienyl α-pyrone structure. Compound 3 has a 2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane ring similar to that of asteltoxin (1). Compound 3 showed potent antiproliferative activity against NIAS-SL64 cells derived from the fat body of Spodoptera litura larvae, while 2 and 4 were inactive.

A new cell line from the fat body of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and detection of lysozyme activity release upon immune stimulation.

A new cell line, designated NIAS-SL64, was established from the fat body of the fifth instar larvae of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura. NIAS-SL64 cells grew as spindle-shaped and non-adherent cells in the insect-specific cell culture medium MGM-450 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Criterions for the establishment of the NIAS-SL64 cell line is spindle shape and length (30~90 µm) stabilized after 100 passages. The doubling time of the cells was 24 h at 25°C. Lipopolysaccharide significantly stimulated the release of lysozyme activity by NIAS-SL64 cells. Lysozyme is one of the components of the innate immunity and plays important role as lytic enzyme in infection. Lysozyme activity released from NIAS-SL64 would be a marker for immune response. The released lysozyme activity critically depends on morphology of the cells and would be a criterion of the establishment of the cell line. Lysozyme activity was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A.

Sacchathridine A, a prostaglandin release inhibitor from Saccharothrix sp.

Sacchathridine A (1) was isolated from the fermentation broth of strain Saccharothrix sp. MI559-46F5. The structure was determined as a new naphthoquinone derivative with an acetylhydrazino moiety by a combination of NMR, MS spectral analyses, and chemical degradation. Compound 1 showed inhibitory activity of prostaglandin E2 release in a concentration-dependent manner from human synovial sarcoma cells, SW982, with an IC50 value of 1.0 µM, but had no effect on cell growth up to 30 µM.

Vegfrecine, an inhibitor of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp.

A new inhibitor of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases, vegfrecine (1), was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. MK931-CF8. The molecular structure of 1 was determined by NMR and MS analysis combined with synthesis. Compound 1 showed potent inhibitory activity against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinases in in vitro enzyme assays, but platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) responded only weakly. Compound 1 is a promising new selective VEGFR inhibitor for investigating new treatments of cancer and inflammatory diseases.

NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)-bioactivated pronqodine A regulates prostaglandin release from human synovial sarcoma cells.

Natural products have contributed to the elucidation of biological mechanisms as well as drug discovery research. Even now, the expectation for natural products is undiminished. We screened prostaglandin release inhibitors that had no effect on in vitro cyclooxygenase activity derived from natural product sources and discovered pronqodine A. Using spectral analysis and total synthesis, the structure of pronqodine A was shown to be a benzo[d]isothiazole-4,7-dione analogue. Evaluation of the biological activity of pronqodine A revealed that the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) converted pronqodine A into a two-electron reductive form. The reductive form underwent autoxidation and reversed to its native form immediately with the generation of reactive oxygen species. Further investigations proved that pronqodine A inhibited cyclooxygenase enzyme activity only in the presence of NQO1. Pronqodine A acts as a potential bioreductive compound, inhibiting prostaglandin release in selectively activated NQO1-expressing cells.

Amycolamicin: a novel broad-spectrum antibiotic inhibiting bacterial topoisomerase.

The abuse of antibacterial drugs imposes a selection pressure on bacteria that has driven the evolution of multidrug resistance in many pathogens. Our efforts to discover novel classes of antibiotics to combat these pathogens resulted in the discovery of amycolamicin (AMM). The absolute structure of AMM was determined by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, chemical degradation, and modification of its functional groups. AMM consists of trans-decalin, tetramic acid, two unusual sugars (amycolose and amykitanose), and dichloropyrrole carboxylic acid. The pyranose ring named as amykitanose undergoes anomerization in methanol. AMM is a potent and broad-spectrum antibiotic against Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria by inhibiting DNA gyrase and bacterial topoisomerase IV. The target of AMM has been proved to be the DNA gyrase B subunit and its binding mode to DNA gyrase is different from those of novobiocin and coumermycin, the known DNA gyrase inhibitors.