Integrated group antenatal and pediatric care in Haiti: A comprehensive care accompaniment model.

INTRODUCTION: The J9 Plus (J9) maternal-child accompaniment program is based on four pillars: group antenatal care (GANC), group pediatric care, psychosocial support, and community-based care. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the J9 model of care on perinatal outcomes. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a convergent mixed methods study of maternal-newborn dyads born in 2019 at Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais. Quantitative data was collected retrospectively to compare dyads receiving J9 care to usual care. A secondary analysis of qualitative data described patient perspectives of J9 care. RESULTS: Antenatal care attendance was significantly higher among women in J9 (n = 524) compared to usual care (n = 523), with 490(93%) and 189(36%) having >4 visits, respectively; p <0.001, as was post-partum visit attendance [271(52%) compared to 84(16%), p<0.001] and use of post-partum family planning methods [98(19%) compared to 47(9%), p = 0.003]. Incidence of pre-eclampsia with severe features was significantly lower in the J9 group [44(9%)] compared to the usual care group [73(14%)], p <0.001. Maternal and neonatal mortality and low birth weight did not differ across groups. Cesarean delivery [103(20%) and 82(16%), p<0.001] and preterm birth [118 (24%)] and 80 (17%), p <0.001] were higher in the J9 group compared to usual care, respectively. In the qualitative analysis, ease of access to high-quality care, meaningful social support, and maternal empowerment through education were identified as key contributors to these outcomes. CONCLUSION: Compared to usual care, the J9 Plus maternal-child accompaniment model of care is associated with increased engagement in antenatal and postpartum care, increased utilization of post-partum family planning, and lower incidence of pre-eclampsia with severe features, which remains a leading cause of maternal mortality in Haiti. The J9 accompaniment approach to care is an empowering model that has the potential to be replicated in similar settings to improve quality of care and outcomes globally.

Collective Strategies to Equip Graduating Medical Students from Racial/Ethnic Backgrounds Underrepresented in Medicine to Succeed in Residency.

Phenomenon: Trainees from racial/ethnic backgrounds underrepresented in medicine (RE URiM) in the United States face challenges of racism and micro- and macro-aggressions during residency. Many have learned to navigate these challenges through successes and failures, but there is insufficient literature providing these lessons to graduating URiM medical students. Our study among medical school alumni explores strategies to help graduating URiM students prepare for success in residency. Approach: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey (Qualtrics) from February to March 2022. Graduates from a Northeast U.S. medical school identifying as URiM were invited to participate. With emphasis on "thriving" in residency training, we solicited rating-scale responses on preparedness for residency and open-text responses on strategies for success. Standard statistical and text content analysis were used to determine findings and themes. We used Word Cloud technology to further explore word frequency and patterns. Findings: Of the 43 alumni contacted, 23 (53%) completed the survey. Participants were trained in various specialties. We identified three themes with regard to strategies for thriving in residency: (1) importance of identifying and seeking early mentorship; (2) importance of identifying and having diverse forms of support; and (3) need for more education on navigating macro/microaggressions. Insight: While advocating for systems-level interventions to create inclusive learning environments, we highlight the gap in trainee awareness of the importance of seeking early mentorship. Our study provides strategies for graduating URiM medical students to succeed in residency based on respondent experiences. These recommendations should inform medical school curricula.

Assessing the predictive accuracy of the new vaginal birth after cesarean delivery calculator.

BACKGROUND: The vaginal birth after cesarean delivery calculator by the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network was created to help providers counsel patients on predicted success of trial of labor after cesarean delivery using individualized risk assessment. The inclusion of race and ethnicity as predictors of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in the 2007 calculator was problematic and potentially exacerbated racial disparities in obstetrics. Thus, a modified calculator without race and ethnicity was published in June 2021. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the accuracy of the 2007 and 2021 Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units vaginal birth after cesarean delivery calculators in predicting vaginal birth after cesarean delivery success among racial/ethnic minority patients receiving obstetrical care at a single urban tertiary medical center. STUDY DESIGN: All patients with 1 previous low transverse cesarean delivery who underwent a trial of labor at term with a vertex singleton gestation at an urban tertiary medical center from May 2015 to December 2018 were reviewed. Demographic and clinical data were collected retrospectively. Associations between maternal characteristics and success of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery were assessed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression. Predicted vaginal birth after cesarean delivery success rates using the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units calculator were compared with actual outcomes (ie, successful trial of labor after cesarean delivery/vaginal birth after cesarean delivery vs repeated cesarean delivery) across each racial and ethnic group. RESULTS: A total of 910 patients met eligibility criteria and attempted trial of labor after cesarean delivery; 662 (73%) achieved vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. The rate of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery was highest among Asian women (81%) and lowest among Black women (61%). Univariate analyses demonstrated that success of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery was associated with maternal body mass index <30 kg/m2, history of vaginal delivery, and absence of indication of arrest of dilation or descent for previous cesarean delivery. Multivariate analyses evaluating predictors of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery reported in the 2021 calculator showed that maternal age, history of arrest disorder for previous cesarean delivery, and treated chronic hypertension were not significant in our patient population. Most patients who were of White, Asian, or "Other" race with a vaginal birth after cesarean delivery had a 2007 calculator-predicted probability of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery of >65%, whereas most Black and Hispanic patients with a vaginal birth after cesarean delivery were more likely to have a predicted probability of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery between 35% and 65% (P<.001). Most White, Asian, and Other-race patients with a repeated cesarean delivery had a 2007 calculator-predicted probability of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery of >65%, whereas most Black and Hispanic patients with a repeated cesarean delivery had a predicted probability of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery between 35% and 65%. Across all racial and ethnic groups, most patients with a vaginal birth after cesarean delivery had a 2021 calculator-predicted probability of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery of >65%. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of race/ethnicity in the 2007 Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units vaginal birth after cesarean delivery calculator underestimated predicted vaginal birth after cesarean delivery success rates among Black and Hispanic patients receiving obstetrical care at an urban tertiary medical center. Thus, we support the use of the 2021 vaginal birth after cesarean delivery calculator without race/ethnicity. Excluding race and ethnicity from vaginal birth after cesarean delivery counseling may be one way in which providers can ultimately contribute toward the reduction of racial and ethnic disparity in maternal morbidity in the United States. Further research is needed to understand the implications of treated chronic hypertension for the success of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery.

How to Foster Effective Midwife-Obstetrician Collaboration on Labor and Birth Units: Qualitative Analysis of Experiences of Clinicians in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Effective collaboration between midwives and obstetricians on labor and birth units in hospitals has been shown to improve birth outcomes and quality of care. Guidelines for collaborative care in the United States exist; however, studies describing the actual lived experiences of midwives and obstetricians in collaborative practice are lacking. The goal of this study was to explore the experiences and perspectives of midwives and obstetricians working in collaborative practices on labor and birth units across the United States and to identify strategies that foster effective collaboration between them. METHODS: We performed qualitative analyses of open-ended comments obtained in an instrument validation survey assessing collaboration between midwives and obstetricians on labor and birth in the United States. Certified nurse-midwives, certified midwives, attending general obstetricians, maternal-fetal medicine attending physicians, and fellows across the United States were included in this study, herein called midwives and obstetricians. The final sample in the original validation survey included 232 midwives and 471 obstetricians (n = 703). Of these, 79 midwives and 132 obstetricians (n = 211) provided narrative comments on their perspectives and experiences with collaborative practice on labor and birth units in the United States. The narrative comments were analyzed using inductive techniques derived from grounded theory. RESULTS: Four themes around how to foster effective collaboration were identified: (1) developing trust and respect, (2) promoting effective communication, (3) individual variability and need for clear guidelines, and (4) balancing autonomy. The midwives and obstetricians shared lived experiences that they perceived affected their work satisfaction and clinical outcomes in collaborative practices. DISCUSSION: These findings hold potential to inform clinicians and health care leaders on ways to foster effective collaboration between midwives and obstetricians on labor and birth units. This in turn can improve quality of care for birthing persons, perinatal outcomes and clinician job satisfaction.

Stressors on frontline healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a focus on moral injury and implications for the future.

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has placed a psychological strain on health care workers (HCWs). To provide effective support, it is important to explore the stressors that HCWs face that place them at risk of negative psychological outcomes. However, there is a limited number of systematic qualitative studies on the stressors that HCWs faced in the United States of America (USA) during the first wave of the pandemic. Therefore, we explored the stressors that frontline HCWs in the USA experienced during the initial phase of the pandemic. METHODS: We performed a qualitative study based on open-ended, semi-structured, one-on-one interviews conducted virtually among HCWs from June 1st to July 18th, 2020. We interviewed frontline HCWs (N = 45) including physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and patient care assistants who worked in various specialties and roles in 3 health systems across Connecticut, USA. We offered participants a $25 gift card as a token of appreciation. We used inductive techniques derived from grounded theory to develop themes. RESULTS: We identified 3 main themes related to stressors experienced by HCWs during the initial phase of the pandemic namely: (1) Stress of witnessing an unprecedented number of deaths and the impact on patient families; (2) Stress of changing work environment and unmet professional expectations and; (3) Concern for safety in personal life. Furthermore, we highlight experiences that HCWs faced that place them at risk of developing a moral injury. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight stressors faced by HCWs that could aid in the provision of well-guided support to HCWs in the present and post-pandemic era.

How to lead health care workers during unprecedented crises: A qualitative study of the COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut, USA.

Health Care Leaders (HCLs) faced unprecedented challenges during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Leaders played an important role in shaping the experiences of Health Care Workers (HCWs) during this time. However, research is needed on how HCWs experienced and characterized HCLs' response and support. The aim of our study was to examine HCWs' experiences with leadership and to identify aspects of HCLs' response that were effective in supporting HCWs in their roles during the early phases of the pandemic. This was a qualitative study based on open-ended semi-structured interviews conducted (June 1- July 18, 2020) with frontline HCWs during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut, USA. Participants (N = 45) included physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists and patient care assistants who worked in inpatient and outpatient settings in various specialties, roles and 3 health systems across Connecticut, USA during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were offered a $25 gift card as an incentive for participation. We used inductive techniques derived from grounded theory to develop themes. We identified 6 main themes related to leadership response and support of HCWs during the pandemic namely: 1) Effective communication and transparency; 2) Prioritizing their health and safety; 3) Employee scheduling considerations: autonomy, assignment support and respite; 4) Appreciation- financial and nonfinancial; 5) Showing up and listening and 6) Stepping up with resources. Our findings can inform leadership responses to future pandemics and other unanticipated crises leading to strengthening of the health care system as a whole.

Diagnosis of dengue fever in a patient with early pregnancy loss.

Dengue is a mosquito-borne virus that causes an influenza-like illness ranging in severity from asymptomatic to fatal. Dengue in pregnancy has been associated with adverse outcomes including miscarriage, preterm birth and fetal and neonatal death. We present the case of a multiparous woman who presented at 9 weeks' gestation with vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramping after a 1 month stay in Mexico. She was initially diagnosed with miscarriage with plan for outpatient follow-up. She was readmitted 3 days later with fever, retro-orbital pain, arthralgia, rash, pancytopenia and transaminitis and managed with intravenous fluids and acetaminophen. Of note, dengue serology was initially negative but retesting 2 days later was positive. It is imperative that clinicians have heightened suspicion for dengue in pregnant women with history of travel to or residence in a dengue-endemic area and consistent clinical evidence.