The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on C-Reactive Protein and Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: An inverse relationship between vitamin D supplementation and C-reactive protein (CRP) and hypertension has been reported, mostly through observational data. This inverse relationship, however, has not been confirmed in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A meta-analysis of RCTs is needed to provide more robust evidence. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review of RCTs was conducted to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on CRP, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus) were systemically searched to identify relevant RCTs published in international scientific journals up to January 2023. Changes from baseline and SDs of CRP, SBP, and DBP were compared between postmenopausal women who received vitamin D supplementation and those who did not (controls). These parameters were applied to compute the overall effect sizes using the random-effects model. Data were summarized as mean difference (MD) with 95% CI. Heterogeneity among arms was scrutinized using the Cochrane's Q test and I2 statistic. Publication bias was judged by means of funnel plots and Egger's test. RESULTS: Seven studies with 6 arms on CRP, 6 arms on SBP, and 6 arms on DBP were included in the meta-analysis. Combined effect sizes suggested a significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on CRP (MD = -0.65 mg/L; 95% CI -0.93 to -0.37 mg/L; P < .001). In addition, CRP concentrations were significantly reduced after vitamin D supplementation in studies with a duration of more than 3 months (MD = -0.91 mg/L; 95% CI -1.37 to -0.45 mg/L; P < .001) and studies involving doses of ≤1,000 IU/d (MD = -2.10 mg/L; 95% CI -2.51 to -1.68 mg/L; P < .001). Vitamin D supplementation did not reduce SBP significantly (MD = -1.06 mm Hg; 95% CI -2.43 to 0.30 mm Hg; P = .127) and DBP (MD = 0.003 mm Hg; 95% CI -0.86 to 0.86 mm Hg; P = .994) levels compared with control groups. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis concluded that vitamin D supplementation is associated with reduced CRP concentrations among postmenopausal women.

Effects of intermittent fasting regimens on glycemic, hepatic, anthropometric, and clinical markers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: Intermittent fasting (IF) regimens have been hypothesized to influence several markers of cardiometabolic and liver function. The objective of our meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of IF regimens on cardiometabolic and liver markers in subjects diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: We searched several online databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase) in order to identify suitable publications for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Results were expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD). RESULTS: From 12343 articles identified in different databases, a total of 7 RCT arms were entered into the quantitative synthesis. The manuscripts were published between 2019 and 2023. IF regimens (the 5:2 diet, 16/8 time-restricting feeding, and alternate day fasting) varied from 2 months to 3 months. IF regimens reduced steatosis scores (WMD: -33.22 CAP dB/m, 95 % CI: -50.72 to -15.72), anthropometric characteristics of obesity (WMD: -0.77 kg/m2, 95 % CI: -1.38 to -0.17 for body mass index; WMD: -3.16 kg, 95 % CI: -4.71 to -1.61 for body weight; WMD: -1.90 kg, 95 % CI: -3.51 to -0.29 for waist circumference), as well as ALT (WMD: -9.10 U/L, 95 % CI: -12.45 to -5.75), triglyceride (WMD: -20.83 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -39.01 to -2.66), total cholesterol (WMD: -7.80 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -15.18), HbA1c (WMD: -0.14 %, 95 % CI: -0.20 to -0.08) and HOMA-IR (WMD: -1.21, 95 % CI: -2.08 to -0.34) levels versus controls. Nevertheless, no between-group differences were detected for other biomarkers, e.g., fasting blood glucose, insulin, AST, HDL-C or LDL-C values, and fibrosis scores. CONCLUSION: IF regimens can improve some markers of cardiometabolic and liver function in patients with NAFLD. However, the available evidence to support the benefits of IF regimens is limited and derived from a small number of studies, thus further research is needed to clarify the impact of IF on the cardiometabolic health of NAFLD patients.

Association between Endometriosis and the Risk of Ovarian, Endometrial, Cervical, and Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study from the U.S. National Inpatient Sample 2016-2019.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the potential relationship between endometriosis and risk of ovarian, endometrial, cervical, and breast cancers using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. METHODS: We utilized the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) system to identify relevant codes from the NIS database (2016-2019). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses (adjusted for age, race, hospital region, hospital teaching status, income Zip score, smoking, alcohol use, and hormonal replacement therapy) were conducted to evaluate the association between endometriosis and gynecologic cancers and summarized as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: In the examined dataset, there were 1164 and 225,323 gynecologic cancer patients with and without endometriosis, respectively. Univariate analysis showed endometriosis was significantly associated with a higher risk of ovarian (OR = 3.42, 95% CI: 3.05-3.84, p < 0.001) and endometrial (OR = 3.35, 95% CI: 2.97-3.79, p < 0.001) cancers. There was no significant association between endometriosis and cervical cancer (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.85-1.28, p = 0.663). Interestingly, endometriosis was significantly associated with a low risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.10-0.17, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.006) showed that endometriosis was significantly associated with a high risk of ovarian (adjusted OR = 3.34, 95% CI: 2.97-3.75, p < 0.001) and endometrial (adjusted OR = 3.61, 95% CI: 3.12-4.08, p < 0.001) cancers. Conversely, there was no significant association between endometriosis and cervical cancer (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65-0.99, p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with endometriosis exhibited unique gynecologic cancer risk profiles, with higher risks for ovarian and endometrial cancers, and no significant risk for cervical cancer. The observed connection between endometriosis and a reduced risk of breast cancer remains a perplexing phenomenon, which cannot be put into context to date.

The effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, oxidative stress, and hormonal parameters in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on various cardiometabolic risk factors and hormonal parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We searched PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases without language restrictions until May 2023 to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the impact of ALA supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, oxidative stress, and hormonal parameters in women with PCOS. Outcomes were summarized using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in a random-effects model. An I2 statistic of >60% established significant between-study heterogeneity. The overall certainty of the evidence for each outcome was determined using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations system. Seven RCTs met the inclusion criteria. The ALA group had significant reductions in fasting blood sugar (fasting blood sugar (FBS), n=7 RCTs, SMD, -0.60; 95% CI, -1.10 to -0.10; I2=63.54%, moderate certainty of evidence) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), n=4 RCTs, SMD, -2.03; 95% CI, -3.85 to -0.20; I2=96.32%, low certainty of evidence) compared with the control group. However, significant differences were observed between the groups in body mass index, insulin, estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, low-density lipoprotein, highdensity lipoprotein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, malondialdehyde, or total antioxidant capacity profiles. ALA supplementation improves FBS and HOMA-IR levels in women with PCOS. ALA consumption is an effective complementary therapy for the management of women with PCOS.

Impact of Ambient Air Pollution Exposure on Long COVID-19 Symptoms: A Cohort Study within the Saudi Arabian Population.

Evidence suggests that air pollution, specifically the particulate matters PM2.5 and PM10, plays a key role in exacerbating the risk of prolonged symptoms following COVID-19 infection. AIM: This study endeavors to elucidate the potential interaction between chronic air pollution exposure and the manifestation of long COVID symptoms within a cohort based in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: Participants included residents from the Makkah region who had recovered from COVID-19 between 2022 and 2023. A comprehensive questionnaire was utilized to gather detailed demographic data and assess the persistent symptoms seen during the post-COVID period. To gauge the environmental exposure to potential risk factors, air sampling for PM10 and PM2.5 was systematically conducted in various locations in Makkah over a year. RESULTS: Significant positive associations were found between PM2.5 and PM10 exposure and long COVID. Furthermore, specific symptom analysis revealed a significant association between air pollution and shortness of breath (for PM2.5). Only PM2.5 exposure remained statistically significant (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.67). In contrast, the association with PM10 remained on the cusp of significance, with an RR of 1.27 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.61). CONCLUSION: This study highlights the importance of reducing air pollution levels to mitigate the long-term health consequences of COVID-19.

Post COVID-19 Symptoms Among Infected Vaccinated Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple studies investigated the endurance and occurrence of symptoms three months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study examines the possible effects of COVID-19 vaccination on the persistence of post-recovery symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia to evaluate 14 prevalent long COVID-19 symptoms among vaccinated individuals. Patients self-reported their acute COVID-19 experience, demographic information, chronic conditions, vaccine history, and persistent symptoms. RESULTS: Of the 484 patients, four respondents were excluded from the study as they had not received the vaccine, and 111 (23.1%) were vaccinated but did not get infected and were also excluded. The remaining 369 (76.9%) reported COVID-19 and a vaccination and thus they were included in the study. The occurrence of post-COVID-19 symptoms was reported in 59 (16.1%) for ≤ 3 months, 202 (54.8%) experienced persistent symptoms 3-6 months, and 108 (29.1%) reported symptoms lasting > 6 months. In relation to age group, persistent symptoms 3-6 months after recovery was more common in those > 50 years and symptoms lasting > 6 months were more common in 30-50 years of age (p < 0.001). Persistence of symptoms for 3-6 months was more common in those who were infected prior to vaccination compared to those who were infected after vaccination (P < 0.001). Of the included patients, 323 (87.5%) rated their health as good, 41 (11.1%) considered it fair, and 5 (1.4%) described their well-being as poor or terrible. CONCLUSION: The study provides information of persistent symptoms in vaccinated individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 and highlights the need for targeted interventions to alleviate post-COVID-19 symptoms. The study is limited by its reliance on self-reported data and potential selection bias. Future research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying persistent symptoms in vaccinated individuals and to identify effective interventions for long COVID.

The Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Improving Blood Pressure: Evidence Obtained From an Umbrella Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The results of meta-analyses regarding the effect of vitamin D on blood pressure are conflicting. The present umbrella meta-analysis was conducted to provide definite and conclusive results. METHODS: Systematically, Scopus, EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar were searched for relevant literature published up to July 2022. All meta-analyses of clinical trials addressing the effect of vitamin D on blood pressure were included. Random effects analysis was performed to obtain the overall effect size based on the standardized mean differences (SMDs) and weighted mean differences (WMDs) separately. The quality of included meta-analyses was assessed by using the Measurement Tool for Assessing Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 questionnaire. FINDINGS: Overall, 21 meta-analyses were enrolled in the umbrella review. The results indicated that systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced after the intervention based on WMD effect size analysis (ESWMD = -0.69 mm Hg; 95% CI, -1.35 to -0.04 [P < 0.038]; I2 = 46.7%, P = 0.021); however, no considerable impact was observed based on analysis of SMD effect sizes (ESSMD = -0.05 mm Hg; 95% CI, -0.24 to 0.14; P = 0.615). Also, vitamin D supplementation indicated a significant improvement in diastolic blood pressure based on WMD effect sizes (ESWMD = -0.66 mm Hg; 95% CI, -1.05 to -0.27 [P < 0.001]; I2 = 56.4%, P = 0.004) but not SMD analysis (ESSMD = -0.04 mm Hg; 95% CI, -0.13 to 0.04 [P = 0.328]; I2 = 53.4%, P = 0.057). IMPLICATIONS: Based on obtained evidence, vitamin D could be considered an efficient adjuvant for improving blood pressure.

Exploring the impact of chronic medical conditions on maternal mental health: A National Inpatient Sample analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and postpartum period are associated with stress and pain. Chronic medical conditions can aggravate depressive and psychotic mental illnesses in the peripartum period. AIM: The study aimed to investigate the association between different chronic medical conditions and mental illnesses during pregnancy and the postpartum period using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). METHODS: Pregnant women or women in the postpartum period were retrieved from the NIS 2016-2019 database using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 and set as our targeted population. Postpartum depression, puerperal psychosis, and mental illnesses related to pregnancy were also retrieved as our outcomes of interest. STATA 15 was used to analyze the data and investigate the relationship between chronic medical conditions and pregnancy-related mental illnesses. RESULTS: 2,854,149 admissions were retrieved from the database with a mean age of 29 ± 6 years old. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed a significant association between chronic medical conditions and postpartum depression, puerperal psychosis, and other mental illnesses. On univariate analysis, heart failure (odds ratio [OR] = 13.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.5-55.88; P < 0.001), alcohol misuse (OR = 5.3; 95% CI = 1.7-16.4; P = 0.004), and migraine (OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.8-5.3; P < 0.001) showed high association with postpartum depression. Epilepsy (OR = 54.37; 95% CI = 7.4-399.34; P < 0.001), systemic lupus erythematosus (OR = 24.66; 95% CI = 3.36-181.1; P = 0.002), and heart diseases (OR = 15.26; 95% CI = 3.6-64.5; P < 0.001) showed the highest association with puerperium psychosis. Alcohol misuse (OR = 8.21; 95% CI = 7.4-9.12; P < 0.001), osteoarthritis (OR = 6.02; 95% CI = 5.41-6.70; P < 0.001), and migraine (OR = 5.71; 95% CI = 5.56-5.86; P < 0.001) showed the highest association with other mental illnesses during pregnancy and the postpartum period. CONCLUSION: Heart diseases, alcohol misuse, migraine, systemic lupus erythematosus, and epilepsy were the most important chronic medical conditions associated with mental diseases during pregnancy and the postpartum period. This investigation recommends integrating management of chronic diseases and mental health care together. Specifically, screening for mental illnesses should be a routine part of care for patients with chronic medical conditions, especially during pregnancy and early postpartum. By identifying and addressing mental health issues early on, healthcare providers can improve the overall health and well-being of these patients, ultimately leading to better maternal and fetal outcomes.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the omega-3 fatty acids effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).

BACKGROUND: Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) have attracted the attention of researchers because of their influence on circulatory levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our objective was to review systematically and Meta-analyze randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effects of omega-3 FAs supplementation on serum BDNF concentration. METHODS: Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched until April 2023. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was utilized to evaluate the quality of the studies. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the overall effect size of BDNF levels, using the Standard Mean Difference (SMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using chi-squared and I2 statistics. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies involving 587 subjects were included. The supplementation of PUFA was found to be associated with a significant increase in serum levels of BNDF in the group receiving the supplements, as compared to the placebo group (SMD: 0.72 pg/mL, 95% CI: 0.28, 1.15; P < 0.001) (I2 = 84.39%, P < 0.001). Sub-group analyses revealed similar findings in trials with fewer than 10 weeks, which utilized both animal (fish oil) and herbal (flaxseed) forms of omega-3 supplements with a high daily dosage of 2000mg. CONCLUSION: The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicate the efficacy of omega-3 FAs in increasing the serum concentration of BDNF. Therefore, omega-3 FAs should be prioritized as agents for increasing BDNF in interventions.

Dexpanthenol improved stem cells against cisplatin-induced kidney injury by inhibition of TNF-α, TGFß-1, ß-catenin, and fibronectin pathways.

Introduction: Cisplatin interacts with DNA and induces an immunological response and reactive oxygen species, which are nephrotoxic mediators. Stem cells self-renew through symmetric divisions and can develop into other cell types due to their multipotency. Dexpanthenol has been proven to protect against renal injury. Aim: This study aims to demonstrate that dexpanthenol could improve the effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Methods: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (N = 12): control, cisplatin, cisplatin & dexpanthenol, cisplatin & ADMSC, and cisplatin & dexpanthenol & ADMSCs. On the 5th day following cisplatin injection, half the rats in each group were sacrificed, and the other half were sacrificed on the 12th day. Histopathological examination, molecular studies (IL-6, Bcl2, TGFß-1, Caspase-3, Fibronectin, and ß-catenin), antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase), and renal function were all investigated. Results: In contrast to cisplatin group, the dexpanthenol and ADMSCs treatments significantly decreased renal function and oxidative stress while significantly enhancing antioxidants. Dexpanthenol improved stem cells by significantly down-regulating caspase-3, IL-6, TGF-ß1, Fibronectin, and ß-catenin and significantly up-regulating Bcl2 and CD34, which reversed the cisplatin effect. Conclusion: Dexpanthenol enhanced ADMSCs' ability to protect against cisplatin-induced AKI by decreasing inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis.

Assessing the Correlation between Blood Trace Element Concentrations, Picky Eating Habits, and Intelligence Quotient in School-Aged Children.

INTRODUCTION: Inadequate levels of iron, zinc, and copper have been linked to growth impairment and cognitive and motor development deficits. The objective of this study is to examine the deficiencies of trace elements and their correlation with selective eating patterns and the intelligence quotient (IQ) of children. METHODS AND PATIENTS: The cross-sectional analysis involved 430 children aged between 7 and 10 years. Blood samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure the trace elements levels. Children's IQs were assessed using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. RESULTS: Among the sample group, 20.3% exhibited iron deficiency, 42.5% had zinc deficiency, and 14% had insufficient copper levels. Single trace element deficiency was observed in 56.9% of the children, while 66.7% showed coexisting deficiencies of iron and zinc. Children with lower development levels exhibited significantly lower serum zinc levels compared to those with higher development levels (76.78 ± 10.67 vs. 81.14 ± 10.19 µg/dL). The analysis reveals that picky eaters had lower serum iron levels (76.59 ± 10.42 µg/dL) and higher serum copper levels (123.74 ± 13.45 µg/dL). CONCLUSION: A strong association was observed between zinc deficiency, picky eating habits, and lower developmental stages. The findings underscore the importance of monitoring nutritional status in children, given the significant implications for their cognitive development.

Evaluation of School-Age Children's Intelligence Quotient and Their Chronic Exposure to Trace Elements in Ambient Air.

Background Children's exposure to different trace elements in their air, water, and food or even present in paints or toys can affect their intelligence quotient (IQ) score. However, this correlation needs to be analyzed and evaluated in different contexts. This study aimed to investigate the associations between airborne concentrations of lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) and intellectual function in school-age children in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodology Our cohort study aimed to explore the link between exposure to various trace elements in the surrounding air and the IQ scores of children residing in the vicinity of Makkah. We included 430 children in the study and collected information about demographic and lifestyle factors using a structured questionnaire. We employed a mini volume sampler (MiniVol, AirMetrics, Springfield, OR, USA) to collect 24-hour PM10 samples from five locations in Makkah, representing various residential areas with small-to-medium industrial activities and traffic load. We analyzed the samples for Pb, Mn, Cd, Cr, and As concentrations using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with Perkin Elmer 7300 (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The combined impact of heavy metals on continuous outcomes was assessed using the Bayesian kernel machine regression model. Results The mean atmospheric concentrations of Pb, Mn, Cd, Cr, and As in summer were 0.093, 0.006, 0.36, 0.15, and 0.017 µg/m3, respectively, while in winter, they were 0.004, 0.003, 0.12, 0.006, and 0.01 µg/m3, respectively. The findings of our study revealed that children's IQ scores were independently associated with co-exposure to the five metals, namely, Pb, Mn, Cd, Cr, and As. Conclusions This study demonstrates a link between combined exposure to five heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Cd, Cr, and As) and children's IQ scores. Regularly evaluating trace elements in children's biological samples is crucial to comprehend their effects on cognitive growth. To explore the possible future health risks of multimetal exposures and their interaction effects, it is imperative to conduct additional studies that involve repeated biological measurements of metal concentrations.

PTEN rs701848 Polymorphism is Associated with Trastuzumab Resistance in HER2-positive Metastatic Breast Cancer and Predicts Progression-free Survival.

BACKGROUND: Trastuzumab is an effective therapeutic approach for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (BC). However, a considerable number of patients develop resistance along the course of the disease. PTEN rs701848 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of developing cancer and have a potential role in predicting drug resistance. OBJECTIVE: We studied the significance of PTEN rs701848 variants as significant predictors for trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive metastatic BC patients. Therefore, considering their value in predicting clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study was conducted among female patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer who underwent Trastuzumab therapy during the period from March 2017 to December 2020. PTEN rs701848 genotypes were analyzed in 160 HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer who received Trastuzumab therapy and clinically monitored for therapeutic response. RESULTS: PTEN rs701848 is deemed a significant predictor of Trastuzumab resistance and an independent prognostic factor of progression-free survival (PPFS). In particular, the C allele is associated with increased risk for Trastuzumab resistance and shorter PFS as compared to the homozygous TT genotype. CONCLUSION: PTEN rs701848 is significant predictor of trastuzumab resistance. Therefore, their value in predicting clinical outcomes is recommended.

The Association of Increased Oxidative Stress and Tumor Biomarkers Related to Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure for Different Occupational Workers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to occupational polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is correlated with several adverse effects on human health, including bladder, lung, and skin cancer. The correlation between PAH exposure and oxidative stress and tumor markers needs to be further explored. Therefore, we conducted this study to examine the effect of acute exposure to PAHs on oxidative stress and tumor marker levels in occupational workers during the Hajj season in Makkah. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 105 workers during Hajj; 60 workers were employed in the open air for ≥eight hours/day, exposed them to high levels of considerable traffic and huge crowds, and 45 workers served as our control group who were unexposed and working in a rural area. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we analyzed participants' urinary 1-hydroxypyrene to determine PAH levels. Oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were analyzed in serum using a spectrophotometer. The serum p53 and p21 proteins were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We used IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) to calculate multivariate logistic regression analysis for oxidative stress and tumor markers such as age, working period, and smoking status risk factors. Additionally, we evaluated associations between oxidative stress and tumor markers. RESULTS: The mean levels of MDA, GST, and LDH were significantly elevated in exposed workers compared to the control group (p<.001). Also, p53 and p21 protein levels were significantly higher in the occupationally exposed group than in the unexposed control group (p<0.05). No significant correlation between age and increased levels of p53 and p21 was found. CONCLUSIONS:  In our study, PAH exposure is significantly correlated with higher levels of oxidative stress and tumor marker levels in occupational workers. The evaluation of oxidative stress and tumor marker indicators can efficiently identify workers at high risk of PAH exposure and may assist in preventing future health concerns. More biomarkers should be included in other longitudinal studies to address exposure related to different health risks among workers, especially cancer risk. More prospective studies are required to validate diagnostic utilities and efficiencies of different biomarker combinations.

Post-COVID-19 syndrome: assessment of short- and long-term post-recovery symptoms in recovered cases in Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies investigated the endurance of symptoms and occurrence of complications three months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aims to examine the prevalence, variation, and severity of continual symptoms in the post-COVID-19 using a single-center questionnaire. METHODS: The questionnaire was distributed among population in Saudi Arabia who recovered from COVID-19 between April 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021. RESULTS: A total of 744 participants completed the questionnaire, 318 (42.8%) recovered less than 3 months, 75 (10.1%) recovered 3-6 months, while 351 (47.2%) recovered more than 6 months. About half of the participants 353 (47.5%) had incessant symptoms and of those patients, more than half had two or more symptoms. Common symptoms included fatigue 189 (25.4%), headache 118 (15.9%), and myalgia 63 (8.5%). Of the participants, 189 (21.4%) experienced continual symptoms including anxiety in 98 (13.2%) and depression in 70 (9.5%). CONCLUSION: The current study showed a high proportion of individuals with long-COVID-19 symptoms. Thus, proper assessment of the individuals in the post-recovery period can guide the patients to the relevant clinics for rehabilitation. Moreover, there is a great importance to decrease COVID-19 infection, populations should be targeted to boost vaccine efficiency.

Correlation of Occupational Exposure to Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (cPAHs) and Blood Levels of p53 and p21 Proteins.

Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs) are considered the most serious cancer risk. This study was conducted to assess the effect of acute exposure to cPAHs on cancer biomarker proteins p53 and p21 in occupational workers during the hajj season in Makkah. One hundred five participants were recruited, including occupational workers and apparently healthy individuals; air samples were collected using personal sample monitors to identify the subjects' exposure to cPAHs. Quantitative analyses of benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenzo(a,h)fluronathene (DBA), indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IND) and chyresene (CRY) were carried out using the GC/Mass technique. Serum p53 and p21 proteins were analyzed using ELISA. The ambient air samples collected by the occupationally exposed group were more highly polluted by cPAHs, (90.25 ± 14.1) ng/m3, than those of the unexposed control groups, (30.12 ± 5.56) ng/m3. The concentration of distributive cPAHs was markedly more elevated in the air samples of the exposed group than in those taken from the non-exposed group. The study results demonstrated significant links between short-term exposure to cPAHs and serum p53 and p21 levels. Serum p53 and p21 proteins potentially influence biomarkers when exposed to ambient air cPAHs.

Correlation of COVID-19 Pandemic with Healthcare System Response and Prevention Measures in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: The Saudi government has taken the decision to prevent the entrance of about 2.5 million international pilgrims seeking to perform hajj in order to protect the world from a catastrophic widespread of disease. Moreover, health systems in Saudi Arabia are offering free testing for residents whether Saudi and non-Saudi. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the spread of COVID-19 associated with preventive measures taken in Saudi Arabia and to develop a detailed COVID-19 prevention strategy as a framework for the Saudi Arabia community. METHODOLOGY: Population size and age distributions among the country of Saudi Arabia were taken from the 2020 World Population Prospects. Contact patterns were measured using the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health Statistical Annual Report. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that performing screening tests as early as possible to facilitate the rapid detection of infected cases, fast treatment, and instant isolation for suspected cases is the most definitive rejoinder for public health. Moreover, our study revealed the significance of performing preventive measures in reducing infection and death rates around Saudi Arabia by 27%, while in other countries, it reduced the death rate ranging from 10-73%. This study provides an achievable strategy for prevention and early detection of COVID-19 spread.

Serum Levels of Selenium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, and Iron in Prostate Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUNDS: Variations of trace element contents may be associated with several diseases including metabolic disorders, cellular growth disturbance, mutation and tumorigenesis. Prostate cancer is the second most common male cancer worldwide and stand fifth most common male cancer in Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, Serum levels of selenium, zinc, copper, manganese, and iron were measured in patients with BPH and prostate cancer aiming to explore the association between these elements and prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 40 newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients, 22 patients with BPH and 30 healthy male subjects. All participant groups had similar socio-economic levels. Fasting blood samples were collected from all subjects and before any intervention for the patients. Serum PSA concentrations were analyzed by ELIZA and trace elements Se, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe were measured by ICP-MS. RESULTS: Serum Se, Zn, and Mn levels of prostate cancer patients were significantly decreased compared to control groups. The levels of serum Cu and Fe were significantly higher in prostate cancer patients than in control groups. CONCLUSION: In the present study, an association was noticed between serum trace elements disturbance and prostate cancer. The decreased levels of Se, Zn, and Mn, and increased Cu and Fe levels may play significant roles in the initiation of prostate cancer. However, future prospective studies on the causes of trace elements alteration in prostate cancer patients are needed as well as to illustrate the relation between different prostate cancer stages and trace elements concentrations.

Trace Element Alterations in the Hair of Diabetic and Obese Women.

Alterations in the trace element content can induce metabolic disorders as these elements are involved in the regulation of metabolism. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, and is more prevalent in Saudi Arabia, especially in women. This study explored the potential of alterations in hair trace elements as long-term markers in diabetic and/or obese Saudi females. In total, 65 diabetic obese women, 47 non-diabetic obese women, and 70 normal-weight women were recruited. Clinical and familial history and anthropometric variables were recorded. Hair Se, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe levels were analyzed. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profile were analyzed. Our findings revealed a marked decrease of hair Zn, Mn, and Fe and elevated Se and Cu levels in obese women. In addition, Zn and Fe levels were decreased in diabetic women. Thus, the metabolic distress occurring in obesity and hyperglycemia may affect trace element status by increasing the excretion and decreasing the bioavailability of trace elements or redistributing them among various pools. Hair trace elements can serve as important long-term markers for metabolic disorders; however, larger prospective studies are warranted to validate their diagnostic and follow-up utilities.