Transcatheter aortic valve implantation versus surgical aortic valve replacement in severe aortic stenosis patients at low surgical mortality risk: a cost-effectiveness analysis in Belgium.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) with the SAPIEN 3 device has recently shown significant clinical benefits, compared to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), in patients at low risk for surgical mortality (PARTNER 3 trial, NCT02675114). Currently in Belgium, TAVI use is restricted to high-risk or inoperable patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (sSAS). This cost-utility analysis aimed to assess whether TAVI with SAPIEN 3 could lead to potential cost-savings compared with SAVR, in the low-risk sSAS population in Belgium. METHODS: A previously published, two-stage, Markov-based cost-utility model was used. Clinical outcomes were captured using data from PARTNER 3 and the model was adapted for the Belgian context using cost data from the perspective of the Belgian National Healthcare System, indexed to 2022. A lifetime horizon was chosen. The model outputs included changes in direct healthcare costs, survival and health-related quality of life using TAVI versus SAVR. RESULTS: TAVI with SAPIEN 3 provides meaningful clinical and cost benefits over SAVR, in terms of an increase in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of 0.94 and cost-saving of €3 013 per patient. While initial procedure costs were higher for TAVI compared with SAVR, costs related to rehabilitation, disabling stroke, treated atrial fibrillation, and rehospitalization were lower. The cost-effectiveness of TAVI over SAVR remained robust in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: TAVI with SAPIEN 3 may offer a meaningful alternative intervention to SAVR in Belgian low-risk patients with sSAS, showing both clinical benefits and cost savings associated with post-procedure patient management.

An interventional sheep model of severe aortic valve stenosis hemodynamics for the evaluation of alterations in coronary physiology and microvascular function.

We aimed to develop a large animal model of subcoronary aortic stenosis (AS) to study intracoronary and microcirculatory hemodynamics. A total of three surgical techniques inducing AS were evaluated in 12 sheep. Suturing the leaflets together around a dilator (n = 2) did not result in severe AS. Suturing of a pericardial patch with a variable opening just below the aortic valve (n = 5) created an AS which was poorly tolerated if the aortic valve area (AVA) was too small (0.38-1.02 cm2), but was feasible with an AVA of 1.2 cm2. However, standardization of aortic regurgitation (AR) with this technique is difficult. Therefore, we opted for implantation of an undersized AV-bioprosthesis with narrowing sutures on the leaflets (n = 5). Overall, five sheep survived the immediate postoperative period of which three had severe AS (one patch and two bioprostheses). The surviving sheep with severe AS developed left ventricular hypertrophy and signs of increased filling-pressures. Intracoronary assessment of physiological indices in these AS sheep pointed toward the development of functional microvascular dysfunction, with a significant increase in coronary resting flow and hyperemic coronary resistance, resulting in a significantly higher index of microvascular resistance (IMR) and lower myocardial resistance reserve (MRR). Microscopic analysis showed myocardial hypertrophy and signs of fibrosis without evidence of capillary rarefaction. In a large animal model of AS, microvascular changes are characterized by increased resting coronary flow and hyperemic coronary resistance resulting in increased IMR and decreased MRR. These physiological changes can influence the interpretation of regularly used coronary indices.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In an animal model of aortic valve stenosis (AS), coronary physiological changes are characterized by increased resting coronary flow and hyperemic coronary resistance. These changes can impact coronary indices frequently used to assess concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD). At this point, the best way to assess and treat CAD in AS remains unclear. Our data suggest that fractional flow reserve may underestimate CAD, and nonhyperemic pressure ratios may overestimate CAD severity before aortic valve replacement.

Non-invasive cumulus cell analysis can be applied for oocyte ranking and is useful for countries with legal restrictions on embryo generation or freezing.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Can a strategy for scoring oocyte quality, based on cumulus cell (CC) gene expression, prioritize oocytes with the highest implantation potential, while limiting the number of embryos to be processed in culture and the number of supernumerary embryos to be vitrified? DESIGN: An interventional, blinded, prospective cohort study was retrospectively analyzed. In the original study, patients underwent a fresh Day3 single embryo transfer with embryos ranked based on morphology and CC gene expression (Aurora Test). The additional ranking of the embryos with the Aurora Test resulted in significant higher clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. Now it is investigated if the Aurora Test ranking could be applied to select oocytes. The effect of an Aurora Test based restriction to 2 and 3 2PN or MII oocytes on clinical pregnancy and other outcomes, was analyzed in two subsets of patients with all 2PN (n = 83) or all MII oocytes (n = 45) ranked. RESULTS: Considering only the top three ranked 2PN oocytes, 95% of the patients would have received a fresh SET on Day3 resulting in 65% clinical pregnancies. This was not different from the pregnancy rate obtained in a strategy using all oocytes but significantly reduced the need for vitrification of supernumerary embryos by 3-fold. Considering only top-ranked MII oocytes gave similar results. CONCLUSIONS: In countries with legal restrictions on freezing of embryos, gene expression of CC can be used for the selective processing of oocytes and would thus decrease the twin pregnancy rate and workload, especially for embryo morphology scoring and transfers as the handling and processing of lower competence oocytes is prevented, while improving the ART outcome.

ShOckwave ballooN or Atherectomy with Rotablation in calcified coronary artery lesions: Design and rationale of the SONAR trial.

BACKGROUND: The percutaneous treatment of calcified coronary lesions remains challenging and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. In addition, coronary artery calcification is associated with more frequent peri-procedural myocardial infarction. STUDY DESIGN AND OBJECTIVES: The ShOckwave ballooN or Atherectomy with Rotablation in calcified coronary artery lesions (SONAR) study is an investigator-initiated, prospective, randomized, international, multicenter, open label trial (NCT05208749) comparing a lesion preparation strategy with either shockwave intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) or rotational atherectomy (RA) before drug-eluting stent implantation in 170 patients with moderate to severe calcified coronary lesions. The primary endpoint is difference in the rate of peri-procedural myocardial infarction. Key secondary endpoints include rate of peri-procedural microvascular dysfunction, peri-procedural myocardial injury, descriptive study of IMR measurements in calcified lesions, technical and procedural success, interaction between OCT calcium score and primary endpoint, 30-day and 1-year major adverse clinical events. CONCLUSIONS: The SONAR trial is the first randomized controlled trial comparing the incidence of peri-procedural myocardial infarction between 2 contemporary calcium modification strategies (Shockwave IVL and RA) in patients with calcified coronary artery lesions. Furthermore, for the first time, the incidence of peri-procedural microvascular dysfunction after Shockwave IVL and RA will be evaluated and compared.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation versus sutureless aortic valve replacement: a single-centre cost analysis.

AIMS: Sutureless aortic valve replacement (SU-AVR) and transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are both viable therapeutic interventions for aortic stenosis in elderly patients. Meta-analyses show similar all-cause mortality for both techniques albeit with a different pattern of adverse effects. This study means to compare costs and, to a lesser extent, clinical outcomes of both techniques. METHODS: A retrospective single-centre analysis was performed for patients receiving SU-AVR or TAVI from 2008 to 2019. Perioperative clinical data were collected from patient files. Costs were assessed by a cost allocation tool. In an attempt to avoid confounding, propensity score matching was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 368 patients underwent either TAVI (n = 100) or SU-AVR (n = 268). After matching, there were 61 patients per treatment group. Length of stay was significantly longer in the SU-AVR group. Excluding device costs, total expenses for SU-AVR (median: €11,630) were significantly higher than TAVI (median: €9240). For both groups, these costs were mostly incurred on intensive care units, followed by nursing units. Non-medical staff was the largest contributor to expenses. Including device costs, SU-AVR (median: €14,683) was shown to be cost-saving compared to TAVI (median: €24,057). CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, we found SU-AVR to be cost-saving compared to TAVI, largely due to higher device costs associated with the latter. Excluding device costs, TAVI was associated with lower expenses and shorter length of stay. Non-medical staff was the largest source of costs, suggesting length of stay to be a major financial determinant.

Heparin dosing in patients with Impella-supported cardiogenic shock.

BACKGROUND: Impella™ is increasingly used in cardiogenic shock. However, thromboembolic and bleeding events are frequent during percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (pMCS). OBJECTIVE: Therefore, we aimed to explore the optimal anticoagulation regime for pMCS to prevent thromboembolism and bleedings. METHODS: This hypothesis-generating multi-center cohort study investigated 170 patients with left-Impella™ support. We (A) compared bleeding/thrombotic events in two centers with therapeutic range (TR-aPTT) activated partial thromboplastin time (60-80s) and (B) compared events of these centers with one center with intermediate range aPTT (40-60s). RESULTS: After matching, there were no differences in patients' characteristics. In centers aiming at TR-aPTT, major bleeding was numerically lower with aPTT <60s within 48 h of left-Impella™ support, versus patients that achieved the aimed aPTT of ≥60s [aPTT ≥60s: 22 (37.3%) vs. aPTT<60s 14 (23.7%); Hazard ratio [HR], 0.62 (95%) CI, 0.28-1.38; p = 0.234]. Major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular adverse events (MACCE) did not differ between groups. In comparison of centers, TR-aPTT strategy showed higher major bleeding rates [TR: 8 (47.1%) vs. intermediate range: 1 (5.9%); HR, 0.06 (95%) CI, 0.01-0.45; p = 0.006]. MACCE were lower in the intermediate range aPTT group as well [TR 12 (70.6%) vs. intermediate range 5 (29.4%) HR, 0.32 (95%) CI, 0.11-0.92; p = 0.034]. CONCLUSION: This pilot analysis showed that lowering UFH-targets in left-Impella™ supported CS patients seems to be a safe and promising strategy for reducing major bleedings without increasing MACCE. This needs to be validated in larger, randomized clinical trials.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Culprit Plaque Characteristics in Women With Acute Coronary Syndromes.

Outcomes after myocardial infarction in women remain poor. The number of cardiovascular risk factors in women increase with age, however the relation between risk factors and culprit plaque characteristics in this population is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between risk factors and culprit plaque characteristics in women with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A total of 382 women who presented with ACS and underwent pre-intervention optical coherence tomography imaging of the culprit lesion were included in this analysis. The culprit plaques were categorized as plaque rupture, plaque erosion or calcified plaque, and then stratified by age and risk factors. The predominant pathology of ACS was plaque erosion in young patients (<60 years), which decreased with age (p <0.001). Current smokers had a high prevalence of plaque rupture (60%) and lipid plaque (79%). Women with diabetes tended to have more lipid plaque (70%) even at a young age. In women with hyperlipidemia, the prevalence of lipid plaques was modest in younger ages, but rose gradually with age (p <0.001). An increasing age trend for lipid plaque was also observed in women with hypertension (p = 0.03) and current smokers (p = 0.01). In conclusion, early treatment of risk factors such as diabetes in young women might be important before accelerated progression of atherosclerosis begins as age advances. Clinical trial registration: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01110538, NCT03479723 and NCT02041650.

Less bleeding by omitting aspirin in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients: Rationale and design of the LEGACY study.

BACKGROUND: Early aspirin withdrawal, also known as P2Y12-inhibitor monotherapy, following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) can reduce bleeding without a trade-off in efficacy. Still the average daily bleeding risk is highest during the first months and it remains unclear if aspirin can be omitted immediately following PCI. METHODS: The LEGACY study is an open-label, multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of immediate P2Y12-inhibitor monotherapy versus dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for 12 months in 3,090 patients. Patients are randomized immediately following successful PCI for NSTE-ACS to 75-100 mg aspirin once daily versus no aspirin. The primary hypothesis is that immediately omitting aspirin is superior to DAPT with respect to major or minor bleeding defined as Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding, while maintaining noninferiority for the composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke compared to DAPT. CONCLUSIONS: The LEGACY study is the first randomized study that is specifically designed to evaluate the impact of immediately omitting aspirin, and thus treating patients with P2Y12-inhibitor monotherapy, as compared to DAPT for 12 months on bleeding and ischemic events within 12 months following PCI for NSTE-ACS.

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or standard care in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: the multicentre, randomised EURO SHOCK trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiogenic shock (CGS) occurs in 10% of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (MI), with in-hospital mortality rates of 40-50% despite revascularisation. AIMS: The EURO SHOCK trial aimed to determine if early use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) could improve outcomes in patients with persistent CGS following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). METHODS: This multicentre, pan-European trial randomised patients with persistent CGS 30 minutes after PPCI of the culprit lesion to receive either VA-ECMO or continue with standard therapy. The primary outcome measure was 30-day all-cause mortality in an intention-to-treat analysis. Secondary endpoints included 12-month all-cause mortality and 12-month composite of all-cause mortality or rehospitalisation due to heart failure. RESULTS: Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the trial was stopped before completion of recruitment, after randomisation of 35 patients (standard therapy n=18, VA-ECMO n=17). Thirty-day all-cause mortality occurred in 43.8% of patients randomised to VA-ECMO and in 61.1% of patients randomised to standard therapy (hazard ratio [HR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21-1.45; p=0.22). One-year all-cause mortality was 51.8% in the VA-ECMO group and 81.5% in the standard therapy arm (HR 0.52, 95% CI: 0.21-1.26; p=0.14). Vascular and bleeding complications occurred more often in the VA-ECMO arm (21.4% vs 0% and 35.7% vs 5.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the limited number of patients recruited to the trial, no definite conclusions could be drawn from the available data. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of randomising patients with CGS complicating acute MI but also illustrates the challenges. We hope these data will inspire and inform the design of future large-scale trials.

Bioinformatic Analysis of Human Cumulus Cells to Unravel Cellular's Processes that Could Be Used to Establish Oocyte Quality Biomarkers with Clinical Application.

Metadata analysis of public microarray datasets using bioinformatics tools has been successfully used in several biomedical fields in the search for biomarkers. In reproductive science, there is an urgent need for the establishment of oocyte quality biomarkers that could be used in the clinical environment to increase the chances of successful outcomes in treatment cycles. Adaptive cellular processes observed in cumulus oophorus cells reflect the conditions of the follicular microenvironment and may thus bring relevant information of oocyte's conditions. Here we analyzed human cumulus cells gene expression datasets in search of predictors of oocyte quality, a strategy which uncovered several cellular processes positively and negatively associated with embryo development and pregnancy potential. Secondly, the expression levels of genes that were present in the majority of processes observed were validated in house with clinical samples. Our data confirmed the association of the selected biomarkers with blastocyst formation and pregnancy potential rates, independently of patients' clinical characteristics such as diagnosis, age, BMI, and stimulation protocol applied. This study shows that bioinformatic analysis of cellular processes can be successfully used to elucidate possible oocyte quality biomarkers. Our data reinforces the need to consider clinical characteristics of patients when selecting relevant biomarkers to be used in the clinical environment and suggests a combination of positive (PTGS2) and negative (CYPB1) quality biomarkers as a robust strategy for a complementary oocyte selection tool, potentially increasing assisted reproduction success rates. Also, GPX4 expression as pregnancy potential biomarker is indicated here as a possibility for further investigations.

Postoperative delirium and quality of life after transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement: A prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: In older patients, postoperative delirium is a frequently occurring complication after surgical aortic valve replacement, leading to an excess in postoperative morbidity and mortality. It remains controversial whether transcatheter aortic valve implantation and minimally invasive surgical aortic valve replacement can reduce the risk of postoperative delirium. This study aimed to compare the incidence of postoperative delirium after transcatheter aortic valve implantation and surgical aortic valve replacement and the impact on long-term outcomes. METHODS: Between September 2018 and January 2020, we conducted an observational, prospective cohort study in patients aged 70 years or more undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation or surgical aortic valve replacement. The primary end point was the incidence of in-hospital postoperative delirium during 5 postoperative days assessed with the Confusion Assessment Method. Secondary end points included perioperative inflammation, postoperative complications, health status (EuroQol 5-dimensional questionnaire 5 levels), and mortality up to 6 months. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation and surgical aortic valve replacement were compared using propensity weighting to account for important baseline differences (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II, age, and frailty). RESULTS: We included 250 patients with a mean (standard deviation) age of 80 (±5.8) years and a European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation score of 5 (±4.7). In the propensity-weighted analysis, those undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement (N = 166) had a higher incidence of postoperative delirium compared with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (N = 84) (51% vs 15%: P < .0001). Furthermore, patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement experienced more inflammation, a greater depth of anesthesia, and more intraoperative hypotension. After surgical aortic valve replacement, 41% of patients experienced an improved health status compared with 12% after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (P < .0001). No outcome differences were noted within the surgical aortic valve replacement groups. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is associated with a lower risk for postoperative delirium. Nevertheless, patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement experience the greatest improvement in quality of life. Heart teams should consider these outcomes in shared decision-making in the choice of transcatheter aortic valve implantation or surgical aortic valve replacement.

Optical coherence tomography and coronary revascularization: from indication to procedural optimization.

Angiography alone is the most commonly used imaging modality for guidance of percutaneous coronary interventions. Angiography is limited, however, by several factors, including that it only portrays a low resolution, two-dimensional outline of the lumen and does not inform on plaque composition and functional stenosis severity. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an intracoronary imaging technique that has superior spatial resolution compared to all other imaging modalities. High-resolution imaging of the vascular wall enables precise measurement of vessel wall and luminal dimensions, more accurately informing about the anatomic severity of epicardial stenoses, and also provides input for computational models to assess functional severity. The very high-resolution images also permit plaque characterization that may be informative for prognostication. Moreover, periprocedural imaging provides valuable information to guide lesion preparation, stent implantation and to evaluate acute stent complications for which iterative treatment might reduce the occurrence of major adverse stent events. As such, OCT represent a potential future all-in-one tool that provides the data necessary to establish the indications, procedural planning and optimization, and final evaluation of percutaneous coronary revascularization.

Left Main Coronary Artery Compression in Pulmonary Hypertension: Value of Multimodality Imaging in Diagnosis and Treatment.

Left main coronary artery (LMCA) extrinsic compression should be suspected in patients with pulmonary hypertension and angina. Coronary angiography and intracoronary imaging are complementary techniques to confirm the diagnosis and guide therapy. In the largest prospective single-center series, the prevalence of a significant LMCA stenosis >50% due to dilated pulmonary artery-induced extrinsic compression was 6% in the pulmonary arterial hypertension population, and increased to 40% in patients with angina-like symptoms.

The Effect of Coronary Lesion Complexity and Preprocedural Revascularization on 5-Year Outcomes After TAVR.

BACKGROUND: Aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) frequently coincide. However, the management of coexisting CAD in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether the presence of CAD, its complexity, and angiography-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are associated with outcomes after TAVR. METHODS: All patients undergoing TAVR at a tertiary referral center between 2008 and 2020 were included in a prospective observational study. Baseline SYNTAX (Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) score (SS) and, whenever applicable, a residual SS after PCI were calculated. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the effect of CAD, stratified according to complexity, and PCI on 5-year outcomes. RESULTS: In 604 patients, the presence of CAD and its complexity were significantly associated with worse 5-year survival (SS 0: 67.9% vs SS 1-22: 56.1% vs SS >22: 53.0%; log-rank P = 0.027) and increased cardiovascular mortality (SS 0: 15.1% vs SS 1-22: 24.0% vs SS >22: 27.8%; log-rank P = 0.024) after TAVR. Having noncomplex CAD (SS 1-22) was an independent predictor for increased all-cause mortality (HR: 1.43; P = 0.046), while complex CAD (SS >22) increased cardiovascular mortality significantly (HR: 1.84; P = 0.041). Angiography-guided PCI or completeness of revascularization was not associated with different outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of CAD and its anatomical complexity in patients undergoing TAVR are associated with significantly worse 5-year outcomes. However, angiography-guided PCI did not improve outcomes, highlighting the need for further research into physiology-guided PCI.

Hemolysis during short-term mechanical circulatory support: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Despite advances in heart failure therapies and percutaneous coronary interventions, survival for cardiogenic shock remains poor. Percutaneous ventricular assist devices (pVAD) are increasingly used, but current evidence remains conflicting. The Impella is an example of such a device, based on a catheter mounted micro-axial continuous flow pump, that has been rapidly adopted in routine practice. An important aspect of postimplantation care is the prevention of complications. Hemolysis is one of the most frequent complications seen with this device. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of hemolysis in patients supported with a pVAD. A practical algorithm for rapid identification of hemolysis and the underlying cause is presented, allowing for early treatment and prevention of further complications. EXPERT OPINION: Hemolysis remains a threat to patients supported with any mechanical circulatory support device. Prevention as well as treatment demands for sufficient knowledge about the device, the optimal position, and hemodynamics. Future studies should try to clarify some of the elements that are still unclear, such as optimal anticoagulation, the location of pentoxifylline, or extracorporeal removal of free hemoglobin. This could help to optimize outcomes in clinical practice as well as future studies.

Sex Differences in Culprit Plaque Characteristics Among Different Age Groups in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Despite the significant decline in cardiovascular mortality in women over the past several decades, sex differences in the underlying pathology of acute coronary syndromes remain poorly understood. Previous postmortem studies have demonstrated sex differences in coronary plaque morphology with a higher prevalence of plaque erosion in young women and more plaque rupture in older women after menopause, whereas men showed no increase in prevalence of plaque rupture with age. However, in vivo data are limited. METHODS: This study included patients who presented with acute coronary syndrome and underwent preintervention optical coherence tomography imaging of the culprit lesion. The culprit plaque was categorized as plaque rupture, plaque erosion or culprit plaque with calcification, and stratified by age. Features of plaque vulnerability at culprit lesion were also analyzed. RESULTS: In 1368 patients (women=286), women and men had a similar distribution of culprit plaque morphology (plaque rupture versus plaque erosion). However, significant sex differences were found in the underlying mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome among different age groups: women showed a significant ascending trend with age in plaque rupture (P<0.001) and the features of plaque vulnerability such as lipid plaque (P<0.001), thin-cap fibroatheroma (P=0.005), and microstructures including macrophages, cholesterol crystals, and calcification (P=0.026). No trend was observed in men. CONCLUSIONS: Age related sex differences in culprit plaque morphology and vulnerability were identified in patients with acute coronary syndrome: prevalence of plaque rupture and vulnerability increased with age in women but not in men. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT01110538 and NCT03479723.

Optical coherence tomography in coronary atherosclerosis assessment and intervention.

Since optical coherence tomography (OCT) was first performed in humans two decades ago, this imaging modality has been widely adopted in research on coronary atherosclerosis and adopted clinically for the optimization of percutaneous coronary intervention. In the past 10 years, substantial advances have been made in the understanding of in vivo vascular biology using OCT. Identification by OCT of culprit plaque pathology could potentially lead to a major shift in the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Detection by OCT of healed coronary plaque has been important in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in plaque destabilization and healing with the rapid progression of atherosclerosis. Accurate detection by OCT of sequelae from percutaneous coronary interventions that might be missed by angiography could improve clinical outcomes. In addition, OCT has become an essential diagnostic modality for myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Insight into neoatherosclerosis from OCT could improve our understanding of the mechanisms of very late stent thrombosis. The appropriate use of OCT depends on accurate interpretation and understanding of the clinical significance of OCT findings. In this Review, we summarize the state of the art in cardiac OCT and facilitate the uniform use of this modality in coronary atherosclerosis. Contributions have been made by clinicians and investigators worldwide with extensive experience in OCT, with the aim that this document will serve as a standard reference for future research and clinical application.

Dual versus triple antithrombotic therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention: the prospective multicentre WOEST 2 Study.

BACKGROUND: For patients on oral anticoagulants (OAC) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), European guidelines have recently changed their recommendations to dual antithrombotic therapy (DAT; P2Y12 inhibitor and OAC) without aspirin. AIMS: The prospective WOEST 2 registry was designed to obtain contemporary real-world data on antithrombotic regimens and related outcomes after PCI in patients with an indication for OAC. METHODS: In this analysis, we compare DAT (P2Y12 inhibitor and OAC) to triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT; aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitor, and OAC) on thrombotic and bleeding outcomes after one year. Clinically relevant bleeding was defined as Bleeding Academic Research Consortium classification (BARC) grade 2, 3, or 5; major bleeding as BARC grade 3 or 5. Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) was defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, ischaemic stroke, and transient ischaemic attack. RESULTS: A total of 1,075 patients were included between 2014 and 2021. Patients used OAC for atrial fibrillation (93.6%) or mechanical heart valve prosthesis (4.7%). Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOAC) were prescribed in 53.1% and vitamin K antagonists in 46.9% of patients. At discharge, 60.9% received DAT, and 39.1% TAT. DAT was associated with less clinically relevant and similar major bleeding (16.8% vs 23.4%; p<0.01 and 7.6% vs 7.7%, not significant), compared to TAT. The difference in MACCE between the two groups was not statistically significant (12.4% vs 9.7%; p=0.17). Multivariable adjustment and propensity score matching confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS: Dual antithrombotic therapy is associated with a substantially lower risk of clinically relevant bleeding without a statistically significant penalty in ischaemic events.