Brote de 22 casos de sarampión autóctono en la zona norte de Madrid / Outbreak of measles in the population of Spanish origin in North Madrid

Tras estar prácticamente erradicado en Europa, en los últimos 3 años han aparecido miles de casos de sarampión autóctono. Se describen los casos ocurridos en la zona norte de Madrid (enero-junio de 2011).Se informa de 22 casos, 18 de ellos agrupados en 2 brotes (2 escuelas infantiles). La tasa de ataque del principal fue del 29%.Todos fueron en pacientes no vacunados (mediana=14 meses). El genotipo predominante fue el D4 (95%). Hubo un 45% de complicaciones y un 45% de ingresos. El Servicio de Salud Pública recomendó aislar a los casos y vacunó anticipadamente a los contactos susceptibles. En los centros sanitarios se estableció un circuito específico para atender a los casos sospechosos. Se ha adelantado la vacunación triple vírica de los 15 a los 12 meses en la Comunidad de Madrid. El sarampión es una enfermedad re-emergente en Europa. El manejo coordinado entre Salud Pública y los centros asistenciales es fundamental para limitar los brotes(AU)

After being virtually eradicated in Europe, thousands of cases of measles in the population of Spanish origin have appeared in the last 3 years. We describe the cases diagnosed in the north of Madrid between January and June 2011. A total of 22 cases are reported, 18 of them grouped in 2 outbreaks (2 nurseries). The primary attack rate was 29% in the main outbreak. All cases were in unvaccinated patients (median = 14 months). Genotype D4 was predominant (95%). There was a 45% complication rate and 45% were admitted to hospitals. The Public Health Service recommended isolating cases and vaccinating susceptible contacts in advance. Health Centres established a specific protocol to respond to suspected cases. The Measles vaccination has been brought forward from 15 to 12 months in Madrid. Measles is a re-emerging disease in Europe. The coordinated management between public health and health facilities is essential to limiting outbreaks(AU)

[Outbreak of measles in the population of Spanish origin in North Madrid]. / Brote de 22 casos de sarampión autóctono en la zona norte de Madrid.

After being virtually eradicated in Europe, thousands of cases of measles in the population of Spanish origin have appeared in the last 3 years. We describe the cases diagnosed in the north of Madrid between January and June 2011. A total of 22 cases are reported, 18 of them grouped in 2 outbreaks (2 nurseries). The primary attack rate was 29% in the main outbreak. All cases were in unvaccinated patients (median = 14 months). Genotype D4 was predominant (95%). There was a 45% complication rate and 45% were admitted to hospitals. The Public Health Service recommended isolating cases and vaccinating susceptible contacts in advance. Health Centres established a specific protocol to respond to suspected cases. The Measles vaccination has been brought forward from 15 to 12 months in Madrid. Measles is a re-emerging disease in Europe. The coordinated management between public health and health facilities is essential to limiting outbreaks.

[Is the incidence of parapneumonic pleural effusion increasing?]. / Está aumentando la incidencia de derrames pleurales paraneumónicos?

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the microorganism most frequently associated with complicated pleural effusion. After the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine, there was a decline in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease and, to a lesser extent, in that of pneumonia. However, the incidence of empyema apparently increased. The antipneumococcal heptavalent vaccine was introduced in Spain in 2001. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the incidence of pleural effusion secondary to pneumonia has increased in hospitalized patients and to examine the possible influence of the antipneumococcal heptavalent vaccine on the incidence rate of parapneumonic effusions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients aged less than 16 years old admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia between 1999 and 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. We calculated the annual incidence rate of pleural effusion with respect to the total number of patients admitted with pneumonia and with respect to patients considered to have probable bacterial pneumonia, based on previously established criteria. RESULTS: A total of 337 patients were analyzed, of which 213 (63.2%) met the criteria for a diagnosis of probable bacterial pneumonia. Pleural effusion was found in 34 patients (15.9%), and 13 of these effusions (38%) were complicated. No clear trend was detected in the annual incidence of probable bacterial pneumonia per 100 admitted patients, although the highest numbers were detected in the last two years of the study period. The percentage of complications (effusions) remained constant (mean: 16.28%). No differences were found in the effusion rate between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients (12.5% vs 18.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The trend in the incidence of parapneumonic pleural effusions was parallel and proportional to that of probable bacterial pneumonia.

¿Está aumentando la incidencia de derrames pleurales paraneumónicos? / Is the incidence of parapneumonic pleural effusion increasing?

Introducción: Streptococcus pneumoniae es el agente etiológico aislado con más frecuencia en los derrames paraneumónicos complicados. Desde la introducción de la vacuna antineumocócica heptavalente (VCN-7), ha disminuido la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva y, en menor grado, la incidencia de neumonías, pero con un aparente aumento del empiema. En España la vacuna fue comercializada en 2001. Objetivos: Determinar si existe un aumento de la incidencia de derrames pleurales en los pacientes ingresados por neumonía y la posible influencia de la vacunación con VCN-7 sobre la incidencia de dichos derrames. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes menores de 16 años ingresados en nuestro hospital por neumonía entre 1999 y 2005. Se calculó la incidencia anual de derrames pleurales respecto al número total de neumonías ingresadas y respecto a las consideradas como de probable origen bacteriano (NPOB) según criterios establecidos. Resultados: Se analizaron 337 pacientes. De éstos, 213 cumplían criterios de NPOB (63,2 %). Un total de 34 pacientes presentaron derrame pleural (15,9 %), 13 de los cuales (38 %) fueron complicados. No se pudo objetivar en el período estudiado una tendencia clara en la incidencia anual de NPOB por 100 pacientes ingresados, aunque en los dos últimos años se detectaron las cifras más altas. La proporción de complicaciones (derrames) se mantuvo constante (media 16,28 %). No existieron diferencias en la aparición de derrames entre los pacientes vacunados con VCN-7 y los no vacunados (12,5 % frente a 18,6 %). Conclusiones: Se objetiva una evolución de la incidencia de derrames pleurales paraneumónicos paralela y proporcional a la de las neumonías bacterianas (AU)

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the microorganism most frequently associated with complicated pleural effusion. After the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine, there was a decline in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease and, to a lesser extent, in that of pneumonia. However, the incidence of empyema apparently increased. The antipneumococcal heptavalent vaccine was introduced in Spain in 2001. Objectives: To determine whether the incidence of pleural effusion secondary to pneumonia has increased in hospitalized patients and to examine the possible influence of the antipneumococcal heptavalent vaccine on the incidence rate of parapneumonic effusions. Patients and methods: Patients aged less than 16 years old admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia between 1999 and 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. We calculated the annual incidence rate of pleural effusion with respect to the total number of patients admitted with pneumonia and with respect to patients considered to have probable bacterial pneumonia, based on previously established criteria. Results: A total of 337 patients were analyzed, of which 213 (63.2 %) met the criteria for a diagnosis of probable bacterial pneumonia. Pleural effusion was found in 34 patients (15.9 %), and 13 of these effusions (38 %) were complicated. No clear trend was detected in the annual incidence of probable bacterial pneumonia per 100 admitted patients, although the highest numbers were detected in the last two years of the study period. The percentage of complications (effusions) remained constant (mean: 16.28 %). No differences were found in the effusion rate between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients (12.5 % vs 18.6 %). Conclusions: The trend in the incidence of parapneumonic pleural effusions was parallel and proportional to that of probable bacterial pneumonia (AU)

Síndrome de esplenomegalia tropical en el diagnóstico diferencial de esplenomegalia masiva / Tropical splenomegaly syndrome in the differential diagnosis of massive splenomegaly

Presentamos el caso de un niño de 11 años de edad, de origen guineano, enviado a nuestro hospital por presentar esplenomegalia masiva, anemia, eosinofilia y fiebre intermitente. El estudio etiológico inicial no fue concluyente. Finalmente, se estableció el diagnóstico de síndrome de esplenomegalia por hiperreactividad a la malaria, o síndrome de esplenomegalia tropical, para lo cual fueron esenciales la exclusión de otras causas y la respuesta al tratamiento antipalúdico; la biopsia hepática fue característica del cuadro

We report the case of an 11-year-old boy from Equatorial Guinea, referred to our hospital with massive splenomegaly, anemia, eosinophilia and intermittent fever. The preliminary etiological study was not conclusive. Finally, a diagnosis of splenomegaly syndrome due to hyperreactivity to malaria or “tropical splenomegaly syndrome” was established. The exclusion of other causes and the response to antimalarial treatment provided the key to the diagnosis, and liver biopsy revealed the pattern typically associated with this condition