Concept design of the physical structure for ICU ventilators for COVID-19 pandemic.

A new disease known as COVID-19 caused by the SARS CoV2 virus has engulfed the entire world and led to a global pandemic situation. Till December 9, 2020, the disease has infected 68 million people worldwide and more than 1.56 million people have been killed. The origin of the COVID-19 disease has been traced back to the bats, but the intermediary contact is unknown. The disease spreads by respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces. In most cases, the virus shows mild symptoms such as fever, fatigue, dyspnea, cough, etc. which may become severe if appropriate precautions are not adhered to. For people with comorbidities (usually elderly) the disease may turn deadly and cause pneumonia, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), and multi-organ failure, thereby affecting a person's ability to perform normal breathing which may put them on ventilator support. The virus causes Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) that can lead to multi-organ failure in the most severe form. A patient suffering from ARDS must be put on a mechanical ventilator. These assistive devices help patients with respiratory disorders perform normal breathing. Presently nearly sixty thousand COVID-19 patients are in critical condition worldwide, fighting for survival requiring ventilator support. In India, the number stands close to eight thousand such individuals especially when the second wave of COVID-19 is expected to spread globally with initial signs arising from European and Middle East countries. With a large number of patients requiring ventilators, it puts a huge strain on the already weak health infrastructure of the developing countries. This is where some manufacturing and automobile companies have stepped in to help hospitals by developing ventilators at a faster rate and lower costs without comprising on the quality with the support of different government initiatives. This paper aims to study the basic requirements to be considered while designing the physical structure of an elementary level ICU ventilator for the hospital environment. The challenges related to research in electronic wiring of a mechanical ventilator, the overall structural design, and surrounding base could be appropriately done for different loads by simulating the conditions on tools like ANSYS software with accurate dimensions which could improve their future designs.

Study and overview of the novel corona virus disease (COVID-19).

In December 2019, a new disease with pneumonia-like symptoms was spreading throughout Wuhan in China which was entitled as novel coronavirus disease or COVID -19 caused by the virus SARS CoV-2. Within a span of a few days, this disease became a global threat and was termed as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, since then the disease has affected more than 1.5 crore people worldwide and around 6.9 lakh people in India as of July 5, 2020. The origin of the COVID-19 disease has been traced back to the bats, but the intermediary contact is unknown. The disease spreads by respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces. In most cases, the virus shows mild symptoms like fever, fatigue, dyspnea, cough, etc. which may become severe if appropriate precautions are not adhered to. For people with comorbidities (usually elderly) the disease may turn deadly and cause pneumonia, Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS), and multi-organ failure, thereby affecting a person's ability to breathe leading to being put on the ventilator support. The reproduction number (Rℴ) of COVID-19 is much higher than its predecessors and genetically similar diseases like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This paper discusses the epidemiological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its phylogenetic relationship with the previous pandemic causing viruses such as SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV and analyzes the various responses to this global pandemic worldwide, focusing on the actions taken by India and their outcomes.