A review on pathophysiological aspects of Sleep Deprivation.

Sleep deprivation (SD) (also referred as insomnia) is a condition in which peoples fails to get enough sleep due to excessive yawning, facing difficulty to learn new concepts, forgetfulness as well as depressed mood. This could be occurs due to several possible reasons including medications, stress (caused by shift work). Despite the fact that sleep is important for the normal physiology, it currently affects millions of people around the world US (70 million) and Europe (45 million). Due to increase work demand nowadays lots of peoples experiencing sleep deprivation hence, this could be the reason for several car accident followed by death and morbidity. This review highlighted the impact of SD on neurotransmitter release and functions, theories (Flip-flop theory, oxidative stress theory, neuroinflammation theory, neurotransmitter theory, and hormonal theory) associated with SD pathogenesis apart from this it also demonstrate the molecular pathways underlying SD (PI3K and Akt , NF-κB, Nrf2, and adenosine pathway. However, this study also elaborates the SD induced changes in the level of neurotransmitters, hormonal, and mitochondrial functions. Along with this, it also covers several molecular aspects associated with SD as well. Through this study a link is made between SD and associated causes, which will further help to develop potential therapeutic strategy against SD.

Importance of Zebrafish as an Efficient Research Model for the Screening of Novel Therapeutics in Neurological Disorders.

Over the previous years, the use of an animal model has become very common for the screening of novel drugs. Animal model represents the complex problems of humans into the simplest forms, so these can be extended further to be included in the experimental procedure. The most successful models in neuroscience, rats and mice, are undoubtedly considered as one of the best models to understand the psychology of the mammalian brain and its associated functions involved in behavioral repertoire. Moreover, recently researchers in behavioral neuroscience are focusing more on the use of aquatic animals, especially fish, as model species due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a tropical fish from the minnow family, a genetic structure surprisingly 84% similar to humans. It is gaining popularity as a model to study the mechanism in behavioral neuropharmacology. Moreover, zebrafish has numerous advantages over other rodent models like the ease in maintenance due to their small size, more breeding power, transparency of embryos, overall reduced cost of experimentation, and many more. Nowadays, it is considered an ideal model to study the neurobehavioral aspects with relevance to humans. It is also used in a variety of scientific studies like genetics, neuroscience, pharmacology, and toxicology. In this manuscript, we have described the feasibility and importance of zebrafish as a model for the screening of novel drugs for different neurological disorders.

A Comprehensive Review on Nanotechnology-Based Innovations in Topical Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Skin Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Skin is the largest organ of the body and helps to regulate several physiological functions. It acts as a barrier that protects the body against UV-radiation, toxic substances, infections, etc. The abnormal growth of the skin cells is called skin cancer. Different types of skin cancer can be classified as Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC); which mainly occur due to chronic exposure to UV- sunlight and pollution. METHODS: The conventional topical treatments of skin cancer such as cream, gel, ointment, etc., are more occlusive and thus they do not penetrate deep into the skin (dermal layer) and remain at the upper part of the skin (epidermal layer). The stratum corneum acts as a physiological barrier for the drug-loaded in the conventional formulation. The novel carrier systems have the potential to facilitate the penetration of the drug deep into the skin (dermal layer) because these have less size and higher flexibility than conventional treatment. CONCLUSION: In the present review, we have discussed various novel carrier systems being investigated for the topical application of chemotherapeutic agents for efficient skin targeting and better dermatological as well as therapeutic benefits with minimal systemic exposure and toxicity.