Flea-borne Rickettsia species in fleas, Caldas department, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Rickettsioses are zoonotic diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Rickettsia and transmitted to man by means of arthropod vectors such as ticks, fleas, mites and lice. Historically, Caldas Department has reported a significant number of cases of murine typhus to the Colombian national health surveillance system, and consequent studies of flea-borne rickettsiosis identified the circulation of Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis in multiple municipalities. Our aim was to genotype species of Rickettsia detected in fleas collected from domestic and wild mammals in Caldas. METHODOLOGY: Flea samples were taken by convenience sampling from dogs, cats and wild mammals (rodents and marsupials) in 26 municipalities. Specimens were classified by current taxonomic keys and pooled for DNA extraction and molecular screening for Rickettsia spp. by PCR amplification of gltA, htrA and sca5 genes. Positive samples were genotyped by enzyme digestion (htrA) and sequencing. RESULTS: A total of 1388 flea samples were collected. Rickettsia DNA was amplified in 818 (gltA), 883 (htrA) and 424 (sca5) flea pools. Alignment analysis with available Rickettsia DNA sequences showed greater similarity with R. asembonensis (gltA) and with R. felis (sca5 and htrA). Restriction pattern was compatible with R. felis. R. typhi was not identified. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms the presence and high prevalence of R. asembonensis and R. felis in fleas from domestic and wild animals in different municipalities from Caldas Department.

Serum cortisol levels and neuropsychological impairments in patients diagnosed with Fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between neuropsychological variables and serum cortisol levels as a measure of physiological stress in patients with fibromyalgia. METHODOLOGY: A sample of 60 women was intentionally selected: 30 with Fibromyalgia diagnosis and 30 with normal controls. Cortisol levels were determined using two blood samples (AM and PM) and a neuropsychological and emotional battery was applied with a standardized protocol in Colombian population to evaluate different cognitive domains. Comparative and correlational non-parametric analyzes were performed, a multiple regression analysis to determine influences between variables. RESULTS: Significant differences between the study groups in the neuropsychological variables (attention, memory, language, visual-constructive praxis and executive functions (EF), (p<0.05) were found, obtaining better scores in the control group. Significant correlations between the cortisol profile, with false acknowledgments of Rey auditory- verbal learning test, and with perseverative errors of the Wisconsin test were found. Multiple regression analysis predicts the influence of memory and EF variables on the cortisol profile in an 88.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show that, in patients with FM, there are neuropsychological alterations, mainly in executive functioning (cognitive flexibility) and episodic memory (evocation and storage). Likewise, executive dysfunction is related to physiological stress reciprocally and in turn are conditioned by emotional alterations such as symptoms of depression, which supports the neurophysiological model that compromises the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the prefrontal cortex, rich in corticosteroid receptors.

Niveles de cortisol sérico y alteraciones neuropsicológicas en pacientes con diagnóstico de Fibromialgia / Serum cortisol levels and neuropsychological impairments in patients diagnosed with Fibromyalgia

Objetivo. Describir la relación entre variables neuropsicológicas y niveles de cortisol sérico; como una medida de estrés fisiológico; en pacientes con fibromialgia. Metodología. Se seleccionó intencionalmente una muestra de 60 mujeres: 30 con diagnóstico de Fibromialgia y 30 controles normales. Se determinaron los niveles de cortisol mediante dos muestras de sangre (AM y PM) y se realizó una batería neuropsicológica y emocional, con un protocolo estandarizado en población colombiana para evaluar diferentes dominios cognitivos. Se hicieron análisis comparativo y correlacional no paramétrico, un análisis de regresión múltiple para determinar influencias entre las variables. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de estudio en las variables neuropsicológicas (atención, memoria, lenguaje, praxis viso-constructiva y funciones ejecutivas (FE), (p<0,05), obteniendo mejores puntajes el grupo control. Se hallaron correlaciones significativas entre el perfil de cortisol, con falsos reconocimientos del test de aprendizaje auditivo verbal de Rey y con errores perseverativos del test de Wisconsin. El análisis de regresión múltiple predice la influencia de las variables de memoria y FE en el perfil de cortisol en un 88,7%. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos demuestran que, en pacientes con FM, existen alteraciones neuropsicológicas, principalmente en funcionamiento ejecutivo (flexibilidad cognitiva) y memoria episódica (evocación y almacenamiento). Igualmente, la disfunción ejecutiva está relacionada con el estrés fisiológico de manera recíproca y a su vez son condicionadas por alteraciones emocionales como síntomas de depresión, lo cual soporta el modelo neurofisiológico que compromete el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal y la corteza pre-frontal, rica en receptores de córticoesteroides (AU)

Objective. To describe the relationship between neuro-psychological variables and serum cortisol levels as a measure of physiological stress in patients with fibromyalgia. Methodology. A sample of 60 women was intentionally selected: 30 with Fibromyalgia diagnosis and 30 with normal controls. Cortisol levels were determined using two blood samples (AM and PM) and a neuropsychological and emotional battery was applied with a standardized protocol in Colombian population to evaluate different cognitive domains. Comparative and correlational non-parametric analyzes were performed, a multiple regression analysis to determine influences between variables. Results. Significant differences between the study groups in the neuropsychological variables (attention, memory, language, visual-constructive praxis and executive functions (EF), (p<0.05) were found, obtaining better scores in the control group. Significant correlations between the cortisol profile, with false acknowledgments of Rey auditory-verbal learning test, and with perseverative errors of the Wisconsin test were found. Multiple regression analysis predicts the influence of memory and EF variables on the cortisol profile in an 88.7%. Conclusions. The findings show that, in patients with FM, there are neuropsychological alterations, mainly in executive functioning (cognitive flexibility) and episodic memory (evocation and storage). Likewise, executive dysfunction is related to physiological stress reciprocally and in turn are conditioned by emotional alterations such as symptoms of depression, which supports the neurophysiological model that compromises the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the prefrontal cortex, rich in corticosteroid receptors (AU)

Características psicológicas de los pacientes con larga estancia hospitalaria y propuesta de protocolo para su manejo clínico / Psychological characteristics of patients with long hospital stay and a protocol proposal for their clinical management

Antecedentes y Objetivo. El impacto psicológico de la hospitalización en los pacientes ingresados en larga estancia es variable y se muestra en respuesta al estrés y en el desempeño del rol de enfermo del paciente hospitalizado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue detectar las principales alteraciones psicológicas que sufren estos pacientes, y diseñar un protocolo para su manejo. Material y Método. Empleamos instrumentos como el Inventario de ansiedad, el Inventario de depresión rasgo-estado y el Cuestionario de estrategias de afrontamiento Sandin y Chorot. Realizamos un estudio descriptivo, guiado por el paradigma empírico analítico, corte cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, con una población total de 50 pacientes y una muestra de 15, muestreo no probabilístico, de tipo intencional, teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusión y exclusión propios de la investigación. Resultados. Entre los aspectos más relevantes encontrados marcados estados depresivos, ansiedad rasgo, baja expresión emocional abierta, y alta reevaluación positiva, que es de vital importancia, para el manejo de estos pacientes con larga estancia hospitalaria. Conclusiones. Según los datos de nuestro estudio, la larga estancia hospitalaria se relaciona generalmente con el desprendimiento del individuo de su medio natural, que puede generarle estados de tristeza, ansiedad y desencadenar efectos negativos como la baja expresión emocional. Estas características pueden servir de guía a los profesionales de la salud, por lo que presentamos un diseño de protocolo de manejo efectivo que ayude al paciente a afrontar mejor las dificultades que se le presentan en el ámbito hospitalario (AU)

Background and Objectives. The psychological impact of hospitalization on patients admitted for a long period is variable and it´s shown as an answer to stress and on how ill the hospitalized patient is. The objective of this investigation was to determine the main psychological disturbances and to design a protocol to know how to handle long-stay patients at the hospital. Patients and Method. In this investigation were applied tools such as the Anxiety inventory, Characteristic-status depression inventory and Sandin &Chorot strategies of confrontation test. We conduct a descriptive type study, guided by the annalistic empiric paradigm, quantity cut, non-experimental design, with a population of 50 patients and a sample of 15, non-probabilistic sample, intentional type, inclusion and exclusion criteria from the investigation were taken into account. Results. Among the most relevant aspects found, were discovered prominent depressive status, anxiety, low opened emotional expression, high positive reevaluation, which is very relevant to handle all long-stay patients at the hospital. Conclusions. Long-stay hospitalization is normally connected to the individual´s detachment of its natural environment, which can generate on patient states of sadness, anxiety and to trigger negative effects such as low emotional expression. These characteristics can be useful as a guide for health professionals, and we so, we design a model of more effective protocol, which would help the patient to face, in a better way, all the difficulties presented in the hospital field (AU)