Condylar morphometry in adults with sagittal intermaxillary relationship class I, II and III using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in a Colombian population.

OBJECTIVE: This study established the morphometry of the mandibular condyle in individuals with complete craniofacial growth and sagittal intermaxillary relationships class I, II and III using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cone beam computed tomography was obtained for orthodontics diagnostic purposes. The sample was divided taking into account the ANB angle in sagittal classes I, II and III (age ranged from 18 to 40 years old). Linear measurements and shapes of 144 mandibular condyles were analyzed. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in measurements of the mediolateral diameter when compared with gender (P 0.000) being larger for males. Statistically significant differences between the mediolateral diameter and the coronal shape for the right as well as the left sides with P values of 0.000 and 0.47 respectively were found. CONCLUSION: In this sample, it was not possible to conclusively determine the relationship between the skeletal class and the mediolateral diameter. However, more studies are required.

Post-construction bird and bat fatality monitoring studies at wind energy projects in Latin America: A summary and review.

Most post-construction fatality monitoring (PCFM) studies to date have focused on North America and Europe, and this information has been used to assess the impacts of large-scale wind energy on birds and bats. A comprehensive review of wind-wildlife fatality information is still lacking for Latin America; however, given the current installed capacity and the projected increase of wind energy production across Latin America, it is important to fill in the knowledge gap on impacts to wildlife. To provide a current summary of known impacts to birds and bats in Latin America and to identify gaps on this important information, we compiled, reviewed, and synthesized bird and bat fatality information at wind energy projects in the region. Our literature search resulted in 10 references relevant to the scope of this review, six of which provided number of fatalities by species and the type of PCFM search being conducted, meeting our criteria for inclusion in fatality summaries. From this pool, we found that Passerines composed the majority of bird fatalities, with no Threatened bird species reported. The bat family Molossidae composed the majority of bat fatalities, with one Threatened bat species reported. Our review of all studies and focused assessment of only those studies with fatality summaries indicated differences in the amount of information and level of detail related to bird and bat fatalities at wind energy projects in Latin America. Due to the taxon-specific nature of collision risk with wind turbines for birds and bats, it is difficult to make a general impact assessment of wind energy development on birds and bats in Latin America, especially given the limited information available. However, this summary can be used as a starting point to inform conservation efforts aiming at avoiding, minimizing, and mitigating impacts of wind energy development on birds and bats and future, standardized results would enhance our ability to do so.

Effects of white-tailed deer habitat use preferences on southern cattle fever tick eradication: simulating impact on "pasture vacation" strategies.

BACKGROUND: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (southern cattle fever tick; SCFT), collectively known as cattle-fever ticks (CFTs), are vectors of protozoal parasites (Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis) that cause bovine babesiosis (also known as cattle fever). One traditional strategy for CFT eradication involves the implementation of a "pasture vacation," which involves removing cattle (Bos taurus) from an infested pasture for an extended period of time. However, vacated pastures are often inhabited by wildlife hosts, such as white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus), which can serve as alternate hosts for questing CFTs. We hypothesized that the distribution of host-seeking larvae among habitat types post-pasture vacation would reflect habitat use patterns of WTD, and in turn, affect the subsequent rate of pasture infestation by CFT. METHODS: We adapted a spatially explicit, individual-based model to simulate interactions among SCFT, cattle, and WTD as a tool to investigate the potential effects of WTD habitat use preferences on the efficacy of a pasture vacation. We parameterized the model to represent conditions typical of rangelands in south Texas, USA, simulated a 1-year pasture vacation under different assumptions regarding WTD habitat use preferences, and summarized effects on efficacy through (1) time post-vacation to reach 100% of pre-vacation densities of host-seeking larvae, and (2) the ecological conditions that resulted in the lowest host-seeking larval densities following pasture vacation. RESULTS: Larval densities at the landscape scale varied seasonally in a similar manner over the entire simulation period, regardless of WTD habitat use preferences. Following the removal of cattle, larval densities declined sharply to < 100 larvae/ha. Following the return of cattle, larval densities increased to > 60% of pre-vacation densities ≈ 21 weeks post-vacation, and reached pre-vacation levels in less than a year. Trends in larval densities in different habitat types paralleled those at the landscape scale over the entire simulation period, but differed quantitatively from one another during the pasture vacation. Relative larval densities (highest to lowest) shifted from (1) wood/shrub, (2) grass, (3) mixed-brush during the pre-vacation period to (1) mixed-brush, (2) wood/shrub, (3) grass or (1) wood/shrub, (2) mixed-brush, (3) grass during the post-vacation period, depending on WTD habitat use preferences. CONCLUSIONS: By monitoring WTD-driven shifts in distributions of SCFT host-seeking larvae among habitat types during simulated pasture vacation experiments, we were able to identify potential SCFT refugia from which recrudescence of infestations could originate. Such information could inform timely applications of acaricides to specific refugia habitats immediately prior to the termination of pasture vacations.

Clinical application of the sentinel lymph node technique in early ovarian cancer: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: There is limited evidence favoring the use of the sentinel lymph node technique in ovarian cancer, and no standardized approach has been studied. The objective of the present pilot study is to determine the feasibility of the sentinel lymph node technique by applying a clinical algorithm. METHODS: Patients with confirmed ovarian cancer were included. 99mTc and indocyanine green were injected into the ovarian and infundubulo-pelvic ligament stump. A gamma probe and near-infrared fluorescence imaging were used for sentinel lymph node detection. RESULTS: The sentinel lymph node technique was performed in nine patients with a detection rate in the pelvic and/or para-aortic region of 100%. The tracer distribution rates of sentinel lymph nodes in the pelvic and para-aortic regions were 87.5% and 70%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The detection of sentinel lymph nodes in early-stage ovarian cancer appears to be achievable. Based on these results, a clinical trial entitled SENTOV (SENtinel lymph node Technique in OVarian cancer) will be performed.

Cigarette smoke promotes HIV infection of primary bronchial epithelium and additively suppresses CFTR function.

Recurrent lung infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV and this is exacerbated in smokers even when administered combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The incidence of pneumonia is increased with smoking and treatment interruption and is directly dependent on viral load in patients when adjusted for CD4 counts. CFTR dysfunction plays an important role in aberrant airway innate immunity as it is pivotal in regulating mucociliary clearance (MCC) rates and other antibacterial mechanisms of the airway. In our earlier work, we have demonstrated that bronchial epithelium expresses canonical HIV receptors CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 and can be infected with HIV. HIV Tat suppresses CFTR mRNA and function via TGF-ß signaling. In the present study, we demonstrate that cigarette smoke (CS) potentiates HIV infection of bronchial epithelial cells by upregulating CD4 and CCR5 expression. HIV and CS individually and additively suppress CFTR biogenesis and function, possibly explaining the increased incidence of lung infections in HIV patients and its exacerbation in HIV smokers.

HIV Infects Bronchial Epithelium and Suppresses Components of the Mucociliary Clearance Apparatus.

Recurrent lung infections and pneumonia are emerging as significant comorbidities in the HIV-infected population in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HIV infection has been reported to suppress nasal mucociliary clearance (MCC). Since the primary components driving nasal MCC and bronchial MCC are identical, it is possible that bronchial MCC is affected as well. Effective MCC requires optimal ciliary beating which depends on the maintenance of the airway surface liquid (ASL), a function of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity and the integrity of the signaling mechanism that regulates ciliary beating and fluid secretion. Impairment of either component of the MCC apparatus can compromise its efficacy and promote microbial colonization. We demonstrate that primary bronchial epithelium expresses HIV receptor CD4 and co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 and can be infected by both R5 and X4 tropic strains of HIV. We show that HIV Tat suppresses CFTR biogenesis and function in primary bronchial epithelial cells by a pathway involving TGF-ß signaling. HIV infection also interferes with bronchial epithelial cell differentiation and suppresses ciliogenesis. These findings suggest that HIV infection suppresses tracheobronchial mucociliary clearance and this may predispose HIV-infected patients to recurrent lung infections, pneumonia and chronic bronchitis.

Microglia-derived HIV Nef+ exosome impairment of the blood-brain barrier is treatable by nanomedicine-based delivery of Nef peptides.

The negative factor (Nef) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an accessory protein that is thought to be integral to HIV-associated immune- and neuroimmune pathogenesis. Here, we show that nef-transfected microglia-released Nef+ exosome (exNef) disrupts the apical blood-brain barrier (BBB) and that only nef-transfected microglia release Nef in exosomes. nef-gfp-transduced neurons and astrocytes release exosomes but did not release exNef in the extracellular space. Apical administration of exNef derived from nef-transfected 293T cells reduced transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and increased permeability of the BBB. Microglia-derived exNef applied to either the apical/basal BBB significantly reduced expression of the tight junction protein, ZO-1, suggesting a mechanism of exNef-mediated neuropathogenesis. Microglia exposed to exNef release elevated levels of Toll-like receptor-induced cytokines and chemokines IL-12, IL-8, IL-6, RANTES, and IL-17A. Magnetic nanoparticle delivery of Nef peptides containing the Nef myrisolation site across an in vitro BBB ultimately reduced nef-transfected microglia release of Nef exosomes and prevented the loss of BBB integrity and permeability as measured by TEER and dextran-FITC transport studies, respectively. Overall, we show that exNef is released from nef-gfp-transfected microglia; exNef disrupts integrity and permeability, and tight junctions of the BBB, and induces microglial cytokine/chemokine secretion. These exNef-mediated effects were significantly restricted by Nef peptides. Taken together, this study provides preliminary evidence of the role of exNef in HIV neuroimmune pathogenesis and the feasibility of a nanomedicine-based therapeutics targeting exNef to treat HIV-associated neuropathogenesis.

Ácido láctico como marcador pronóstico en hemorragia obstétrica posparto / Lactic acid as a prognostic marker in obstetric postpartum hemorrhage

No disponible

Even apparently insignificant chemical deviations among bioequivalent generic antibiotics can lead to therapeutic nonequivalence: the case of meropenem.

Several studies with animal models have demonstrated that bioequivalence of generic products of antibiotics like vancomycin, as currently defined, do not guarantee therapeutic equivalence. However, the amounts and characteristics of impurities and degradation products in these formulations do not violate the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Here, we provide experimental data with three generic products of meropenem that help in understanding how these apparently insignificant chemical differences affect the in vivo efficacy. Meropenem generics were compared with the innovator in vitro by microbiological assay, susceptibility testing, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis and in vivo with the neutropenic guinea pig soleus infection model (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and the neutropenic mouse thigh (P. aeruginosa), brain (P. aeruginosa), and lung (Klebisella pneumoniae) infection models, adding the dihydropeptidase I (DHP-I) inhibitor cilastatin in different proportions to the carbapenem. We found that the concentration and potency of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, in vitro susceptibility testing, and mouse pharmacokinetics were identical for all products; however, two generics differed significantly from the innovator in the guinea pig and mouse models, while the third generic was therapeutically equivalent under all conditions. Trisodium adducts in a bioequivalent generic made it more susceptible to DHP-I hydrolysis and less stable at room temperature, explaining its therapeutic nonequivalence. We conclude that the therapeutic nonequivalence of generic products of meropenem is due to greater susceptibility to DHP-I hydrolysis. These failing generics are compliant with USP requirements and would remain undetectable under current regulations.

Procesos de evaluación del aprendizaje del cuidado en la práctica de estudiantes de Enfermería / Nursing students care practice learning assessment processes

Introducción: Esta investigación abordó la evaluación del aprendizaje del cuidado en la práctica de estudiantes de Enfermería en 2 universidades privadas de Bogotá, con programas de formación profesional de 10 semestres de duración. Objetivo: Analizar: ¿Cómo se está evaluando el aprendizaje del cuidado en la práctica de los estudiantes de Enfermería, de las Facultades de Enfermería de las Universidades A y B? Métodos: El diseño del estudio corresponde a una investigación evaluativa, empleando como muestra los 19 contenidos programáticos de las asignaturas del área de Enfermería y la participación de 42 docentes responsables de la práctica de las asignaturas de Enfermería en dichas instituciones. Para la recolección de la información se utilizaron dos formularios (para asignaturas y para docentes). Resultados: Se encontró que los resultados fueron muy similares en los 2 programas en relación al bajo número de competencias, elementos de competencias u objetivos de aprendizaje relacionados explícitamente con el conocimiento de cuidado de Enfermería como parte del componente disciplinar. El mayor número de competencias o elementos de competencias y objetivos de aprendizaje relacionados con el conocimiento del cuidado de Enfermería, coinciden en las asignaturas donde los docentes responsables de la práctica tenían una formación académica de Maestría en Enfermería. No se encontró un modelo de evaluación del aprendizaje del cuidado en la práctica, que oriente los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje y los retroalimente.

Introduction: This study addressed the evaluation of care practice learning among nursing students from 2 Bogota's private universities with professional formation programs of 10 semesters. Objective: The objective was to analyze: how care practice learning is being assessed among the students from the nursing faculties of universities A and B? Methods: The research design corresponds to an assessment study. Nineteen subject-contents and 42 academic staff were considered for the analysis. Data were gathered through a survey instrument for each group. Results: It was similar in both programs in relation to the low number of competencies or achieved learning objectives related to nursing care knowledge. The highest number of achieved competencies was found in program subjects offered by masters-level nursing teachers. A learning care practice evaluation model, which could orient the teaching-learning and feed-back processes, was not found.

Prevalencia y factores asociados al síndrome de sobrecarga del cuidador primario de ancianos / Prevalence and factors associated with the caregiver burden syndrome among the primary caregivers for the elderly

El síndrome de sobrecarga del cuidador de los adultos mayores es un estado de angustia que amenaza la salud física y mental por la dificultad persistente de cuidar a un familiar. OBJETIVOS: identificar la prevalencia y factores asociados a sobrecarga en el cuidador primario de ancianos. METODOLOGIA:estudio descriptivo transversal, con 310 cuidadores principales de adultos mayores de 65 años y más de edad, seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple y entrevistados telefónicamente. Se calculó la prevalencia, Odds Ratio e intervalos de confianza del 95%. El procesamiento se realizó en stata 10.0, se calculó la prevalencia en el análisis univariado y se relacionó con características socio-demográficas y de salud del acompañado de la razón de disparidad con su intervalo de confianza, ajustados con regresión logística binaria. RESULTADOS : la prevalencia de sobrecarga del cuidador en la ciudad de Medellín, fue de 12,17%, IC 95% [8,39-15,96] y sí se encontraron diferencias significativas en el número de horas diarias dedicadas al cuidado, entre los que presentaron síndrome y los que no. CONCLUSIONES como factores asociados se encontraron: edad y parentesco con el adulto mayor, número de hijos, horas diarias dedicadas al cuidado, estado de salud, abandono o disminución de actividad por el cuidado, las razones, necesidades y ayuda recibida de su familia; como factores de protección se identificó: independencia y el bueno o regular estado de salud del adulto mayor.

The caregiver burden syndrome experienced by caregivers working with older adults is a state of distress that threatens physical and mental health because caring for a relative with some kind of disability or impairment entails a persistent difficulty. OBJECTIVE:: to identify the prevalence and factors associated with the primary caregiver burden syndrome experienced by primary caregivers working with the elderly. METHODOLOGY a cross-sectional, descriptive study with primary caregivers of elderly people aged 65 and older. The caregivers were selected through simple random sampling and interviewed by telephone. We calculated the prevalence, odds ratio and confidence intervals at 95%. The prevalence in the univariate analysis was calculated and the relationship between this and the health and socio-demographic characteristics of the caregiver were evaluated. In a similar manner, the odds ratio was calculated and a binary logistic regression was conducted. RESULTS :the prevalence of the syndrome in the city of Medellin, was 12.17%, 95% CI [8.39 to 15.96]. Additionally, significant differences regarding the number of hours devoted to care were found between the individuals with the syndrome and those without it. CONCLUSIONS : the associated factors found in this study were: age and degree of kinship with the elderly individual, number of children, hours devoted to care, health status, abandonment or decrease in activity due to the care, and reasons, needs and assistance received from family. The protective factors identified were: independence and good or poor health status of the elderly individual.

Competencias investigativas del docente universitario en enfermería / Research Competencies in Nursing University Teaching Staff

La investigación ha sido una práctica impulsada desde los orígenes de la Enfermería Moderna. Florencia Nightingale, practicó sistemáticamente la observación para documentar sus propuestas sanitarias, realizó el análisis comparativo de los datos, aplicó ideas de la naciente estadística y publicó sus resultados en diversos medios. Además, resaltó la importancia de la observación y la comunicación para la práctica de la enfermería. Desde el año 2003 durante la VII Conferencia Iberoamericana de Educación en Enfermería, la Asociación Latinoamericana de Escuelas y Facultades de Enfermería, ALADEFE, propuso a todas sus escuelas, asumir la investigación como oficio y no como instrumento o técnica, pues es el carácter de oficio el que permite el desarrollo de la creatividad y la innovación. Por su parte, la Consultora Regional de Enfermería de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud ha propuesto instalar el saber de enfermería en las agendas de Ciencia y Tecnología de los países.

Therapeutic equivalence requires pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic identities: true bioequivalence of a generic product of intravenous metronidazole.

Animal models of infection have been used to demonstrate the therapeutic failure of "bioequivalent" generic products, but their applicability for this purpose requires the accurate identification of those products that are truly bioequivalent. Here, we present data comparing one intravenous generic product of metronidazole with the innovator product in a neutropenic mouse thigh anaerobic infection model. Simultaneous experiments allowed comparisons (generic versus innovator) of potency and the concentration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), analytical chemistry (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry [LC/MS]), in vitro susceptibility testing, single-dose serum pharmacokinetics (PK) in infected mice, and in vivo pharmacodynamics (PD) against Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25825 in synergy with Escherichia coli SIG-1 in the neutropenic mouse thigh anaerobic infection model. The Hill dose-response model followed by curve-fitting analysis was used to calculate and compare primary and secondary PD parameters. The generic and the innovator products were identical in terms of the concentration and potency of the API, chromatographic and spectrographic profiles, MIC and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) (2.0 mg/liter), and mouse PK. We found no differences between products in bacteriostatic doses (BD) (15 to 22 mg/kg of body weight per day) or the doses needed to kill 1 log (1LKD) (21 to 29 mg/kg per day) or 2 logs (2LKD) (28 to 54 mg/kg per day) of B. fragilis under dosing schedules of every 12 h (q12h), q8h, or q6h. The area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h in the steady state divided by the MIC (AUC/MIC ratio) was the best PD index to predict the antibacterial efficacy of metronidazole (adjusted coefficient of determination [AdjR(2)] = 84.6%), and its magnitude to reach bacteriostasis in vivo (56.6 ± 5.17 h) or to kill the first (90.8 ± 9.78 h) and second (155.5 ± 22.2 h) logs was the same for both products. Animal models of infection allow a thorough demonstration of the therapeutic equivalence of generic antimicrobials.

Regulación de la educación superior del pregrado de enfermería en américa latina 2004 / Regulation of higher education in the nursing baccalaureate in Latin America 2004

Estudio descriptivo comparativo sobre la regulación de la formación en pregrado de Enfermería en América Latina. Para la recolección de la información se diseñó un formulario electrónico que fue diligenciado por informantes claves en cada país. La población estuvo conformada por diecinueve países. Dieciséis respondieron el formulario, de los tres restantes se logró información a partir de fuentes secundarias. Entre los resultados se destaca que en América Latina el 75.8% de los programas de pregrado de Enfermería están vinculados a Universidades, con un incremento en comparación a lo reportado para 1960 y 1985 cuando eran el 52% y el 69% respectivamente (CIE 1985). 56 programas aun están vinculados a hospitales y de éstos el 37.5% pertenecen al sector público y el 62.5% al sector privado. El crecimiento de programas en instituciones no Universitarias obedece a la proliferación de programas técnicos y de diplomas en Enfermería. Se encontró diversidad de títulos y modalidades de formación, al igual que un rango muy amplio de diferencia en horas teóricas y prácticas exigidas para otorgar el título. Se presentan dilemas frente a la regulación de los contenidos mínimos y las exigencias previas al ingreso a la formación universitaria frente a la noción de Autonomía Universitaria. De ocho países que cuentan con sistema de acreditación siete tienen programas de Enfermería acreditados y uno está en proceso. Seis países no cuentan con éste sistema, sin embargo en cuatro de éstos los programas se encuentran en proceso de autoevaluación como paso previo a la acreditación. Las conclusiones y recomendaciones apuntan a la necesidad de que ALADEFE como organismo académico que representa la educación de Enfermería en la región, proponga a los países criterios e indicadores de calidad en los programas de formación que faciliten el mejoramiento continuo para ofrecer profesionales idóneos para los servicios de salud y competitivos en el marco de la globalización de estos servicios.

Comparative-descriptive study about the regulation of nursing pre-grade upbringing in Latin-America. An electronic form for data collection was designed in which necessary steps were taken by key informants from each country. Study population consisted of ninetten Latin-american countries; sisteen countries answered the form and the data for the remaining three countries were achieved from secondary sources. Outcomes highlight that in latin-america 75.8% of nursing pre-grade programs are vinculated to Universities, which show an increase over 1960 and 1985 rate of 52% and 69% respectively (CIE, 1985). Fifty six grograms are still vinculated to hospitals, 37% within the public sector and 62.5% within the private sector. The growth of nursing programs in non university institutions is related to the increasing number of technical programs and nursing diploma programs. A diversity in degrees and training types was found, as well as Wide range in the theoretical/practice hours requiered for confering a grade or diploma. Several dilemmas are present about minimal content regulation and the demands prior to entering college education in the FACE of the universitys autonomy nation. From 8 countries that have an accredit system, seven has accredited nursing programs and one is in the process as well. Sis countries dont´n have such a system; however in tour of these, programs are in the auto-evaluation process as a previous step to accreditation. Recommentations and conclusions paint out to the need that ALADEFE, as the academical organism that represents nursing education in the area, would propose quiality criteria and indicators for education programs to the countries that could ease ongoing enhacing for offering ideal professionals to health services and competent within the globalization framework of these services.

Descripción de la dinámica interna de las familias monoparentales, simultáneas, extendidas y compuestas del municipio de Medellín, vinculadas al proyecto de prevención temprana de la agresión / Description of the internal dynamics of monoparental, simultaneous, extended and compound families in the municipality of Medellín, Colombia, bound to the project on early prevention of aggression

El estudio efectuado por el Grupo de Investigaciones en Familia de la U.P.B., caracteriza la dinámica interna de las diferentes tipologías familiares en las Comunas 1, 2, 3, 8 y 9 del Municipio de Medellín que participaron en el proyecto de “Prevención Temprana de la Violencia, Pautas de Educación y Crianza” que se desarrolló entre enero de 2001 y septiembre de 2002, contando con la financiación del Municipio de Medellín y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID).Se analiza la dinámica interna de 536 familias distribuidas por tipología de la siguiente manera: 204 Monoparentales Femeninas; 11 Monoparentales Masculinas; 173 Extendidas; 109 Simultáneas y 39 Compuestas.La información se tomó de los registros de visita domiciliaria y entrevistas aplicados directa y personalmente por el grupo de asesores que tuvo a su cargo el proceso formativo y de orientación con las familias de niños y niñas de las instituciones educativas participantes. Es importante anotar que el modelo de intervención incluye la aplicación del cuestionario para evaluación de conductas en niños/niñas entre 3 y 11 años de edad (COPRAG), que permite identificar si están en riesgo de asumir conductas agresivas. Según el puntaje que obtienen en dicha prueba, se clasifican en 2 categorías: en la de "Índice" los niños y las niñas que aparecen en mayor riesgo y en la de "no Índice" quienes aparecen en menor riesgo. Por esto, el análisis de la información se hace diferenciando un grupo de otro.Las variables de la dinámica interna que se tuvieron en cuenta fueron: autoridad, comunicación, afectividad y pautas de crianza. Además se indagó sobre la percepción que las familias tienen de la salud física y emocional de estos niños y niñas. Palabras clave: Tipología familiar, dinámica familiar, familia monoparental, familia simultánea, familia extendida, familia compuesta.

[Relations between official and private veterinary services in epidemiology and the control of contagious diseases]. / Relación entre los servicios veterinarios del sector oficial y privado en epidemiología y control de enfermedades contagiosas.

Growing budget restrictions in many countries have meant that official Veterinary Services cannot assume responsibility for any new activities. The natural reaction is to turn to private veterinary services to provide the support needed to strengthen the control and surveillance of priority diseases and thereby support the development of the livestock sector and the establishment of safe international trade. In this context, official Veterinary Services must work together with private veterinarians, delegating various technical animal health activities, so that they may focus their efforts on those tasks that cannot be delegated: standardisation, control, auditing, general system co-ordination, epidemiological surveillance, etc., as well as organising veterinary policy in order to make best use of budget resources. For these relations to be efficient, a dynamic, two-way epidemiological information mechanism must be created, whereby private veterinarians periodically keep governments informed, on the basis of an agreed methodology. Moreover, the official Veterinary Services must systematically transmit information on List A and B diseases of the OIE (World organisation for animal health), and perform detailed analyses of epidemiologically significant events. The article proposes the establishment of relations between public and private veterinary services as a way in which to provide the livestock sector with the health and hygiene conditions that are necessary for effective disease control, which in turn provides greater security for international trade and increased consumer protection.

Interacciones hospedero-parásito / Interaction host-parasite

La interacción hospedero-parásito juega un papel importante en la evolución de las enfermedades infecciosas. En este articulo se analiza esta interacción desde el punto de vista del hospedero, es decir de la respuesta inmune incluyendo los conceptos de la respuesta T1 y T2 frente al microorganismo. En infecciones con lepra cada vez es más claro el papel de la respuesta T1/T2 y su relación con la evolución de la enfermedad, pero falta por esclarecer como un individuo responde con una u otra lo que se traduce en curación ó enfermedad. En las infecciones por Herpes simplex aunque no es tan claro el papel de la respuesta T1/T2 si lo es el de algunas citocinas tanto en la primoinfección, latencia y reactivación. Finalmente en las infecciones por Criptococcus neoformans, aunque las características propias del microorganismo se relacionan con la evolución de la infección, la respuesta inmune con perfil T1 se asocia con el control de la infección

Utilidad de la osteocalcina y los N-telopeptidos para la evaluacion del recambio oseo en mujeres postmenopausicas con y sin terapia de reemplazo hormonal / Evaluation of bone remodeling comparing Osteocalcin and N-telopeptides levels in pre and postmenopausal women with or without HRT

Introducción: Los marcadores bioquímicos son una técnica diagnóstica, para evaluar la remodelación ósea. Actualmente, se han desarrollado marcadores más específicos de formación ósea (osteocalcina) y de reabsorción (N-telopéptidos). Objetivos: Comparar los niveles de osteocalcina y N-telopéptidos en mujeres premenopáusicas y postmenopáusicas, con y sin terapia de reemplazo hormonal (TRH). Materiales y métodos: Se estudiaron 76 mujeres sanas quienes no estuvieran recibiendo ningún medicamento que afectara el recambio óseo, distribuidas en tres grupos: A) 32 mujeres con más de un año de menopausia y sin TRH, B) 24 mujeres ostmenopáusicas, con más de tres meses de TRH y C) 20 controles en edad fértil y con ciclos regulares. La osteocalcina en sangre (Novocalcin©) y los N-telopéptidos en orina (Osteomark©) se midieron por el método Elisa. Resultados: Las mujeres postmenopáusicas fueron comparables por edad, paridad, tiempo de menopausia e índice de masa corporal. Hubo diferencias entre las postmenopáusicas con TRH y sin TRH para los N-telopéptidos, 44.9 ñ 24.4 nm ECO/mm y 78.1 ñ 34.4 nm ECO/mm, respectivamente (p<0.001). Igualmente, para la osteocalcina 2 ñ 2.8 ng /mi con TRH y 4.7 ñ 3.2 ng/ml sin TRH (p<0.001). Los niveles de N-telopéptidos en el grupo control fueron de 58.2 ñ21.3 nm ECO/mm, los cuales no difieren del grupo con TRH (p<0.l6), pero sí del grupo sin TRH (p<0.026). Los niveles de osteocalcina en el grupo control fueron de 3.3 ñ 2.9 ng / mi, los cuales no difieren significativamente de los otros dos grupos