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1.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 17947, 2020 10 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33087805

RESUMEN

The endangered California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is the largest New World Vulture in North America. Despite recovery program success in saving the species from extinction, condors remain compromised by lead poisoning and limited genetic diversity. The latter makes this species especially vulnerable to infectious diseases. Thus, taking advantage of the program of blood lead testing in Arizona, condor blood samples from 2008 to 2018 were screened for haemosporidian parasites using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol that targets the parasite mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Plasmodium homopolare (Family Plasmodiidae, Order Haemosporida, Phylum Apicomplexa), was detected in condors captured in 2014 and 2017. This is the first report of a haemosporidian species infecting California Condors, and the first evidence of P. homopolare circulating in the Condor population from Arizona. Although no evidence of pathogenicity of P. homopolare in Condors was found, this study showed that the California Condors from Arizona are exposed to haemosporidian parasites that likely are spilling over from other local bird species. Thus, active surveillance should be an essential part of conservation efforts to mitigate the impact of infectious diseases, an increasingly recognized cause of global wildlife extinctions worldwide, particularly in avian populations considered vulnerable or endangered.


Asunto(s)
Animales Salvajes/parasitología , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Monitoreo Epidemiológico/veterinaria , Falconiformes/parasitología , Malaria/epidemiología , Malaria/veterinaria , Animales , Arizona/epidemiología , Malaria/parasitología , Plasmodium/aislamiento & purificación
2.
J Wildl Dis ; 52(4): 809-816, 2016 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27505039

RESUMEN

Penguins are dependent on waterproof plumage for survival. The molt in sub-Antarctic penguin species is a seasonal and catastrophic process during which the animals go through periods of fasting and high levels of stress. Their entire plumage is usually replaced in 3 wk. Attempts at consistent hormonal induction of molt in penguins have been unsuccessful. Four Yellow-eyed Penguins ( Megadyptes antipodes ) were referred for treatment at Wildbase, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, in late April 2014, following loss of waterproofing, feather breakage, increased body weight, pododermatitis, and damage to caudal feathers from hock sitting. Feather plucking of damaged areas to stimulate feather regrowth was attempted with poor results. Waiting 10-12 mo for a natural molt was not tenable. Catastrophic molt was induced by treatment with 10 g/kg of fresh beef thyroid gland orally once a day. The molt was complete in 18-26 d during which the animals regained full plumage and waterproofing after feather regrowth. The forced molt feathers had abnormal pigmentation but were of sufficient quality to allow release of the birds back to the wild.


Asunto(s)
Muda , Spheniscidae , Animales , Plumas , Nueva Zelanda
4.
J Avian Med Surg ; 26(3): 176-81, 2012 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23156980

RESUMEN

Six free-flying California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) were diagnosed with acute lead toxicosis that caused crop distension and stasis. Between January 2006 and January 2007, the birds were referred to the Phoenix Zoo in Arizona for emergency treatment. In 5 birds, an ingluviotomy was performed to place a feeding tube from the crop to the proventriculus, which allowed a temporary bypass of the dysfunctional esophagus until normal function and motility were regained. A crop-support pressure bandage was placed in 4 birds to improve crop emptying into the proventriculus and to prevent crop distension. Although chelation therapy is the gold standard treatment for lead toxicosis, severe cases of lead-induced crop stasis are not acutely reversible with pharmaceuticals. In these condors, placement of a feeding tube was deemed prudent to ensure a viable enteric route of nutritional support during the standard treatment and recovery period in acute lead toxicosis with crop stasis.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/inducido químicamente , Buche de las Aves/efectos de los fármacos , Nutrición Enteral/veterinaria , Falconiformes , Gastroparesia/veterinaria , Intoxicación por Plomo/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves/cirugía , Buche de las Aves/patología , Buche de las Aves/cirugía , Femenino , Gastroparesia/inducido químicamente , Intoxicación por Plomo/cirugía , Masculino
5.
Vet Parasitol ; 182(2-4): 113-20, 2011 Dec 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21726940

RESUMEN

The avian haemosporidian parasites (phylum Apicomplexa) are taxonomically diverse and cosmopolitan in distribution; infecting most bird families. Sources of concern are reports of clinical haemosporidian infections in birds kept as part of zoo and aviary collections. Recently, severe and acute mortality episodes have been reported in masked bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi), an endangered subspecies from the American Southwest. Two hundred and five eggs of the captive flock held in Arivaca, Arizona, were hatched at a zoo in the American Southwest. Thirty-four sub-adult or adult animals had lesions associated with tissue phases of haemoparasites, especially vasculitis, ventricular leiomyositis and ulcerative pododermatitis. Molecular techniques applied to blood collected from the zoo's last twelve remaining animals resulted in the detection of a Plasmodium juxtanucleare-like and Haemoproteus sp. parasites. A Raven (Corvus corax), in a contiguous exhibit, was positive for the same P. juxtanucleare-like parasite, but remained asymptomatic for three years following detection. These findings indicate that other birds in the exhibit within the zoo premises could act as reservoirs. We conclude that haemosporidian infections could be a factor in the demise of the captive masked bobwhite quails housed at the zoo. We suggest that active surveillance for haemoporidian parasites should be incorporated as a precaution to ex situ conservation efforts of susceptible endangered species.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Colinus , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Haemosporida/clasificación , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/parasitología , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Enfermedades de las Aves/patología , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/patología
6.
Mol Biol Evol ; 28(6): 1927-42, 2011 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21242529

RESUMEN

Mitochondrial (mt) genes and genomes are among the major sources of data for evolutionary studies in birds. This places mitogenomic studies in birds at the core of intense debates in avian evolutionary biology. Indeed, complete mt genomes are actively been used to unveil the phylogenetic relationships among major orders, whereas single genes (e.g., cytochrome c oxidase I [COX1]) are considered standard for species identification and defining species boundaries (DNA barcoding). In this investigation, we study the time of origin and evolutionary relationships among Neoaves orders using complete mt genomes. First, we were able to solve polytomies previously observed at the deep nodes of the Neoaves phylogeny by analyzing 80 mt genomes, including 17 new sequences reported in this investigation. As an example, we found evidence indicating that columbiforms and charadriforms are sister groups. Overall, our analyses indicate that by improving the taxonomic sampling, complete mt genomes can solve the evolutionary relationships among major bird groups. Second, we used our phylogenetic hypotheses to estimate the time of origin of major avian orders as a way to test if their diversification took place prior to the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary. Such timetrees were estimated using several molecular dating approaches and conservative calibration points. Whereas we found time estimates slightly younger than those reported by others, most of the major orders originated prior to the K/T boundary. Finally, we used our timetrees to estimate the rate of evolution of each mt gene. We found great variation on the mutation rates among mt genes and within different bird groups. COX1 was the gene with less variation among Neoaves orders and the one with the least amount of rate heterogeneity across lineages. Such findings support the choice of COX 1 among mt genes as target for developing DNA barcoding approaches in birds.


Asunto(s)
Aves/clasificación , Aves/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Filogenia , Sustitución de Aminoácidos/genética , Animales , Evolución Molecular , Variación Genética , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta/genética
8.
J Avian Med Surg ; 24(4): 330-8, 2010 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21302764

RESUMEN

A 32-year-old green-winged macaw (Ara chloroptera) was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia based on progressive lymphocytosis and the presence of a monomorphic population of well-differentiated lymphocytes in the bone marrow of a clinically normal bird. Chemotherapy was initiated because of rapidly increasing peripheral lymphocyte counts. In addition to oral prednisone (1 mg/kg once daily), oral chlorambucil (1 mg/kg twice weekly) was initiated but was discontinued after 6 weeks because of thrombocytopenia. The leukocyte count was stabilized for 29 weeks with the concurrent use of oral cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg 4 d/wk) and daily prednisone, and the bird exhibited a good quality of life. The bird died shortly after the chemotherapy was inadvertently discontinued. The neoplastic cells from this macaw stained positive for CD-3 antibody and negative for Bla.36, suggesting the leukemia was of T-cell origin. This is the first report of long-term treatment of a macaw with cyclophosphamide and documents thrombocytopenia in a macaw secondary to chlorambucil treatment.


Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de las Aves/tratamiento farmacológico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/veterinaria , Loros , Animales , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Esquema de Medicación , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino
9.
J Avian Med Surg ; 23(2): 145-50, 2009 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19673462

RESUMEN

Since 1996, The Peregrine Fund has released California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) in the Grand Canyon region of northern Arizona with the goal of establishing a self-sustaining population, disjunct from other released populations in California and Baja California. A free-ranging population of more than 60 individuals now ranges within northern Arizona and southern Utah and has produced 9 wild young. The most frequent cause of death is lead poisoning from the ingestion of lead bullet fragments and shotgun pellets in the remains of gun-killed animals. In response, the Arizona Game and Fish Department has effectively reduced lead occurrence within the foraging range of the condors through hunter education and the promotion of nonlead ammunition. Most hunters have participated in the program. Throughout the course of the reintroduction effort, veterinary science and application have played essential roles in diagnosing fatalities and treating lead-exposed condors, a species with such a low natural reproductive rate that every adult is significant to the population.


Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/prevención & control , Falconiformes , Intoxicación por Plomo/veterinaria , Plomo/sangre , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Arizona , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Plomo/toxicidad
10.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 40(2): 369-72, 2009 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19569489

RESUMEN

A 2-yr-old female captive-born Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) presented with respiratory disease. A severe inspiratory dyspnea with nasal congestion was observed with open-mouthed breathing and bilateral mucopurulent nasal exudate. Despite initial treatment with broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy and anti-inflammatory and supportive care, the dyspnea persisted. The animal was anesthetized for bronchoscopy to obtain a deep tracheal sample. Based on culture of Bordetella bronchiseptica and sensitivity, a combination of systemic enrofloxacin, dexamethasone, and coupage with nebulization of saline, gentamicin, and albuterol as well as supportive care resulted in full recovery after 6 weeks of treatment.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Bordetella/veterinaria , Bordetella bronchiseptica/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/veterinaria , Perezosos/microbiología , Animales , Animales de Zoológico/microbiología , Infecciones por Bordetella/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Bordetella/tratamiento farmacológico , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/diagnóstico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Resultado del Tratamiento
11.
J Wildl Dis ; 45(1): 174-83, 2009 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19204346

RESUMEN

The health of free-ranging and captive pichis (Zaedyus pichiy) was assessed in Mendoza Province, Argentina, between November 2001 and December 2006. Postmortem examinations of 150 confiscated and vehicle-killed pichis and clinical examinations of 139 wild-caught individuals suggest that the wild populations are currently in good health. Lesions and scars were observed in a large proportion of wild-caught pichis. The most common lesions were associated with parasitism or parasite larva migration. Sarcocystis cysts were relatively common in the skeletal muscle, and Besnoitia cysts were observed in the lungs of 24 evaluated animals. Elevated ambient humidity levels often caused moist dermatitis with epidermal detachment in captive pichis. This report constitutes the first health evaluation of free-ranging and captive Z. pichiy. It will be a starting point for future health studies and will be beneficial for the captive management of this species.


Asunto(s)
Armadillos , Estado de Salud , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Argentina , Armadillos/sangre , Armadillos/lesiones , Armadillos/parasitología , Análisis Químico de la Sangre/veterinaria , Femenino , Pruebas Hematológicas/veterinaria , Pulmón/parasitología , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/parasitología , Músculo Esquelético/patología , Valores de Referencia , Sarcocystidae/aislamiento & purificación , Sarcocystis/aislamiento & purificación
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