RESUMEN
Due to the lack of appropriate developmental language tests in the Azerbaijani-Turkish language, the present study aimed to develop the Azerbaijani-Turkish grammar comprehension test (ATGCT) for children aged 4-6 years and determine its validity and reliability. This study was conducted in three phases. First, the target grammatical structures were extracted during the item generation phase. Second, item reduction and content validity ratio (CVR) were calculated. The content validity index (CVI) was determined after designing the items. This test was administered to typically developing children (TD) (N = 30). Face validity was confirmed and modifications were applied. The second version of the test was performed on 170 TD and 60 children with developmental language disorder (DLD) aged 4-6 years were selected using the random cluster method. Third, item analysis was performed, and eight items were removed. The construct validity, reliability, and ROC analysis of the final form of the test were evaluated. The psychometric properties considered in the study included construct validity (group, gender, and age discriminative validity) and reliability (test-retest, inter-rater, and internal consistency). The final test version contained 56 items and confirmed face validity. The Scale Content Validity was .91, and the Item Content Validity was between .8 and 1. The test showed a content validity ratio of .96, indicating that it assesses appropriate content. The construct validity analysis revealed significant differences between the TD and DLD groups and among the four age groups. Test-retest and inter-rater reliability were significantly correlated. Furthermore, the high correlation between test items (ICC= .90) demonstrated that the ATGCT had excellent internal consistency. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis results indicated that the test had high sensitivity and specificity in all four age groups and effectively distinguished children with TD and those with DLD. In conclusion, based on the psychometric assessment of the test, it appears that the ATGCT has appropriate values for reliability and validity measures, and it can be used as the first suitable and quick test by researchers and clinicians.
RESUMEN
The purpose of this study is to analyze the Linguistic and Metalinguistic abilities of Persian-speaking individuals with Intellectual disorder to identify the areas and results of the research carried out in order to recognize their main linguistic features, the research gaps, and also guide future research. To this end, first, related keywords were searched and related topics were separated. Then, by reading the abstracts and, if necessary, the entire articles, the unrelated articles were removed. The articles were categorized and studied on linguistic and metalinguistic characters in four areas such as semantics, phonetics and phonology, morphology and syntax, and pragmatics. In addition, to investigate the effect of bilingualism and gender on the linguistic abilities of these individuals, the findings related to studies in the field of bilingualism and gender were examined in a separate section. From the general review of about 39 studies found, we found that in the fewest studies, the field of pragmatics was dealt with. The general results of the investigation were presented in the table of the results section in addition, in phonological studies, there was no significant difference in phonological awareness between girls and boys. In bilinguals, phonological awareness skills were related to their spelling skills.
RESUMEN
Studies of ASD children have mainly focused on pragmatics, but research showed they have problems in other language dimensions. The present systematic review aims to analyze the literature related to linguistic and metalinguistic studies to determine linguistic characteristics and their correlation with reading and writing. After reviewing 43 articles founded, the studies were divided into four main categories: descriptive, comparative, linguistic, and finally nonlinguistic interventional studies. 42% of studies are descriptive, 14% were comparative, and 5% were about the effect of linguistic and metalinguistic training on reading and writing. Studies on the effect of other training on linguistic and metalinguistic skills were about 39% of the studies. They have deficiencies in different linguistic and metalinguistic skills, especially grammar. There were no studies investigating the relationship between linguistic and metalinguistic abilities. The relationship between language and reading skills has been neglected and only one study has examined the correlation between phonological awareness and reading skills. Thus, there is a serious gap in metalinguistic studies. However, it is necessary to study these relationships due to the change in the reading education system from a phonological to a lexical path in schools. The effect of nonlinguistic interventions has been studied more than linguistic ones.
RESUMEN
This study aimed to develop a screening test for children suspected of developmental language disorders (DLD). The study was conducted in six steps. In the first two steps, we collected 34 sentences for the sentence repetition (SR) subtest, and 40 non-words for the non-word repetition (NWR) subtest, respectively. Experts determined the content validity in the third step and 19 sentences and 19 non-words were selected. In the fourth step, we draw simple pictures for the SR subtest. In the fifth step, two pilot studies were conducted on 30 and 35 Persian-speaking children aged 4.5-5.5 years, respectively. After calculating the discrimination index of the items, we removed items with the discrimination index less than 0.3. Nineteen sentences and 14 non-words remained in this step. In the sixth step, 92 typically developing (TD) children aged 4.5-5.5 and 10 children suspected of DLD were recruited. Then, we removed some items and evaluated the construct validity and reliability of the final form of the Persian Grammar-Phonology Screening Test (PGPST).The final form of the PGPST consisted of 16 sentences, and 11 non-words were developed. The correlation between the two subtests was 0.29. Children suspected of DLD in SR (p = .001) and NWR (p = .007) performed significantly worse than the TD children. The correlation between the two administrations of the test was 0.74 and 0.71, respectively, for SR and NWR. Cronbach's alpha was also 0.84 and 0.86 for the SR and NWR subtests, respectively. The PGPST is a quick and brief screening test with acceptable validity and reliability.
