RESUMEN
The C-terminal transactivation domain (TAD) of BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like 1) is a regulatory hub for transcriptional coactivators and repressors that compete for binding and, consequently, contributes to period determination of the mammalian circadian clock. Here, we report the discovery of two distinct conformational states that slowly exchange within the dynamic TAD to control timing. This binary switch results from cis/trans isomerization about a highly conserved Trp-Pro imide bond in a region of the TAD that is required for normal circadian timekeeping. Both cis and trans isomers interact with transcriptional regulators, suggesting that isomerization could serve a role in assembling regulatory complexes in vivo. Toward this end, we show that locking the switch into the trans isomer leads to shortened circadian periods. Furthermore, isomerization is regulated by the cyclophilin family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases, highlighting the potential for regulation of BMAL1 protein dynamics in period determination.
Asunto(s)
Factores de Transcripción ARNTL/metabolismo , Relojes Circadianos , Ritmo Circadiano , Factores de Transcripción ARNTL/química , Factores de Transcripción ARNTL/genética , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ciclofilinas/genética , Ciclofilinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/química , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Humanos , Isomerismo , Ratones , Mutación , Proteínas Circadianas Period/genética , Proteínas Circadianas Period/metabolismo , Filogenia , Prolina , Dominios Proteicos , Transducción de Señal , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Factores de Tiempo , Transfección , TriptófanoRESUMEN
Many cyclic peptide natural products are larger and structurally more complex than conventional small molecule drugs. Although some molecules in this class are known to possess favorable pharmacokinetic properties, there have been few reports on the membrane permeabilities of cyclic peptide natural products. Here, we present the passive membrane permeabilities of 39 cyclic peptide natural products, and interpret the results using a computational permeability prediction algorithm based on their known or calculated 3D conformations. We found that the permeabilities of these compounds, measured in a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay, spanned a wide range and demonstrated the important influence of conformation on membrane permeability. These results will aid in the development of these compounds as a viable drug paradigm.
Asunto(s)
Productos Biológicos/química , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Permeabilidad de la Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Membranas Artificiales , Péptidos Cíclicos/química , Péptidos Cíclicos/farmacología , Ciclosporina/química , Ciclosporina/farmacología , HumanosRESUMEN
Despite the prevalence of head-to-side chain threonine linkages in natural products, their incorporation has been underexplored in synthetic cyclic peptides. Herein we investigate a cyclic peptide scaffold able to undergo an N-O acyl rearrangement. Upon acylation of the amine with diverse carboxylic acids, the resulting cyclic depsipeptides displayed favorable cellular permeability and a conformation similar to the parent peptide. The rearrangement was found to be scaffold and conformation dependent as evidenced by molecular dynamics experiments.
