RESUMEN
Glass-fiber-reinforced pipe (GRP) is a strong alternative to many other materials, such as cast iron and concrete. It is characterized by high corrosion resistance, resulting in good erosion/corrosion. For the erosion/corrosion test, commercially available GRPs were used, which are frequently utilized for oil field wastewater in harsh environments. This type of GRP material was subjected to simulated conditions replicating in situ or harsh environments. An extensive experiment was conducted. Three quantities of abrasive sand (250 g, 400 g and 500 g with a size of 65 µm) were mixed with 0.015 m3 of water. The abrasive sand samples were taken at a 90 degree angle from the wall of the cylinder tubes. Three flow rate conditions were selected, 0.01 m3/min, 0.0067 m3/min and 0.01 m3/min, with 10 wt.% chlorine. Furthermore, these tests were conducted at five different times: 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 5 h. The results show that the erosion rate increased both with an increasing amount of abrasive sand and with increasing flow rate. The maximum value for the erosion rate was more than three for a flow rate of 0.015 m3 with chlorine for 500 g of sand. The corrosion rate also showed the same trend, with the maximum corrosion rate being reached under the same conditions. It was found that the corrosion rate largely depends on the amount of weight loss, which is an indicator of the erosion effect. Therefore, GFRP provides better erosion/corrosion resistance in a harsh environment or in situ conditions.
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Peritoneal tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose as it may mimic peritoneal carcinomatosis, which has similar symptomatology. We sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography in differentiating peritoneal tuberculosis versus peritoneal carcinomatosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The associations of radiological findings in 124 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (n = 55) or tuberculosis (n = 69) were determined using Chi-square test. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and total diagnostic accuracy of CT imaging, with histopathology as gold standard, was determined. Subgroup analyses to determine these parameters by age (>40 years and ≤40 years) and gender (male and female) were performed. RESULTS: Mean age of study population was 44.1 ± 13.2 years with 61 males (49.2%) and 63 females (50.8%). The most common radiological abnormality in both peritoneal carcinomatosis (90.9%) and peritoneal tuberculosis (89.9%) was omental smudging, followed by presence of extraperitoneal mass (81.8%) in carcinomatosis and presence of micro-nodules in tuberculosis (88.4%). The findings significantly different in both the carcinomatosis and tuberculosis groups were high-density ascites, splenic calcification, splenomegaly, lymph node calcifications, micro-nodules, and macro-nodules. The diagnostic accuracy of CT in differentiating peritoneal tuberculosis from peritoneal carcinomatosis was 83.8%; sensitivity and specificity for peritoneal tuberculosis were 88.4% and 78.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic accuracy of CT in differentiating peritoneal tuberculosis from peritoneal carcinomatosis revealed an overall diagnostic accuracy of 83.8%. Subgroup analysis revealed that CT may be a more specific diagnostic tool to predict peritoneal tuberculosis in female patients and in those over 40 years old.