RESUMEN
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become more prevalent all over the world and it is important to determine MRSA prevalence and typing in different regions. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and frequency of circulating molecular types of MRSA isolates as well as their antibiotics susceptibility in Tabriz and Kerman cities of Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 230 S. aureus isolates were collected from Tabriz (n=125) and Kerman (n=105) during January to December 2018. MRSA isolates were identified by PCR amplification of nuc and mec A genes. Antibiotic susceptibility of MRSA isolates were determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Multiplex PCR was exploited to detect various types of SCCmec. Results: The MRSA prevalence was 51/125 (40.8%) in Tabriz and 60/105 (57.1%) in Kerman. Overall, 36/51 (70.58%) and 15/51 (29.41%) isolates and 37/60 (61.66%) and 23/60 (38.34%) isolates were isolated from inpatients and outpatients in Tabriz and Kerman, respectively. Almost all of the isolates were resistant to penicillin and all of them were sensitive to linezolid. Thirty five (68.2%) and 34(56.6%) of MRSA isolates in Tabriz and Kerman were determined as MDR, respectively. SCCmec typing showed that the frequent SCCmec type in both Tabriz and Kerman cities was SCCmec III (56.86% and 55%, respectively). Conclusion: The high prevalence of MRSA makes it necessary to revisit the antibiotics administration by physicians. Indeed, periodic evaluation of antibacterial susceptibility patterns of the MRSA strains is required for efficient treatment of MRSA infections.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/genética , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Niño , Preescolar , Pruebas Antimicrobianas de Difusión por Disco , Genes Bacterianos , Humanos , Secuencias Repetitivas Esparcidas , Irán/epidemiología , Linezolid/farmacología , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , Nucleasa Microcócica/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tipificación Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex , Resistencia a las Penicilinas , Proteínas de Unión a las Penicilinas/genética , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is an intracellular bacterium which can be survived in the human macrophages phagosomes. The infectious agent is cleared in some cases and survived in others. The main mechanisms responsible for survival of L. pneumophila are yet to be clarified. It has been reported that innate immunity plays key roles in limitation and also eradication of bacterial infections. Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) is an important cell membrane receptor which recognizes a wide range of bacterial antigens entitled pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The aim of the current review article is to present recent data regarding the roles of TLR2 in induction of immune responses and consequently eradication of L. pneumophila. Additionally, the main mechanisms used by L. pneumophila to overcome TLR2 dependent immune responses are discussed in this review article.