Role of Low Amount of Iron Intake from Groundwater for Prevention of Anemia in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Bangladesh.

In Bangladesh, groundwater, the principal source of drinking water, contains predominantly high levels of iron. Drinking groundwater is associated with good iron status in populations. Against this backdrop, iron supplementation is often associated with side effects, which reduces its intake compliance. However, the level of iron in groundwater is not consistent, and low levels exist in many areas of the country. In the present study, we examined the role of groundwater with a low concentration of iron in the prevention of anemia in Bangladeshi children. In 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Bangladesh among children aged 2-5 years (n = 122) who drank groundwater containing a low level of iron (0-<2 mg/L). The combined intake of iron was calculated from the key sources-diet, groundwater, and the simulated intake of MNPs. The intakes of iron were compared against the standard reference intake. The children's hemoglobin levels were measured using a photometer. The combined intake of iron from diet, groundwater with low levels of iron, and the simulated consumption of low-iron MNP in children was 5.8 ± 2.0 and 6.9 ± 2.5 mg/day, comprising 193% and 169% of the Estimated Average Requirements in the 2-3-year-old and 4-5-year-old subgroups, respectively. The combined intake of bioavailable iron from dietary and low-iron groundwater was 0.42 ± 0.023 and 0.22 ± 0.019 mg/day in children exposed to groundwater concentrations of 0.8-<2.0 mg/L and 0.0-<0.8 mg/L, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean concentration of hemoglobin in the respective groups was 12.17 ± 0.94 g/dL and 11.91 ± 0.91 g/dL (p = 0.30). The combined intake of iron from diet and the low-iron groundwater was associated with maintenance of hemoglobin concentration at the non-anemic level in > 90% of the children. The findings highlight the protective influence of the low concentration of iron in the drinking groundwater against childhood anemia in Bangladesh.

Association between overweight/obesity and iron deficiency anaemia among women of reproductive age: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Numerous studies have examined the relationship between overweight/obesity and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) across diverse population groups, but a definitive link has not been clearly determined. This systematic review examined the association between overweight/obesity and IDA in women of reproductive age (WRA). DESIGN: The initial search was performed in the CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases. The studies included should report at least one Fe status with/without an inflammatory marker, using the BMI to define overweight/obesity. Only baseline data were extracted for longitudinal studies. SETTING: Global. PARTICIPANT: Pregnant or non-pregnant women aged 18-50 years. RESULTS: In total, twenty-seven papers were included (twelve addressing pregnant women and fifteen addressing non-pregnant women). Overall, most of the studies reported no association between overweight/obesity and Hb concentration. However, a positive association was reported more frequently in pregnant women. The association between overweight/obesity and serum ferritin concentrations was mixed. Most of the studies on non-pregnant women reported a positive association. Only a few studies measured hepcidin and inflammatory markers, and the majority revealed an increased level among overweight/obese WRA. Among pregnant women, overweight/obesity was positively associated with anaemia and IDA but negatively associated with iron deficiency (ID). Meanwhile, overweight/obese non-pregnant women were positively associated with anaemia, ID and IDA. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obesity was associated with a decreased prevalence of anaemia and IDA but an increased prevalence of ID, while its association with several Fe markers was inconclusive. Further studies integrating the assessment of various Fe markers, inflammatory markers and hepcidin are needed.

Sex-Specific Association of Ambient Temperature With Urine Biomarkers in Southwest Coastal Bangladesh.

Introduction: Men are vulnerable to ambient heat-related kidney disease burden; however, limited evidence exists on how vulnerable women are when exposed to high ambient heat. We evaluated the sex-specific association between ambient temperature and urine electrolytes, and 24-hour urine total protein, and volume. Methods: We pooled a longitudinal 5624 person-visits data of 1175 participants' concentration and 24-hour excretion of urine electrolytes and other biomarkers (24-hour urine total protein and volume) from southwest coastal Bangladesh (Khulna, Satkhira, and Mongla districts) during November 2016 to April 2017. We then spatiotemporally linked ambient temperature data from local weather stations to participants' health outcomes. For evaluating the relationships between average ambient temperature and urine electrolytes and other biomarkers, we plotted confounder-adjusted restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots using participant-level, household-level, and community-level random intercepts. We then used piece-wise linear mixed-effects models for different ambient temperature segments determined by inflection points in RCS plots and reported the maximum likelihood estimates and cluster robust standard errors. By applying interaction terms for sex and ambient temperature, we determined the overall significance using the Wald test. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons. Results: The RCS plots demonstrated nonlinear associations between ambient heat and urine biomarkers for males and females. Piecewise linear mixed-effects models suggested that sex did not modify the relationship of ambient temperature with any of the urine parameters after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.004). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that women are as susceptible to the effects of high ambient temperature exposure as men.

Coordination polymers: a promising candidate for photo-responsive electronic device application.

The design and synthesis of electrically conductive coordination polymers (CPs) are of special interest due to their applications in the fabrication of many environmentally benign emerging technologies, such as molecular wires, photovoltaic cells, light emitting diodes (LEDs), field effect transistors (FETs) and Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs). Owing to their structural flexibility, easy functionality and adjustable energy levels, CPs are promising candidates for providing a better pathway for superior charge transport. Again, the utilization of visible light as an external stimulus to control and manoeuvre the electrical properties of the CPs is exceptionally motivating for the development of many optoelectronic devices, such as photodetectors, photo-switches, photodiodes and chemiresistive sensors. The applications of such materials in devices will solve questions regarding the energy crisis and environmental concerns. This study provides an overview of the recent advances in the development of photo-responsive CPs and the possibility of their application in developing optoelectronic devices. In this regard, a thorough literature survey was performed and the studies related to the fabrication of photosensitive conducting CPs for applications in optoelectronic devices are listed.

Thalassemia carrier status and groundwater iron: Implication for iron supplementation program for children in Bangladesh.

Background: Thalassemia, a congenital disorder of hemoglobin synthesis is characterized by low hemoglobin and high iron status, is prevalent in Bangladesh. Iron, consumed through drinking groundwater also increases the population iron status in Bangladesh. The study examined the effect of iron containing micronutrient powder (MNP) on the hemoglobin and ferritin status in Bangladeshi children with thalassemia and their non-thalassemia peers exposed to a high concentration of iron from drinking groundwater. Design and methods: Three hundred twenty-seven children aged 2-5 years were recruited for an MNP efficacy trial. A sub sample (n = 222) were screened for thalassemia. Hemoglobin and ferritin levels were measured in children with and without thalassemia. Intake of iron from the key sources-diet, groundwater and MNP was measured. Mann Whitney and t-test were employed to compare the groups. Results: Hemoglobin concentration of the children with thalassemia at the endpoint remained unchanged relative to the baseline; 11.56 ± 0.59 g/dL (Endpoint) versus 11.6 ± 0.54 g/dL (Baseline), p = 0.83. In children without thalassemia hemoglobin tended to increase; 12.54 ± 0.72 g/dL (Endpoint) versus 12.41 ± 0.72 g/dL (baseline), p = 0.06. Baseline reserve of body iron was significantly (p = 0.03) higher in thalassemia carriers (594 gm) compared to their non-carrier peers (558 gm). The increase of the infection-adjusted ferritin from baseline to the endpoint was 7.37% (p = 0.7) and 10.17% (p = 0.009) in the carrier and non-carrier groups respectively. Conclusions: In Bangladesh, the coexistence of thalassemia and the exposure to a high concentration of iron from drinking groundwater renders anemia prevention program with a low iron MNP potentially lesser hazardous to the thalassemia carriers.

Dietary Pattern, Nutrition-Related Knowledge and Attitudes of Working Women in Western Province, Sri Lanka.

Healthy eating behaviour of women is critical not only for their health but also for their children's health and well-being. The present study examined the dietary pattern, nutrition-related knowledge, and attitudes of working women in Western Province, Sri Lanka. In addition, this study identified the factors associated with dietary diversity score (DDS). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 working women, aged 20-60 years, in Western Province, Sri Lanka. The data on socio-demography, dietary patterns, and nutrition-related knowledge and attitudes were collected. Overall, 38% of the women were overweight and 13% were obese. The median frequency of intake of chicken, fish, eggs, milk and milk products, green leafy vegetables, and fruits were 2, 5, 2, 9, 5, and 10 respectively, per week. A large majority of the women (70%) had tea/coffee with sugar and snacks (60%) at least four times a week. Only a third of the women met the minimum DDS, while more than half of the women had good nutrition-related knowledge and attitudes. Women with good nutrition-related knowledge were more frequent consumers of roots/tubers, shellfish, vegetables, fruit, fruit juice, nuts and oils, and fast food. Women with good nutrition-related attitudes had a significantly lower frequency of consumption of soya meat, while having a higher frequency of consumption of fast food. Multiple regression analysis showed that age and household income were significantly independently related to DDS, while attitudes were negatively associated. While there was a trend, the association of nutrition-related knowledge with DDS was not statistically significant (p = 0.057). The overall F ratio (8.46) was highly significant (p = 0.001) and the adjusted R2 was 0.093. The results demonstrate that a significant proportion of working women have good basic nutrition-related knowledge and attitudes, while two-thirds of them do not meet the minimum DDS. Furthermore, age, family income, and knowledge were positively associated with DDS, while attitudes were negatively associated. Before designing any intervention, further research is needed using a qualitative approach to understand how nutrition knowledge and eating behaviour are related in this population group.

Mobile Phone-Based Nutrition Education Targeting Pregnant and Nursing Mothers in Sri Lanka.

INTRODUCTION: A woman's nutrition during pregnancy and nursing affects the mother and the growing child. Similarly, the first two years of a child's life are critical to their growth and development and are facilitated by optimum nutrition. Women's nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices influence household food and nutrition security. Mobile health (mHealth) is a potentially effective health intervention in pandemic situations when physical gatherings are restricted. OBJECTIVES: To examine the effectiveness of a mobile phone-based nutrition education intervention targeting pregnant and nursing mothers in six Sri Lankan divisional secretariat areas. METHOD: This intervention was evaluated using a before and after within-subjects design. The intervention included 19 messages over four weeks sent via mobile phone, covering nutrition themes such as pregnancy care, infant and young child-feeding, diet, family care for mother and child, and cash management. The intervention was evaluated based on a quantitative survey using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and qualitative interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The study population was pregnant and nursing mothers. The objective of the qualitative interviews was to identify how respondents used messages and how satisfied they were with the project. The outcome measures were awareness/knowledge, attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy, behaviour intentions, and practices of pregnant and nursing mothers. Trained enumerators collected data using a mobile phone. RESULTS: A total of 996 pregnant and nursing mothers participated in the pre-assessment survey, of which 720 completed the post-assessment. Most were nursing mothers (84.2% pre- and 78.9% post-assessment). Participants provided positive feedback on the intervention. Knowledge/awareness (t = -18.70, p < 0.01) and attitudes (t = -2.00, p < 0.05) increased when exposed to the intervention. Favourable improvements in the practices were also observed. Mothers' practices related to breastfeeding and 24-h dietary diversity showed a statistically significant improvement. However, social norms and behaviour intentions did not significantly improve. The qualitative component also revealed favourable responses. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The mobile intervention improved participants' knowledge, awareness, attitude, and practices, but not social norms or behaviour intentions. This approach is recommended to be used on a larger scale in community settings. In addition, mobile technology could drive intervention in pandemic-related situations.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Vitamin B12 Deficiency among Pregnant Women in Rural Bangladesh.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. However, data on vitamin B12 deficiency in pregnant Bangladeshi women are limited. This study examines vitamin B12 deficiency and marginal deficiency in rural Bangladeshi women during early and late pregnancies. Some 522 women whose gestational age was <20 weeks were recruited. Serum vitamin B12 concentrations were measured at baseline and after 14 weeks of iron-folate supplementation. Logistic regression analysis examined the association of various socio-demographic, dietary, and pregnancy-related factors with vitamin B12 deficiency and marginal deficiency. Overall, 19% of the women during early pregnancy had vitamin B12 deficiency (serum vitamin B12 concentration < 203 pg/mL) and nearly 40% had marginal deficiency (serum vitamin B12 concentration 203 to <300 pg/mL). Vitamin B12 deficiency doubled to 38% during late pregnancy, while marginal deficiency slightly increased to 41.7%. The pregnant women with a gestational age of ≥27 weeks had a higher risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency (OR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.096−6.214) than those of a gestational age of <27 weeks. Vitamin B12 deficiency was significantly higher in pregnant women in rented accommodation (OR = 13.32; 95% CI = 1.55−114.25) than in those living in their own house. Vitamin B12 deficiency was significantly higher among women who consumed red or organ meat <3 times a week than in those who consumed it more often (OR = 2.327, 95% CI = 1.194−4.536). None of these factors were significantly associated with marginal vitamin B12 deficiency. In conclusion, vitamin B12 deficiency and marginal deficiency among pregnant rural Bangladeshi women increased as their pregnancies progressed. Increasing gestational age, living in a rented house, and the consumption of red or organ meat <3 times a week were identified as the independent risk factors of vitamin B12 deficiency in this population. Further research with more in-depth assessments of dietary vitamin B12 intakes is needed to develop an intervention program preventing vitamin B12 deficiency in this population.

Micronutrients and Pregnancy.

Micronutrient deficiencies are known to affect more than two billion people globally [...].

Characteristics and birth outcomes of pregnant adolescents compared to older women: An analysis of individual level data from 140,000 mothers from 20 RCTs.

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a critical period of maturation when nutrient needs are high, especially among adolescents entering pregnancy. Using individual-level data from 140,000 participants, we examined socioeconomic, nutrition, and pregnancy and birth outcomes for adolescent mothers (10-19 years) compared to older mothers in low and middle-income countries. METHODS: This study was conducted between March 16, 2018 and May 25, 2021. Data were obtained from 20 randomised controlled trials of micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy. Stratified analyses were conducted by age (10-14 years, 15-17 years, 18-19 years, 20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40+ years) and geographical region (Africa, Asia). Crude and confounder-adjusted means, prevalence and relative risks of pregnancy, nutrition and birth outcomes were estimated using multivariable linear and log-binomial regression models with 95% confidence intervals. FINDINGS: Adolescent mothers comprised 31.6% of our data. Preterm birth, small-for-gestational age (SGA), low birthweight (LBW) and newborn mortality followed a U-shaped trend in which prevalence was highest among the youngest mothers (10-14 years) and then reduced gradually, but increased again for older mothers (40+ years). When compared to mothers aged 20-29 years, there was a 23% increased risk of preterm birth, a 60% increased risk of perinatal mortality, a 63% increased risk of neonatal mortality, a 28% increased risk of LBW, and a 22% increased risk of SGA among mothers 10-14 years. Mothers 40+ years experienced a 22% increased risk of preterm birth and a 103% increased risk of stillbirth when compared to the 20-29 year group. INTERPRETATION: The youngest and oldest mothers suffer most from adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Policy and programming agendas should consider both biological and socioeconomic/environmental factors when targeting these populations. FUNDING: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant No: OP1137750).

Public-private partnership in hemodialysis in Nigeria: A comparative analysis of renal centers across three Northwestern states.

Background: Public-private partnership (PPP) in hemodialysis delivery in Nigeria is a new concept. We set out to compare the performance of Specialist Hospital Sokoto's (SHS) renal center operating with this model with four other neighboring government-operated dialysis centers. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the 6-year records (May 2011 to April 2017) of Dialysis Center of SHS, operated under a PPP and compared some performance indicators with four government-operated dialysis centers over the same period. Comparisons were made using Chi-square and corresponding P values were reported accordingly. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 1167 patients' data were studied. Of these, 252 (21.6%) patients with end-stage renal disease were dialyzed at SHS. The SHS dialysis center experienced 5 months of interruption in dialysis service. Only 38 (15.1%) patients sustained dialysis beyond 90 days and 105 (41.7%) patients had more than three sessions of hemodialysis. Only one patient was referred for kidney transplant from the dialysis center during the review period. SHS performed better than Federal Medical Center and Sir Yahaya Hospitals in terms of service availability, duration on hemodialysis, and greater number of hemodialysis sessions (χ2 = 29.06, df = 3, P < 0.001). Conclusion: PPP has improved the availability of dialysis service, mean duration on dialysis, and mean number of dialysis sessions but did not improve the kidney transplant referral rate at SHS. There is a need to encourage the current arrangement in the Hospital as well as other centers offering similar partnerships.

RésuméContexte: Le partenariat public-privé (PPP) dans la prestation d'hémodialyse au Nigéria est un nouveau concept. Nous avons entrepris de comparer les performances du centre rénal de l'hôpital spécialisé de Sokoto fonctionnant avec ce modèle avec quatre autres centres de dialyse gérés par le gouvernement voisin. Méthodes: Nous avons examiné les dossiers de six ans (mai 2011 à avril 2017) du centre de dialyse de l'hôpital spécialisé de Sokoto, exploité dans le cadre d'un partenariat public-privé et comparé certains indicateurs de performance avec quatre centres de dialyse gérés par le gouvernement au cours de la même période. Des comparaisons ont été faites en utilisant le chi carré et les valeurs p correspondantes ont été rapportées en conséquence. Une valeur p <0.05 était considérée comme significative. Résultats: Un total de 1167 données de patients a été étudié. Parmi ceux-ci, 252 (21.6%) patients atteints d'insuffisance rénale terminale ont été dialysés à l'hôpital spécialisé de Sokoto (SHS). Le centre de dialyse SHS a connu cinq mois d'interruption de service de dialyse. Seuls 38 (15.1%) patients ont subi une dialyse au-delà de 90 jours et 105 (41.7%) patients ont eu plus de trois séances d'hémodialyse. Un seul patient a été référé pour une transplantation rénale depuis le centre de dialyse pendant la période d'examen. L'hôpital spécialisé de Sokoto a obtenu de meilleurs résultats que le centre médical fédéral et les hôpitaux Sir Yahaya en termes de disponibilité des services, de durée d'hémodialyse et de plus grand nombre de séances d'hémodialyse (χ2 = 29.06, df = 3, p <0.001). Conclusion: PPP a amélioré la disponibilité du service de dialyse, la durée moyenne de la dialyse, le nombre moyen de séances de dialyse mais n'a pas amélioré le taux de référence pour une greffe de rein à l'hôpital spécialisé de Sokoto. Il est nécessaire d'encourager l'arrangement actuel à l'hôpital ainsi que dans d'autres centres offrant des partenariats similaires.

Validation of an interviewer-administered seven-day semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for the dietary assessment of preschool children in rural Bangladesh.

A validation study of an interviewer-administered, seven-day semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (7-d SQFFQ) was conducted in Bangladeshi rural preschool age children. Using a cross-sectional study design, 105 children from 103 households were randomly selected. For the SQFFQ, a list of commonly consumed foods was adapted from the Bangladesh national micronutrient survey 2011-12. The data on the actual number of times and the amount of the children's consumption of the foods in the preceding 1 week were collected by interviewing the mothers. The intake was compared with two non-consecutive days 24-h dietary recalls conducted within 2 weeks after the SQFFQ. Validity was assessed by the standard statistical tests. After adjusting for the energy intake and de-attenuation for within-subject variation, the food groups (cereals, animal source foods, milk and the processed foods) had 'good' correlations between the methods (rho 0⋅65-0⋅93; P < 0⋅001). Similarly, the macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein and fats) had 'good' correlations (rho 0⋅50-0⋅75; P < 0⋅001) and the key micronutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A, etc.) demonstrated 'good' correlations (rho 0⋅46-0⋅85; P < 0⋅001). The variation in classifying the two extreme quintiles by the SQFFQ and the 24-h recalls was <10 %. The results from Lin's concordance coefficients showed a 'moderate' to 'excellent' absolute agreement between the two methods for food groups, and nutrients (0⋅21-0⋅90; P < 0⋅001). This interviewer-administered, 7-d SQFFQ with an open-ended intake frequency demonstrated adequate validity to assess the dietary intake for most nutrients and suitable for dietary assessments of young children in Bangladesh.

Maternal region of origin and Small for gestational age: a cross-sectional analysis of Victorian perinatal data.

BACKGROUND: Being born small for gestational age is a strong predictor of the short- and long-term health of the neonate, child, and adult. Variation in the rates of small for gestational age have been identified across population groups in high income countries, including Australia. Understanding the factors contributing to this variation may assist clinicians to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with being born small. Victoria, in addition to New South Wales, accounts for the largest proportion of net overseas migration and births in Australia. The aim of this research was to analyse how migration was associated with small for gestational age in Victoria. METHODS: This was a cross sectional population health study of singleton births in Victoria from 2009 to 2018 (n = 708,475). The prevalence of being born small for gestational age (SGA; <10th centile) was determined for maternal region of origin groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the association between maternal region of origin and SGA. RESULTS: Maternal region of origin was an independent risk factor for SGA in Victoria (p < .001), with a prevalence of SGA for migrant women of 11.3% (n = 27,815) and 7.3% for Australian born women (n = 33,749). Women from the Americas (aOR1.24, 95%CI:1.14 to 1.36), North Africa, North East Africa, and the Middle East (aOR1.57, 95%CI:1.52 to 1.63); Southern Central Asia (aOR2.58, 95%CI:2.50 to 2.66); South East Asia (aOR2.02, 95%CI: 1.95 to 2.01); and sub-Saharan Africa (aOR1.80, 95%CI:1.69 to 1.92) were more likely to birth an SGA child in comparison to women born in Australia. CONCLUSIONS: Victorian woman's region of origin was an independent risk factor for SGA. Variation in the rates of SGA between maternal regions of origin suggests additional factors such as a woman's pre-migration exposures, the context of the migration journey, settlement conditions and social environment post migration might impact the potential for SGA. These findings highlight the importance of intergenerational improvements to the wellbeing of migrant women and their children. Further research to identify modifiable elements that contribute to birthweight differences across population groups would help enable appropriate healthcare responses aimed at reducing the rate of being SGA.

Prevalence and Predictors of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency among Pregnant Rural Women in Bangladesh.

Although adequate vitamin D status during pregnancy is essential for maternal health and to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes, limited data exist on vitamin D status and associated risk factors in pregnant rural Bangladeshi women. This study determined the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, and identified associated risk factors, among these women. A total of 515 pregnant women from rural Bangladesh, gestational age ≤ 20 weeks, participated in this cross-sectional study. A separate logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the risk factors of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. Overall, 17.3% of the pregnant women had vitamin D deficiency [serum 25(OH)D concentration <30.0 nmol/L], and 47.2% had vitamin D insufficiency [serum 25(OH)D concentration between 30-<50 nmol/L]. The risk of vitamin D insufficiency was significantly higher among nulliparous pregnant women (OR: 2.72; 95% CI: 1.75-4.23), those in their first trimester (OR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.39-5.19), anaemic women (OR: 1.53; 95% CI: 0.99-2.35; p = 0.056) and women whose husbands are farmers (OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.22-3.50). The risk of vitamin deficiency was significantly higher among younger pregnant women (<25 years; OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.06-4.21), nulliparous women (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.34-5.25), women in their first trimester (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.12-5.79) and those with sub-optimal vitamin A status (OR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.28-4.11). In conclusion, hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent among pregnant rural Bangladeshi women. Parity and gestational age are the common risk factors of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. A husband's occupation and anaemia status might be important predictors of vitamin D insufficiency, while younger age and sub-optimal vitamin A status are risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in this population.

Effect of low-iron micronutrient powder (MNP) on the composition of gut microbiota of Bangladeshi children in a high-iron groundwater setting: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Adverse effects of iron fortification/supplements such as Micronutrient Powder (MNP) on gut microbiota have previously been found in infection-prone African settings. This study examined the adversaries of a low-iron MNP compared with the standard MNP on the composition of gut microbiota in Bangladeshi children exposed to a high concentration of iron from potable groundwater. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2- to 5-year-old children, drinking groundwater with a high concentration of iron (≥ 2 mg/L). Children were randomized to receive one sachet per day of either standard MNP (12.5 mg iron) or low-iron MNP (5 mg iron), for 2 months. A sub-sample of 53 children was considered for paired assessment of the gut microbiome by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. RESULTS: At baseline, the gut microbiota consisted of Bifidobacteriaceae (15.6%), Prevotellaceae (12.2%), Lactobacillaceae (3.6%), Clostridiaceae (4.1%) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.8%). Overall, there was no significant treatment effect of the low-iron MNP compared to the standard MNP. However, an apparent treatment effect was observed in children with a relative adult-like microbiota, with a higher relative abundance of potentially pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae after receiving the standard MNP compared to the low-iron MNP. This effect, however, was statistically non-significant (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION: In Bangladeshi children drinking iron-rich groundwater, a low-iron MNP supplementation did not have a significant impact on their gut microbiota profile/composition compared to the standard MNP. The trial registration number is ISRCTN60058115; Date of registration 03/07/2019; retrospectively registered.

Electrically conductive 1D coordination polymers: design strategies and controlling factors.

Due to the easy functionality and structural diversity of coordination polymers (CPs) coupled with superior thermal stability, many researchers have been prompted to explore the opportunity of introducing these hybrid materials as active components in various electronic devices, such as light emitting diodes (LED), solar cells, field effect transistors (FET), and Schottky barrier diodes (SBD). Therefore, the judicious selection of the structural components of CPs is directly related to their structure-property relationship and applications. One-dimensional (1D) CPs have recently emerged as excellent electrical conductors and are gaining enormous attention owing to their simple chain-like coordination arrays. In this article, we review the rational design strategies for synthesising 1D CPs and also point out the structural factors that affect the charge transport properties as well as the electrical conductivity of these materials.

Semiconducting properties of pyridyl appended linear dicarboxylate based coordination polymers: theoretical prediction via DFT study.

Coordination polymers (CPs) in recent times have emerged as active constituents in many semiconductor devices like light emitting diodes (LED), field effect transistors (FET), photovoltaic devices and Schottky barrier diodes. An intelligent choice of linkers, careful selection of metal ions and post synthetic modification (PSM) can provide a better pathway for charge transportation. However, a proper understanding of the charge transport mechanism in CPs is still inadequate due to the lack of considerable experimental and theoretical work. In this paper, we address the theoretical elucidation of semiconducting properties and a probable pathway for charge transportation in three of our previously published CPs using density functional theory (DFT). These results help us to recognize the orbitals that have major contributions in the formation of the valence band and also provide the most likely pathway for optimum electronic communication. In this regard, the role of hydrogen bonding and unpaired electrons of metal d-orbitals is also established.

Effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune responses in Indonesian pre-schoolers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vitamin A and zinc are interrelated, but the effects of zinc on vitamin A supplementation on morbidity are inconsistent and not well understood. We investigated the effects of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune responses in Indonesian pre-schoolers. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: In a twostage study design, 826 children (2-5year old) were randomly assigned to receive daily zinc supplement (10 mg) or placebo for 4 months. At 2 months, both groups received a 200,000 IU vitamin A capsules through national vitamin A program. Data were collected at baseline, two and four months, resulting in 4 groups for comparisons: - no zinc no vitamin A (Placebo), zinc only, vitamin A only, and zinc plus vitamin A. Hair, blood and saliva samples were collected to measure hair zinc and serum retinol (vitamin A) concentration, ex-vivo IFN-γ, serum IgG and salivary IgA from 81 children selected randomly from each group. RESULTS: At baseline, there were no differences between treatment groups. Zinc supplementation increased ex-vivo IFN-γ production, greatest amongst boys, younger (<3.5 years), normal weight and children with low baseline retinol concentration. Vitamin A supplementation increased IFN-γ only in those with low baseline retinol, with no effect on serum IgG and salivary IgA. After vitamin A supplementation, zinc had an effect on salivary IgA among younger and underweight children. CONCLUSIONS: Zinc supplementation increased IFN-γ (cellular immune responses) and modified the effect of vitamin A supplementation on salivary IgA (mucosal innate immune response) in younger and underweight children.

Decoding Hearing-Related Changes in Older Adults' Spatiotemporal Neural Processing of Speech Using Machine Learning.

Speech perception in noisy environments depends on complex interactions between sensory and cognitive systems. In older adults, such interactions may be affected, especially in those individuals who have more severe age-related hearing loss. Using a data-driven approach, we assessed the temporal (when in time) and spatial (where in the brain) characteristics of cortical speech-evoked responses that distinguish older adults with or without mild hearing loss. We performed source analyses to estimate cortical surface signals from the EEG recordings during a phoneme discrimination task conducted under clear and noise-degraded conditions. We computed source-level ERPs (i.e., mean activation within each ROI) from each of the 68 ROIs of the Desikan-Killiany (DK) atlas, averaged over a randomly chosen 100 trials without replacement to form feature vectors. We adopted a multivariate feature selection method called stability selection and control to choose features that are consistent over a range of model parameters. We use parameter optimized support vector machine (SVM) as a classifiers to investigate the time course and brain regions that segregate groups and speech clarity. For clear speech perception, whole-brain data revealed a classification accuracy of 81.50% [area under the curve (AUC) 80.73%; F1-score 82.00%], distinguishing groups within ∼60 ms after speech onset (i.e., as early as the P1 wave). We observed lower accuracy of 78.12% [AUC 77.64%; F1-score 78.00%] and delayed classification performance when speech was embedded in noise, with group segregation at 80 ms. Separate analysis using left (LH) and right hemisphere (RH) regions showed that LH speech activity was better at distinguishing hearing groups than activity measured in the RH. Moreover, stability selection analysis identified 12 brain regions (among 1428 total spatiotemporal features from 68 regions) where source activity segregated groups with >80% accuracy (clear speech); whereas 16 regions were critical for noise-degraded speech to achieve a comparable level of group segregation (78.7% accuracy). Our results identify critical time-courses and brain regions that distinguish mild hearing loss from normal hearing in older adults and confirm a larger number of active areas, particularly in RH, when processing noise-degraded speech information.

Nutritional status, family income and early breastfeeding initiation as determinants to successful exclusive breastfeeding.

Background: The target by the Indonesian public health services to obtain at least 50% exclusively breastfeed babies during the first 6 months has not been achieved, due to the increased in infant morbidity. This study aims to determine factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Design and Methods: The cluster random sampling method was used to obtain data from a total of 273 babies in the first 1000 days of life i.e. aged 6-24 months and analyzed using linear regression at α= 0.05. The data obtained were based on exclusive breastfeeding using maternal age, education, family income, frequency of antenatal care, nutritional status before pregnancy, place and mode of delivery, gestational age at delivery. Results: The result showed that exclusive breastfeeding was significantly affected by nutritional status before pregnancy based on MUAC (P=0.15) and BMI (P=0.047), family income (P=0.047) and initiation of early breastfeeding (P=0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, nutritional status before pregnancy tends to benefit the family income, therefore, initiating early breastfeeding need to be improved for successful exclusive breastfeeding.