Routine Upper Gastrointestinal Series Post-bariatric Surgery: Predictors, Usage, and Utility.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate usage and utility of routine upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series in the immediate post-operative period to evaluate for leak and other complications. METHODS: Single institution IRB-approved retrospective review of patients who underwent bariatric procedure between 01/08 and 12/12 with at least 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Out of 135 patients (23%) who underwent routine UGI imaging, 32% of patients were post-gastric bypass (127) versus 4% of sleeve gastrectomy (8). In patients post-gastric bypass, 22 were found with delayed contrast passage, 3 possible obstruction, 4 possible leak, and only 1 definite leak. In patients post-sleeve gastrectomy, 2 had delayed passage of contrast without evidence of a leak. No leak was identified in 443 patients (77%) who did not undergo imaging. The sensitivity and specificity of UGI series for the detection of leak in gastric bypass patients were 100% and 97%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 20% and 100%, respectively. On univariate and multivariate analysis, sleeve gastrectomy patients (OR 0.4 sleeve vs bypass; P < 0.01) and male patients (OR 0.4 M vs F; P 0.02) were less likely to undergo routine UGI series (OR 0.4 M vs F; P 0.02). CONCLUSION: Routine UGI series may be of limited value for the detection of anastomotic leaks after gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy and patients should undergo routine imaging based on clinical parameters. Gastric bypass procedure and female gender were factors increasing the likelihood of routine post-operative UGI. Further larger scale analysis of this important topic is warranted.

The Use of Noninvasive Scores in Predicting NAFLD Progression After Bariatric Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery has been postulated to impact liver function resulting in favorable effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to analyze the long-term impact of bariatric surgery on noninvasive scores predicting the progression of liver fibrosis in a bariatric population. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients without pre-existing liver disease who underwent sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) at our center between 2010 and 2018. Four predictive scores for liver fibrosis (AST/ALT, APRI, Fib-4, and BARD) were calculated preoperatively, 6 months post-operatively, and annually up to 5 years. Correlations were analyzed with Pearson R. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to identify populations at increased risk. RESULTS: A total of 2769 patients were included. The mean age was 40 years, and the majority was females (88.5%) and of Hispanic ethnicity (59.2%). There was a steady post-operative increase in the percentage of patients at increased risk of progression of liver fibrosis. The Fib-4 score showed the largest increase in the population at risk for liver fibrosis (11.3% preoperatively to 28.9% at 5 years). Patients with diabetes and those who underwent a sleeve gastrectomy continued to display a higher risk for liver fibrosis than did patients without diabetes and those who underwent RYGB, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was an overall trend to increased liver fibrosis scores over the 5-year post-operative follow-up, but this increase remained lower than that reported in previous literature. Bariatric surgery offers NAFLD risk reduction in a high-risk population.

Successful Pregnancy in a Woman of Advanced Maternal Age at Sixteen Months Post-Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Revision.

Obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2, complicates maternal and neonatal outcomes. Bariatric surgery (BS) is an option for weight reduction in several populations, including reproductive-aged women. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the ideal time interval between BS and pregnancy. We report the case of a 43-year-old Hispanic female who underwent an initial Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in 2011, followed by a revision eight years later in 2019. The revision entailed the reduction of the gastric pouch size and the excision of the remnant stomach. It occurred sixteen months before the conception of her second pregnancy. Despite advanced maternal age and nutritional challenges following BS, this patient delivered a healthy male neonate and maintained a net weight loss compared to her preoperative weight. Factors leading to this positive outcome included the patient's adherence to dietary recommendations following the procedure and using weight loss adjuncts (phentermine and topiramate) to promote post-procedure weight loss. Sixteen months between RYGB revision and conception can lead to positive pregnancy outcomes, even in women of advanced maternal age and multiple prior BS. Further studies are required to understand better the optimal interval to reduce maternal and neonatal complications following RYGB specifically and the use of medications as weight loss adjuncts.

Appendiceal carcinoma presenting as a rapidly enlarging abdominal mass.

INTRODUCTION: Appendiceal adenocarcinomas, although rare, usually present as slow-growing masses. Rarely, do they rapidly enlarge into large abdominal masses over a short period of time. Generally, we attribute rapidly growing abdominal masses to sarcomas, desmoid tumors, or gynecological masses. We present a case of a rapidly growing appendiceal adenocarcinoma in an elderly patient. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of an 83-year-old-male who presented with a one-month history of abdominal pain. A computer tomography (CT) scan identified a lower pelvic mass measuring 7.39 cm × 5.40 cm. A biopsy was done which revealed appendiceal carcinoma. A plan for radiotherapy to reduce the tumor size was made and the patient was discharged. However, the patient returned after three weeks due to worsening abdominal pain and a CT scan identified a significant enhancement in the tumor size. The patient underwent debulking surgery. Pathology of the specimen identified adenocarcinoma of the appendix. DISCUSSION: A rapidly growing carcinoma of the appendix is rare as they are known to have a slow growth rate. A swift diagnosis and intervention are required as these rapidly enhancing neoplasms in the abdomen can become unresectable and metastasize. Although there are various methods of treatment for appendiceal carcinomas, the rapid growth rate and lack of response to radiation required debulking surgery. CONCLUSION: There exist a myriad of differential diagnoses for a rapidly growing mass in the abdomen. We are presenting the first documented case of a rapidly growing appendiceal adenocarcinoma. Surgeons should be aware of the variety of differentials in such cases.

Weight Loss Outcomes following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy in an Ethnically Diverse Bariatric Population: Which Is More Effective?

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) have comparable weight loss outcomes in a general bariatric population. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate whether similar outcomes can be observed in Hispanic and African American population. Settings. Community Hospital in New York, New York, United States. METHODS: The 5-year prospective data of patients who underwent LRYGB and LSG at a single center were retrospectively reviewed. The long-term weight loss outcomes between patients who had LRYGB and LSG were compared after adjusting for age, sex, race, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension with the linear mixed-effects or logistic regression model. RESULTS: Most patients were Hispanic (59.2%) and African American (22.7%). The mean% total weight loss (%TWL) values of patients with BMI <45 kg/m2 who underwent LRYGB and LSG were 73% and 62% after 1 year, 69% and 56% after 2 years, and 71% and 54% after 5 years, respectively. In patients with a BMI of 45-50 kg/m2 who underwent LRYGB and LSG, the mean %TWL values were 69% and 56% after 1 year, 75% and 58% after 2 years, and 57% and 45% after 5 years, respectively. Meanwhile, the %TWL values of patients with BMI >50 kg/m2 who had LRYGB and LSG were 53% and 42% after 1 year, 53% and 45% after 2 years, and 49% and 36% after 5 years, respectively. All results were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) and remained valid after adjusting for cofactors. CONCLUSION: Thus, LRYGB had consistent and sustained long-term weight loss outcomes compared with LSG in a predominantly ethnically diverse patient population with different BMI. Our study had several limitations in that it is retrospective in nature and some patients were lost to follow-up during the study period.

Bariatric Surgery Improves Renal Function: a Large Inner-City Population Outcome Study.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is associated with improved renal dysfunction in general population studies. The study examined the effects of bariatric surgery on renal function in a predominantly Hispanic and African American population at a community hospital in New York, USA. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed prospectively collected bariatric surgical data from 2247 patients (89% female) who underwent bariatric surgery at a single center. Changes in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR), micro- and macroalbuminuria, and hyperfiltration, which were measured preoperatively and then yearly for 3 years postoperatively, were evaluated with t tests and logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding variables. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 37.1 years; the mean preoperative body mass index was 45 ± 7 kg/m2. RESULTS: The results obtained 3 years postoperatively showed the following significant improvements compared with the preoperative values: mean UACR decreased from 40.3 to 11.1 mg/g, mean eGFR improved from 79.4 to 87.3 mL/min, the prevalence of microalbuminuria decreased from 13.7 to 6.2%, the prevalence of macroalbuminuria decreased from 2.5 to 0%, and the prevalence of hyperfiltration decreased from 4.4 to 2.7% (all P < .0001). In adjusted multivariate regression analysis, these results remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, race, type of surgery, and presence of diabetes mellitus or hypertension. CONCLUSION: In this large study at an inner-city hospital, bariatric surgery was associated with significant improvements in renal dysfunction parameters. These results could assist with informed decisions regarding indications for bariatric surgery.

Successful Laparoscopic Repair of Posttraumatic Diaphragmatic Injury.

Diaphragmatic injuries can be a direct result of penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma such as gunshot or stab wounds. Diaphragmatic rupture can lead to herniation of intra-abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity. Diagnosis can be difficult as the results of a physical exam can be unremarkable. A CT scan of the chest is diagnostic for diaphragmatic injuries. In most emergency cases, diaphragmatic injuries are managed with laparotomy where CT was diagnostic. We report a rare case of a 25-year-old man with right diaphragmatic injury sustained after a stab wound to the right liver managed successfully with laparoscopy.

Improvement in glycated hemoglobin A1C after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy in an ethnically diverse population with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a well-known risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. The efficacy of bariatric surgery in reducing weight with resulting improvement in type 2 diabetes has been reliably demonstrated. OBJECTIVES: We investigated and compared the effects of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels in a predominantly Hispanic and black population. SETTINGS: Community Hospital in New York, New York, United States. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of a 5-year data from a single center where patients with diabetes who underwent LRYGB or LSG were included. HbA1C levels and body mass index were analyzed preoperatively and then annually postoperatively for up to 5 years. Improvements in HbA1C were compared between the 2 groups after adjusting for age, sex, race, and hypertension with linear mixed-effects or logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the 676 included patients, 84.8% were females and the mean age was 47 years. HbA1C levels decreased significantly (P < .05) in the entire group at 1 (21%), 2 (20%), 3 (20%), 4 (18%), and 5 (14%) years. Compared with LSG, LRYGB patients displayed greater improvement in HbA1C levels at 1 year (25% versus 17%, P = .001). The differences in the reduction of HbA1C between LRYGB and LSG for the other time intervals were not significant (P > .05), 24% versus 17% (2 yr), 22% versus 16% (3 yr), 22% versus 13% (4 yr), and 17% versus 10% (5 yr). Changes in body mass index were not correlated to changes in HbA1C at various study points. CONCLUSION: Both LRYGB and LSG resulted in significant decreases in HbA1C levels and are correlated with changes in body mass index. LRYGB had the greatest effect at 1 year postoperatively. There was no significant difference in HbA1C reduction for LRYGB and LSG after 1 year postoperatively in this predominantly Hispanic and black cohort.

Thyroid Lobectomy for T1b-T2 Papillary Thyroid Cancer with High-Risk Features.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid lobectomy (TL) has been proposed as definitive surgical treatment for papillary thyroid cancers (PTC) up to 4 cm. This study evaluates the use and appropriateness of TL for T1b and T2 PTC. STUDY DESIGN: The National Cancer Database was interrogated for adult patients having TL for T1b-T2 PTC between 2004 and 2014. Patients who should have undergone total thyroidectomy (TT) instead of lobectomy based on high-risk tumor features were identified. The 2 groups were compared for clinical and demographic characteristics, and overall survival. RESULTS: Of 8,083 patients undergoing lobectomy, 1,552 patients had high-risk features and should have undergone TT. These included 194 with cN1, 571 with pN1, 307 with lymphovascular invasion (LVI), 645 with extra thyroidal extension (ETE), 567 with positive margins, 42 with poorly differentiated PTC, and 25 with M1 disease. At 10 years of follow-up, 92.4% of appropriate lobectomy (aTL) patients were alive compared with 88.5% of inappropriate lobectomy (iTL) patients (p < 0.001). On univariate and multivariable Cox survival analysis, age greater than 45 years, male sex, comorbidities, government or no insurance, low income, and tumor size >2 cm were associated with poorer survival (all p < 0.05). Thyroid lobectomy patients with high-risk features had significantly higher mortality on unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR] 1.98, 95% CI 1.52 to 2.59, p < 0.001) and adjusted survival analysis (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.51 to 2.58, p < 0.001). Total thyroidectomy with radioiodine treatment had improved overall survival in comparison to iTL (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.83, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of patients (19.2%) with tumor size >1 cm and high-risk features undergo thyroid lobectomy for PTC. Exclusion of high-risk features is important when adopting lobectomy as the definitive surgical therapy for T1b and T2 PTC because they have a potential adverse effect on long-term survival.

Phlegmonous Gastritis in a Bariatric Patient After Sleeve Gastrectomy.

Phlegmonous gastritis is a rare and progressive fatal condition that affects the mucosa and submucosa of the gastric wall. It can be localized or diffuse, affecting the entire stomach. It usually presents with upper gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and hematemesis, along with systemic symptoms, including fever, chills, and fatigue. Risk factors include mucosal injury, surgery, hypoacidity, and immunosuppression that can be seen in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive or alcoholic patients. We present a case of phlegmonous gastritis which developed after a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. The patient presented with epigastric pain, nausea, and chills two months post-sleeve gastrectomy. The diagnosis was made with computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen. She was managed successfully with CT-guided drainage and antibiotics.

Preoperative versus intraoperative diagnosis of hiatal hernia in bariatric population.

BACKGROUND: Hiatal hernia is frequently encountered intraoperatively during bariatric surgery. There is scarce research pertaining to the diagnostic accuracy of a preoperative diagnostic modality in comparison to intraoperative diagnosis, along with patient characteristics and related factors contributing to hiatal hernia. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and associations of hiatal hernia in the bariatric patient population, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of upper gastrointestinal series and esophagogastroduodenoscopy with the intraoperative findings across various patient characteristics. SETTING: Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program, Teaching Hospital, New York, USA. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients from 2015 to 2018 who met National Institutes of Health criteria for bariatric surgery. RESULTS: There were 1094 patients included (135 males, 959 females), with an age range of 18 to 74 years. The diagnostic accuracy was determined by a sensitivity of 64.71% (95% confidence interval [CI] .55-.70), specificity of 74.38% (95% CI .71-.70), positive predictive value of 29.86% (95% CI .24-.30), negative predictive value of 92.59% (95%CI .89-90), likelihood ratio of 2.526, and P value < .0001 for esophagogastroduodenoscopy; a sensitivity of 14.02% (95% CI .08-0), specificity of 98.23% (95% CI .96-.90), positive predictive value of 71.43% (95% CI .50-.80), negative predictive value of 78.35% (95% CI .74-.80), likelihood ratio 7.921, and P value < .0001 were used for upper gastrointestinal series. Hiatal hernia with age <60 years was 17.09% versus 48.44% at >60 years (P < .0001). Hiatal hernia incidence was 17% in Hispanics, 22.5% in Caucasians, and 23.10% in blacks. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hiatal hernia is 18.92%. There is strong association between hiatal hernia and age and ethnicity and no association based on sex and body mass index. The diagnostic accuracy of upper gastrointestinal series is very low compared with that of esophagogastroduodenoscopy for hiatal hernia. Preoperative diagnosis of hiatal hernia in the bariatric population is not required based on our study. Not only does it lessen the economic burden, patient wait time, and discomfort of an additional study, but preoperative diagnosis does not change, alter, or aid in the intraoperative management of hiatal hernia considering the suboptimal accuracy of preoperative diagnostics, thus deeming them unwarranted.

Long-Term Modulation of Appetitive Hormones and Sweet Cravings After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) produces greater weight loss compared with a purely restrictive procedure such as laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to quantify changes in hormones that regulate energy homeostasis and appetitive sensations before and after LAGB (n = 18) and RYGB (n = 38) in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying the greater weight loss after RYGB. METHODS: A standardized test meal was administered prior to surgery, at 6 months, and annually thereafter to year 2 after LAGB and year 4 after RYGB. Blood samples were obtained in the fasted state and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min post-meal. RESULTS: Progressive increases in fasting PYY were observed after RYGB together with increases in postprandial area under the curve (AUC) levels that were unchanged after LAGB. GLP-1 AUC increased only after RYGB. There was a weight loss-related increase in fasting ghrelin levels after LAGB that was unchanged 1 year after RYGB despite greater percentage weight loss; ghrelin subsequently increased at years 2-4 post-RYGB. HOMA-IR decreased after both procedures but correlated with weight loss only after LAGB, whereas leptin correlated with weight loss in both groups. Sweet cravings decreased after RYGB. CONCLUSION: A number of weight loss-independent changes in the gut hormonal milieu likely act in concert to promote a decrease in insulin resistance and greater weight loss efficacy after RYGB. A progressive change in hormone levels over time may reflect gut enteroplasticity after RYGB. A decrease in sweet cravings specific to RYGB may further promote superior weight loss outcomes.

Benzocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia in a Postoperative Bariatric Patient following Esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Methemoglobinemia is a rare complication in clinical practice. It is most commonly seen in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures, including EGDs, laryngoscopies, bronchoscopies, and nasogastric tube insertions. This is thought to be a disease seen almost exclusively in patients with genetic predispositions to develop it; the increasing use of topical anesthetics during procedures has made methemoglobinemia a disease entity that every clinical provider should be able to recognize and treat. Clinically, patients become cyanotic with mild oxygen derangements on pulse oximetry, in the range of 84 to 90%. Paradoxically, these patients demonstrate normal to supranormal oxygen levels in the blood on blood gas analysis. We report a case of 34-year-old female postoperative Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patient who developed hypoxia and cyanosis after a routine EGD procedure to relieve a food impaction. Differentials of aspiration and pulmonary embolism were plausible; stat blood gas analysis clinched the diagnosis and managed with intravenous methylene blue.

Vanishing spleen syndrome post right partial nephrectomy in a sicklemic patient.

Splenic infarction after contralateral laparoscopic renal surgery has not, to our knowledge, been reported. The spleen is the most affected organ in sickle cell disease and the mechanism of auto infarction is thought to result from the crystallization of abnormal hemoglobin during periods of hypoxia or acidosis resulting in parenchymal ischemia and ultimately tissue necrosis. We report a case of 45 year old female with sickle cell disease who had an unremarkable spleen at the time of a laparoscopic right partial nephrectomy and was subsequently found to have marked diminution in her splenic volume.

A Case series of candy cane limb syndrome after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Candy cane syndrome is a rare complication reported in bariatric patients following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. It occurs when there is an excessive length of roux limb proximal to gastrojejunostomy, creating the possibility for food particles to lodge and remain in the blind redundant limb. Patients present with non-specific symptoms such as abdominal pain associated with nausea and vomiting. Most remain undiagnosed as the disease process is poorly described. We report three cases of candy cane syndrome treated successfully at our institution.

Management of Incidental Hernia Discovered During Abdominal Contouring in Post-Bariatric Surgery Patients.

PURPOSE: An increase in bariatric surgery has led to a rise in postbariatric contouring procedures. Despite a comprehensive preoperative assessment, body habitus in these patients may significantly limit the abdominal exam. Abdominal contouring procedures typically elevate large portions of the skin and fat off the abdominal wall, and unexpected hernia may be discovered intraoperatively. No study to date has characterized such hernia discovery at the time of body contouring surgery. We reviewed our experience of management of incidental hernia found during abdominoplasty or panniculectomy after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. METHODS: Records of all post-bariatric surgery patients undergoing abdominal contouring procedures between 2007 and 2017 were reviewed to identify patients with incidental hernias discovered intraoperatively. These patients were further examined by reviewing operative details, patient-specific factors, and outcomes. RESULTS: Six hundred eighty-one post-bariatric surgery patients underwent abdominal body contouring procedures with incidental ventral hernia discovered in 36 patients (5.3% [45 hernias]). At the time of plastic surgery, average age was 49 years (range, 25-64 years), and body mass index was 30.7 kg/m (range 25-43 kg/m). Of 36 patients with incidental hernia, 26 patients (72.2%) had a single hernia, and the remainder had multiple (27.8%). Mean hernia size was 4.1 cm (range, 0.25-24 cm). Most hernias were located paraumbilical/umbilical (46.7%) or epigastric (37.8%). Ninety-eight percent of hernias were repaired primarily (n = 44) by the plastic surgeon, and in 1 case (2%), mesh repair was performed by a consulting general surgeon. Average follow-up was 1.9 ± 0.3 years. Only 1 patient (2.8%) developed hernia recurrence after 48 months. Other postoperative complications included superficial wound healing problems (19.4%), seroma (16.7%), suture abscess (5.6%), and cellulitis that resolved with antibiotics (5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to characterize incidental hernia discovered at the time of body contouring in the post-bariatric surgery patient. The body contouring surgeon should be aware of this common finding. Hernias typically discovered during panniculectomy or abdominoplasty arise in umbilical or epigastric regions, likely from prior laparoscopic port sites, and can be safely repaired by the plastic surgeon with low overall complication rates.

Retrograde jejunojejunal intussusception in a pregnant female after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Adult intussusception is a rare complication after laparoscopic Roux-En-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) surgery. Incidence of intussusception is on the rise as the demand of bariatric surgeries is increased to treat morbid obesity. Among the bariatric surgeries, LRYGB gastric bypass results in significantly higher weight loss with thinning of the mesentery resulting in increased risk for intussusception. Majority of intussusception cases after gastric bypass have been reported in non-pregnant patients. We report a case of retrograde jejunojejunal intussusception in 6 weeks pregnant female following laparoscopic gastric bypass, which was diagnosed with abdominal magnetic resonance imaging and managed successfully with resection and revision of the anastomosis.

ReShape Intragastric Balloon Complicated by Gastric Perforation and Peritonitis.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a growing global epidemic with tremendous financial burden and health care costs worldwide. Restrictive surgery has emerged as the definitive treatment option to combat morbid obesity and its associated comorbidities. The advent of endoscopy has new grounds in obesity with the introduction of inflatable balloon placed in the stomach that decreases satiety by volume restriction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report a first case of gastric perforation with peritonitis after ReShape intragastric balloon placement that needed emergent surgical intervention. Decision was made to proceed with exploratory laparotomy, device deflation, and removal with subsequent gastric defect repair. RESULTS: Postoperative period was uneventful, drain was removed on postoperative day 2, and patient tolerated diet and was discharged home subsequently. Biopsy of the perforation site demonstrated mild non-specific chronic gastritis. CONCLUSION: In the modern era of minimal invasiveness, any new approach would roar popularity among patients and hence is of utmost importance for clinicians to be constantly educated on scientific research and innovations in their field.

Lifestyle Intervention and Medical Management With vs Without Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Control of Hemoglobin A1c, LDL Cholesterol, and Systolic Blood Pressure at 5 Years in the Diabetes Surgery Study.

Importance: The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is effective in achieving established diabetes treatment targets, but durability is unknown. Objective: To compare durability of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass added to intensive lifestyle and medical management in achieving diabetes control targets. Design, Setting, and Participants: Observational follow-up of a randomized clinical trial at 4 sites in the United States and Taiwan, involving 120 participants who had a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of 8.0% or higher and a body mass index between 30.0 and 39.9 (enrolled between April 2008 and December 2011) were followed up for 5 years, ending in November 2016. Interventions: Lifestyle-intensive medical management intervention based on the Diabetes Prevention Program and LookAHEAD trials for 2 years, with and without (60 participants each) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery followed by observation to year 5. Main Outcomes and Measures: The American Diabetes Association composite triple end point of hemoglobin A1c less than 7.0%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol less than 100 mg/dL, and systolic blood pressure less than 130 mm Hg at 5 years. Results: Of 120 participants who were initially randomized (mean age, 49 years [SD, 8 years], 72 women [60%]), 98 (82%) completed 5 years of follow-up. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups: mean (SD) body mass index 34.4 (3.2) for the lifestyle-medical management group and 34.9 (3.0) for the gastric bypass group and had hemoglobin A1c levels of 9.6% (1.2) and 9.6% (1.0), respectively. At 5 years, 13 participants (23%) in the gastric bypass group and 2 (4%) in the lifestyle-intensive medical management group had achieved the composite triple end point (difference, 19%; 95% CI, 4%-34%; P = .01). In the fifth year, 31 patients (55%) in the gastric bypass group vs 8 (14%) in the lifestyle-medical management group achieved an HbA1c level of less than 7.0% (difference, 41%; 95% CI, 19%-63%; P = .002). Gastric bypass had more serious adverse events than did the lifestyle-medical management intervention, 66 events vs 38 events, most frequently gastrointestinal events and surgical complications such as strictures, small bowel obstructions, and leaks. Gastric bypass had more parathyroid hormone elevation but no difference in B12 deficiency. Conclusions and Relevance: In extended follow-up of obese adults with type 2 diabetes randomized to adding gastric bypass compared with lifestyle and intensive medical management alone, there remained a significantly better composite triple end point in the surgical group at 5 years. However, because the effect size diminished over 5 years, further follow-up is needed to understand the durability of the improvement. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00641251.