Multivariate Prognostic Models for Patients with Stages I and Ii Colon Carcinoma: a Strobe-Compliant Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Colorectal cancer is the most frequent gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide. The value of adjuvant treatment is controversial in Stages I and II. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct post-operative prognostic models applicable to patients with stages I-II colon carcinoma (CC). Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with Stage I-II CC treated over a 25-year period. Exposure was defined as clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical factors (including CDX2 and MUC2 expression). Patients were randomly allocated to either a "modeling set" or a "validation set". Factors associated with recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were defined in the "modeling set". Their performances were tested in the "validation set". Results: From a total of 556 recruited patients, 339 (61%) were allocated to the "modeling set" and 217 (39%) to the "validation set". Three models explaining recurrence, DFS, and OS were described. Tumor location in the left colon (Hazards ratio [HR] = 1.57; 95% Confidence interval [CI] 0.99-2.48), lymphocyte (HR = 0.46; 96% CI 0.27-0.88) and monocyte (HR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.99-1) counts, neutrophil/platelet ratio (HR = 1.3; 95% CI 0.74-2.3, and HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.3-4.1; for second and third category, respectively), albumin/monocyte ratio (HR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.21-0.87), and microscopic residual disease after surgery (HR = 8.7; 95% CI 3.1-24) were independently associated with OS. T classification and expression of CDX2 and/or MUC2 were not independently associated with recurrence or prognosis. Conclusion: These models are simple and readily available, and distinguish the risk and prognosis in patients with CC stages I and II; these models require cheaper processes than the use of more sophisticated molecular biology techniques. They may guide either the need for adjuvant therapy versus post-operative surveillance only, as well as aid in the design of clinical trials.

Prognostic Factors and Differences in Survival of Right and Left Colon Carcinoma: A STROBE Compliant Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Right-colon cancer (RCC) presents differences with Left-colon cancer (LCC) in terms of Overall survival (OS), but certain reports provide conflicting findings. Our objective is to define differences regarding prognostic factors in RCC and LCC by multivariate analysis. METHODS: Retrospective cohort including patients treated from 1992-2016. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox models were used to define prognostic factors. RESULTS: 871 patients had RCC and 748 LCC; mean age was 58.1. Location was associated with socioeconomic status, body mass, blood hemoglobin, serum albumin, lymphocyte count and Prognostic nutritional index (PNI). Distribution of TNM stages was similar between groups, as well as gender, age, surgical morbidity/mortality; 72.3% of RCC and 83.2% of LCC were well/moderately differentiated (p <0.0001). Mean surgical lymph-node retrieval was 19.3 (SD14.6) for RCC and 15.7 (SD13.1) for LCC (p <0.0001). Median OS was 5.2 (95% CI 3.9-6.5) for RCC, and 3.2 years (95% CI 2.1-4.4) for LCC (p = 0.426). OS was different between RCC and LCC by stratified analyses within PNI, TNM, differentiation and R classification. RCC presents different OS in stages IIIC, and IVB than LCC. CONCLUSION: Differences between RCC and LCC were mainly by immunonutritional variables. Differences in OS were found after stratified analysis of PNI, TNM stages, differentiation degree, and R classification. Location of the neoplasm in the colon should be considered in the design of clinical trials in patients with colon cancer.

Association of the prognostic nutritional index and overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer: A STROBE compliant retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The TNM classification does not completely reflect the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Several clinical factors have been used to increase its prognostic value, but factors pertaining to the patient's immunonutritional status have not usually been addressed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of Prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and other well-known prognostic factors by multivariate analysis in a cohort of patients with CRC. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with CRC managed in a cancer center between January 1992 and December 2016. Cox's model was used to define the association of the PNI and other factors with Overall survival (OS). RESULTS: A total of 3301 patients were included: 47.7% were female and 52.3% were male, with a mean age of 58.7 years. By bivariate analysis, PNI was strongly associated with OS (Risk ratio [RR] 0.968, 95% Confidence interval [CI] 0.962-0.974; P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, PNI was an independent explanatory variable (as continuous variable and as categorized variable; RR 0.732, 95% CI 0.611-0.878; RR 0.656, 95% CI 0.529-0.813 and RR 0.646, 95% CI 0.521-0.802, for quintiles 2, 3, and 4-5, respectively); a biological gradient effect was demonstrated. The final prognostic model included PNI, location of the neoplasia in the colorectum, basal hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, TNM stage, differentiation degree, R classification, and postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: PNI is a significant and independent prognostic factor in patients with CRC. Its prognostic value adds precision to the TNM staging system including specific subgroups of patients with CRC; it should be evaluated in prospective clinical studies.

Baseline serum albumin and other common clinical markers are prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study.

The aim of the present study was to define the prognostic role of baseline serum albumin (BSA) in colorectal cancer (CRC) across tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages and other well defined prognostic factors. Many prognostic models in medicine employ BSA to define or refine treatments in very specific settings; in CRC, BSA has been found to be a prognostic factor as well. A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with CRC demonstrated by biopsy, who attended a cancer center during a 7-year period. Multivariate analysis was utilized to define prognostic factors associated with overall survival (OS) employing the Cox model. In this retrospective cohort study, 1465 patients were included; 46.6% were females and 53.4% males (mean age, 59.1 years). Mean BSA was inversely correlated with TNM stages. By multivariate analysis, it was an independent explanatory variable. TNM stages, "R" classification, age, lymphocyte count, neutrophil/platelet ratio, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, postoperative morbidity, and BSA were independently associated with OS. Morbidities, surgery type, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy were considered confounders after adjusting by TNM stages. BSA is a significant and independent prognostic factor in patients with CRC, and its effect is maintained across TNM strata and other well known clinical prognostic factors. It can be easily used in prognostic models and should be employed to stratify prognosis in therapeutic randomized clinical trials.

Clinical validation of the EORTC QLQ-OG25 questionnaire for the evaluation of health-related quality of life in Mexican patients with esophagogastric cancers.

BACKGROUND: Quality of life questionnaires (QLQ) QLQ-STO22 and QLQ-OES18 are currently available to measure Health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with Esophageal (EC) or Gastric cancer (GC). The QLQ-OG25 integrates questions from both questionnaires to be useful for EC, Esophagogastric junction carcinoma (EGJC), and GC. Our aim was to validate the Mexican-Spanish version. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The translation procedure followed European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) guidelines. QLQ-C30 and QLQ-OG25 instruments were completed by patients with EC, EGJC, and GC. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) palliative treatment; (2) treatment with curative intent, and (3) survivors. Reliability and validity tests were performed. RESULTS: One-hundred sixty-three patients were included: 62 women and 101 men (mean age, 54.9 years; range, 22-82 years). Sixty-nine, seventy-three, and twenty-one patients were allocated into groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Questionnaire compliance rates were high and were well accepted. Group 3 patients reported better functional HRQL scores and lower symptom scores than patients in groups 2 and 1. Scales in the QLQ-C30 and QLQ-OG25 distinguished among other clinically distinct groups of patients. Cronbach's α coefficients of all multi-item scales of the QLQ-OG25 instrument were >0.7 (range, 0.7-0.83). Multitrait scaling analysis demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity, even adjusting by location. Test-retest scores were consistent. CONCLUSION: The Mexican-Spanish version of the EORTC QLQ-OG25 questionnaire is reliable and valid for HRQL measurement in patients with esophagogastric cancer and can be used in clinical trials in the Mexican community.

Validation of the Mexican Spanish version of the EORTC C30 and STO22 questionnaires for the evaluation of health-related quality of life in patients with gastric cancer.

Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is a fundamental outcome in surgical oncology and culturally valid tools are essential for this purpose. Our aim was to validate the Mexican-Spanish versions of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality-of-Life Questionnaire QLQ-C30 and the QLQ-STO22 disease-specific questionnaire module in Mexican patients with gastric cancer (GC). The translation procedure followed EORTC guidelines. Both instruments were completed by patients with GC and analyses were performed within three clinically distinct groups: (1) patients undergoing palliative treatment, (2) patients undergoing treatment with curative intent, and (3) GC survivors. Tests for reliability and validity were performed. One hundred and fifty patients (mean age 54.2 years) completed both questionnaires. Sixty-seven, 55, and 28 patients were allocated to groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Compliance rates were high, and questionnaires were well-accepted. Survivors of treatment for GC reported better functional HRQL scores and lower symptom scores than patients in group 2 who were currently undergoing treatment. Patients selected for potentially curative treatment had better HRQL than group 1 (palliative treatments). Scales in the QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 distinguished between other clinically distinct groups of patients. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 14 scales of both questionnaires were >0.7. Multitrait scaling analysis demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity. Test-retest scores were consistent. We conclude that the Mexican-Spanish versions of EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-C22 questionnaires are reliable and valid for HRQL measurement in patients with GC and are therefore recommended for use in clinical trials of Mexican community.

Selection of best candidates for multiorgan resection among patients with T4 gastric carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Indications for gastrectomy in T4 gastric carcinoma (GC) remain controversial. Our aim was to define prognostic factors to select those patients with best chance to benefit from multiorgan resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of patients with T4 GC treated in a 19-year period. Surgical morbidity-associated factors were identified by logistic regression analysis. Prognostic factors were defined by Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods. RESULTS: Seven hundred eighteen patients were included (gastrectomy performed in 169). Surgical morbidity and mortality were 39% and 10.7%, respectively. Surgical morbidity were associated to extent of gastrectomy, age, serum albumin, and lymphocyte count (P = 0.0001). Presence of metastasis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.19-2.36), albumin <3 g/dl plus lymphocytes <1,000 cells/mm(3) (HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.8-4.6), presence of ascites (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.06-4.2), age >or=50 (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.02-1.8), and unresectable disease (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.7-4.1) defined poor survival (P = 0.00001). CONCLUSION: Performing a multiorgan resection must be balanced between chances for long-term survival and surviving a potentially fatal operation. Absence of metastases, serum albumin levels >3 g/dl, and accomplishment of R0 resection select patients with high probability of benefit from multiorgan resection.

Experience of surgical morbidity after palliative surgery in patients with gastric carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Indications for palliative surgery in gastric carcinoma (GC) are controversial. Our aim was to describe the results of palliative surgery in GC in terms of operative morbidity and survival. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with GC, who were divided into three groups: resection with microscopic residual disease (R1), palliative resection with macroscopic residual disease (R2), and gastrojejunostomy. Comparisons were tested with analysis of variance (ANOVA) or chi(2) test, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-two patients were included in the study: 21 had R1, 71 had R2, and 40 had gastrojejunostomy. Surgical morbidity was recorded in 4 patients (19%), 23 patients (32.4%), and 1 patient (2.5%) in each of the three groups, respectively (P = 0.001). Operative mortality occurred in 6 patients (8.5%) from the R2 group and in 1 (2.5%) patient from the gastrojejunostomy group (P = 0.406). Median survivals of the R1, R2, and gastrojejunostomy groups were 22.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.4-29.3), 12.4 (95% CI, 9.01-15.8) months, and 6.4 months (95% CI, 0-14.6), respectively (P = 0.078) CONCLUSION: R1 resections and gastrojejunostomy were associated with low surgical morbidity and mortality, unlike R2 resection; in this group, surgical morbidity and mortality was high. Therefore, the benefit of palliative resection in the presence of extensive residual disease should be balanced against the risk of surgical morbidity.

Treatment of the adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction at a single institution in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is rapidly increasing in the west. Our aim is to define the prognostic factors and treatment of EGJ carcinoma in Mexico, particularly the location after the Siewert's classification. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of patients suffering from EGJ adenocarcinoma treated from 1987 to 2000. The Kaplan-Meier and the Cox's models were used to define prognostic factors. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-four patients were included, 90 females and 144 males. Surgical resection was possible in 68 cases only (29%). Significant prognostic factors were tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage [stages I-II: risk ratio (RR) is 1; stage III RR is 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-2.4; stage IV RR, 2.04, 95% CI 1.1-3.7], gender (male RR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.05-2.05), metastatic lymph node ratio (no resection: RR = 1; ratio 0.2-1 RR=0.67, 95% CI 0.39-1.14; ratio 0-0.19 RR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.23-0.76) and seralbumin (3 mg/dL or less RR = 2.05 95% CI 1.3-3.2; 3.1-3.4 mg/dL RR = 1.9 95% CI 1.2-3.03; 3.5-3.8 mg/dL RR = 1.3 95% CI 0.8-1.9; 3.9 mg/dL or more: RR = 1) (model P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: EGJ adenocarcinoma is a highly lethal neoplasia and the location after the Siewert' classification is not a prognostic factor. In Mexico, TNM clinical stage, serum albumin, gender, surgical resection and metastatic lymph node ratio are significant prognostic factors. Curative treatment is infrequent but radical resection is associated to longer survival. Consequently, the management must consider quality of life and surgical morbidity.

Serum albumin as a significant prognostic factor for patients with gastric carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The definition of prognostic factors in gastric carcinoma (GC) remains controversial. The potential of serum albumin as a prognostic factor for GC is emphasized because the technique to measure it is simple as well as being cheap and widely available. Our aim was to define the prognostic role of serum albumin in GC. METHODS: A cohort treated from January 1987 to December 2002 was studied. Relevant clinical, pathological and therapeutic variables were recorded. Kaplan-Meier and Cox's methods were used to define prognostic factors associated with cancer-related survival. RESULTS: One thousand and twenty-three patients were included. Serum albumin did impact survival, showing a dose-response effect. This effect was present after adjustment for other prognostic factors, including Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage, surgical resection and type of lymphadenectomy. In multivariate analysis, TNM stage [Stage Ia and Ib Hazard Ratio [HR] 1, Stage II HR 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-4.7), Stage IIIa HR 4.4 (95% CI 1.7-11.3), Stage IIIb HR 5.6 (95% CI 2.6-17.2), Stage IV HR 6.8 (95% CI 2.7-17.5), high albumin HR 1, medium albumin HR 1.2 (95% CI 0.8-1.7), low albumin HR 1.2 (95% CI 0.8-1.8), very low albumin HR 1.8 (95% CI 1.3-2.6), D2 dissection HR 1, D1 dissection HR 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.97), and no resection HR 3.7 (95% CI 2.4-5.7)] were the most significant prognostic factors associated to survival (model P = 0.00001). CONCLUSION: Pretherapeutic serum albumin level is a significant prognostic factor, which should be evaluated along with other well-defined prognostic factors in decisions concerning therapy for GC.

Identification of patients with high-risk lymph node-negative colorectal cancer and potential benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy is not indicated in lymph node-negative colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC), even though some cases will present recurrent disease. It is important to identify a subgroup of patients with the highest risk of relapse because of the potential benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy. The objective of this study is to define the prognostic factors and describe a method for the selection of this subgroup. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of 124 patients with lymph node-negative CRC with complete surgical resection was studied. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to define the prognostic factors associated with CRC-related survival and to develop a method for prediction of recurrence probability. RESULTS: The cohort included 62 women and 62 men with mean age 55.8 years. The mean follow-up period was 11.7 years. T classification of the primary tumor, differentiation grade, carcinoembryonic antigen level, gender and the presence of neural invasion were significant prognostic factors according to the multivariate analysis (final model P=0.00001). Using risk ratios for these prognostic factors, we defined a high-risk group of 78 patients and a low-risk group of 46 patients with 24 and 5 recurrences, respectively (recurrence rates of 30.8% and 10.9% respectively, P=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Using these factors, a prognostic scale was developed to predict high risk of recurrence in cases of completely resected CRC and to identify them as a subgroup of patients with potential benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy.

[Survival prognostic factors in a cohort of patients with esophageal carcinoma]. / Factores pronósticos en una cohorte de pacientes con carcinoma esofágico.

INTRODUCTION: The epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma (EC) has changed in the last decades. Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are analyzed as a single condition because prognosis is similar. The aim of this study was to define prognostic factors in EC, considering each histopathologic type independently. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied a retrospective cohort of patients treated from 1981 to 2001 at the National Cancer Institute (Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, INCan) in Mexico City. Patients with EC (including siewert I type neoplasms), with endoscopic biopsy, of adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma older than 18 years of age, and with complete clinical evaluation were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 236 cases were included: 60 (25.4%) were adenocarcinoma and 176 (74.6%), squamous cell carcinoma. Median survival times were 5.2 months (95% CI, 0.7 to 9.6) and 2.9 months (95% CI, 2.2 to 3.6 months), respectively (p = 0.0042). In bivariate analysis, age, histopathologic type, T classification, M classification, differentiation grade, history of hiatal hernia, presence of Barrett esophagus, anemia, surgical resection, and use of other antineoplastic treatments were related to survival (p = 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: At our hospital, EC is a lethal neoplasia with a dismal prognosis. Adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than squamous cell carcinoma. However, in multivariate analysis, T classification and possibility of surgical resection were the most important prognostic factors determining survival.

[Endoscopic surgery in neoplasms of the upper digestive tract]. / La cirugía endoscópica en neoplasias del tubo digestivo superior.

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic surgery has been performed since 1987 when in France the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done. Since then it has evolved and found a place in surgical practice. In the field of surgical oncology it has allowed the diagnosis, staging, resection and palliation of a great variety of neoplasms. OBJECTIVE: evaluate usefulness and recent advances of endoscopic surgery in neoplasms of the upper digestive tract, applied specifically to the esophagus and stomach. METHODS: We did a review of the medical literature using Medline data base (Pubmed). All series of cases, cohort and controlled studies published between January 1995 and April 2003 were included. RESULTS: For esophageal carcinoma as well as for gastric carcinoma, endoscopic surgery is used as a complement for computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound to define clinical stage, increasing sensibility to detect metastatic disease. Techniques of endoscopic or video assisted esophageal transhiatal and thoracoscopic resection have been described, as well as Japanese studies including radical gastric resections in early gastric cancer with multiple advantages. There are also several developing possibilities of palliative endoscopic or video assisted treatment which are discussed in this article. CONCLUSIONS: Usefulness of endoscopic surgery in staging gastric and esophageal carcinoma is proven. Nevertheless oncologic endoscopic resections are still experimental and the advantages between these and open surgery are still to be shown with prospective randomized trials.

[Rectal cancer and pregnancy]. / Cáncer de recto y embarazo.

OBJECTIVE: To present Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México, Gastroenterology Service management of rectal cancer in pregnant patients in a retrospective case study. CASE REPORT: Two patients were found, 25 an 34 years of age; both adenocarcinomas presented in Dukes D stage and manifested in third trimester of pregnancy. Main clinical manifestations were pelvic pain, hematochezia, and weight loss. Both patients died due to disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: Rectal cancer in pregnant patients is generally an advanced disease at diagnosis.

Carcinoma gástrico incipiente. Análisis de 21 casos / Early gastric carcinoma: an analysis of 21 cases

Antecedentes : el carcinoma gástrico incipiente (CGI) se define como aquella neoplasia confinada a la mucosa o submucosa del órgano, independientemente de la presencia de metástasis. Probablemente, ésta lesión se presenta en México en alrededor de 3 por ciento de los casos de carcinoma gástrico (CG). El objetivo es describir la experiencia institucional con CGI con énfasis en la detección precoz como el único método disponible para reducir la mortalidad por CG. Método: revisión retrospectiva de pacientes con CGI tratados en un centro de referencia oncológico en un lapso de 12 años. Resultado: se encontraron 21 pacientes con CGI. Las edades fluctuaron entre 33 y 84 años (media de 58.1). Doce fueron mujeres (57.1 por ciento) y nueve fueron varones (42.9 por ciento). Ninguno presentó metástasis. La supervivencia global fue de 66.4 por ciento a 5 años. En 20 pacientes se practicó resección quirúrgica radical y en uno resección en cuña de la pared gástrica. Dos pacientes (9.5 por ciento) presentaron recurrencia y murieron por CG. El seguimiento fue de 8.3 años. Conclusión: el pronóstico del CGI en nuestro medio no es tan bueno como el reportado en otros países y se encuentra con frecuencia baja. Para reducir la mortalidad por CG en México, es necesario incrementar la frecuencia relativa de diagnósticos en etapa incipiente.

Resección multiorgánica en adenocarcinoma de colon T4: informe de un caso / Multiorganic resection for T4 colon adenocarcinoma: a case report

Introducción: el cáncer colorrectal ocupa el segundo lugar entre las neoplasias del tubo digestivo en México. Se presenta frecuentemente en etapas localmente avanzadas o con enfermedad metastásica. Por ello, nos enfrentamos a menudo con la difícil decisión de intentar una resección multiorgánica o tratar al paciente de modo paliativo. Objetivo: informar un caso de cáncer de colon con invasión multiorgánica tratado con resección quirúrgica y revisar brevemente la información publicada al respecto. Material clínico: varón de 43 años con melena y pérdida de peso. Por colonoscopia se demostró masa de colon transverso y por gastroscopia se encontró infiltración hasta la mucosa gástrica. Por TAC se demostró infiltración a bazo y páncreas. Se realizó colectomía derecha radical extendida, gastrectomía total radical, pancreatectomía distal, esplenectomía y adrenalectomía izquierda como resección en bloque. Recibió tratamiento adyuvante y está vivo, asintomático y sin actividad tumoral 12 meses después de la resección, con buena calidad de vida. Conclusión: la resección multiorgánica como tratamiento del adenocarcinoma de colon T4 se justifica en casos bien seleccionados. La morbilidad y mortalidad resultante de este procedimiento puede ser elevada, y por ese motivo debe evaluarse individualmente en cada caso, y de ser posible la resección debe llevarse a cabo.

Cáncer gástrico / Gastric cancer

El cáncer gástrico (CG) es una neoplasia frecuente y su mortalidad es sumamente elevada. La mayoría de los pacientes en los países occidentales se presentan en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad, con una baja frecuencia de resecabilidad. En el presente trabajo se detallan aspectos epidemiológicos. Se presentan las principales clasificaciones morfológicas tanto macroscópicas como histopatológicas. Se define la clasificación por estadios TNM y los factores de riesgo reconocidos para CG. Se señalan las principales manifestaciones clínicas, enfatizando la necesidad del diagnóstico temprano como única maniobra capaz de abatir la mortalidad. Se discute la necesidad de realizar estudios diagnósticos y se comparan los estudios de estadificación preoperatoria en cuanto a su valor para predecir resecabilidad y su utilidad en protocolos de investigación de nuevos esquemas terapéuticas. Se analiza el papel de la cirugía radical y la linfadenectomía extendida en el tratamiento definitivo y la utilidad de tratamiento adyuvantes y paliativos y se menciona brevemente la experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología

Tumores de intestino delgado / Cancer of the small bowel

Los tumores primarios de intestino delgado (TID) son neoplasias poco comunes, representan menos del 10 por ciento de los tumores gastrointestinales. La mayoría de ellos son benignos (74 por ciento) y asintomáticos, sin embargo la mayoría de los que producen síntomas son malignos y requieren de tratamiento. Los más frecuentes son el adenocarcinoma y los tumores carcinoides ocasionando como principales manifestaciones al dolor, la obstrucción intestinal o la hemorragia. Habitualmente se diagnostican por endoscopia o estudios radiológicos contrastados y la forma de tratamiento es la cirugía. Dependiendo de la variedad histológica se utiliza la quimioterapia y/o radioterapia como tratamiento adyuvante, la sobrevida también depende de la estirpe histológica. Se revisó la experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología donde se analizaron 34 pacientes de los cuales la mayoría presentó dolor abdominal, náuseas, vómito y distensión. La variedad histológica más frecuente fue el adenocarcinoma (52 por ciento) seguido del leiomiosarcoma (32 por ciento). La mayoría (73 por ciento) fueron operados de los cuales 20 por ciento presentaban enfermedad metastásica al momento de la cirugía. Sólo nueve pacientes se encuentran vivos sin actividad tumoral con un seguimiento promedio de 7 meses. Con estos datos podemos concluir que los TID son raros, el diagnóstico en la mayoría se realiza en forma tardía y la cirugía continúa siendo el tratamiento de elección ya que ofrece la posibilidad de curación en algunos pacientes o paliación adecuada con procedimientos derivativos

Cáncer de canal anal / Cancer of the anus

El carcinoma de canal anal es una neoplasia poco frecuente, ocupa sólo el 0.02 por ciento de todas las neoplasias malignas. En México, la frecuencia de tumores anorrectales es del 1.5 por ciento y los de canal anal corresponden al 0.18 por ciento. La incidencia ha tenido a aumentar en años recientes debido a su asociación con el virus del papiloma humano (IVPH). Las variedades histológicas más frecuentes son el carcinoma epidermoide y el cloacogénico. Los factores pronósticos más importantes son el tamaño tumoral y el estado ganglionar. El manejo tradicional era el quirúrgico, pero hoy en día el manejo combinado de quimioterapia y radioterapia ofrece los mejores resultados y la cirugía se reserva para recurrencia local o paliación. Se revisó la experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en el manejo de esta tumoración, se analizaron 34 pacientes los cuales no habían recibido tratamiento previo y se excluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de SIDA. Se formaron cuatro grupos de acuerdo al tipo de manejo, (cirugía, radioterapia, quimio-radioterapia) (QT-RT) con 5FU, MMC, y QT-RT 5FU, CDDP. El esquema que ofreció los mejores resultados fue utilizando QT-RT con 5FU-CDDP ya que presenta menor toxicidad, mejor respuesta clínica y mejor sobrevida. El tamaño tumoral y el estado ganglionar, influyeron en la respuesta al tratamiento teniendo mejor respuesta los menores de 5 cm con ganglios negativos (p: 0.00004, respectivamante). El carcinoma epidermoide es de mejor pronóstico que el carcinoma cloacogénico (p: 0.07)

Carcinoma hepatocelular. Experiencia en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología / Hepatocellular carcinoma. Experience at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología

Antecedentes. El carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) es un tumor poco común en México, corresponde al 14 por ciento de todas las neoplasias malignas, en contraste con otros países como los del sureste de Asia, Japón y los localizados al sur del Sahara, en donde su incidencia es sumamente elevada. Frecuentemente es diagnósticado en etapas clínicas avanzadas impidiendo así una cirugía curativa. Objetivo. Analizar las características generales de pacientes con CHC, así como su manejo. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal de 63 casos documentados por histología de CHC. Resultados. Treinta y dos pacientes fueron del sexo masculino (50.7 por ciento), 31 del femenino, la edad promedio fue de 56 años, 18 tenían historia de alcoholismo. La hepatomegalia, el dolor abdominal y la pérdida de peso fueron los datos predominantes. El alfa-fetoproteína (AFP) fue positiva en el 55 por ciento de los casos, el ultrasonido y la tomografía computada de abdomen fueron los estudios de mayor utilidad. El 56 por ciento tenía asociación a hepatopatía crónica, 51 por ciento a cirrosis alcohólica, 43 por ciento a cirrosis por otra causa no determinada y 6 por ciento a hepatitis crónica. Setenta por ciento se diagnosticó en etapa clínica II, 17 por ciento en etapa III. Sólo un 31 por ciento fue llevado a cirugía, de los cuales en el 70 por ciento se efectuó únicamente laparotomía y biopsia, 15 por ciento resección hepática y 15 por ciento desarterialización, 54 por ciento no recibió ningún tratamiento. Las complicaciones postoperatorias fueron del 25 por ciento y la mortalidad del 20 por ciento con supervivencia promedio de 10 meses. Conclusiones. El CHC es un tumor raro en nuestro medio. La mayoría de los casos se diagnosticaron en etapas avanzadas. La relación hombre mujer fue similar, contrario a lo reportado en la literatura. El porcentaje de AFP elevada fue bajo (55 por ciento). Por lo avanzado de la enfermedad y/o las malas condiciones de los pacientes, la mayoría se consideraron irresecables por lo que es necesario evaluar otras formas de tratamiento. Es recomendable identificar a pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar CHC para realizar detección y tratamiento oportuno