Habitual Fish Consumption, n-3 Fatty Acids, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Lipoprotein Subfractions in Women.

Background Supplementation with omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid or dietary fish may protect against atherosclerosis, but the potential mechanisms are unclear. Prior studies found modest triglyceride-lowering effects and slight increases in LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. Limited evidence has examined n-3 effects on more detailed lipoprotein biomarkers. Methods and Results We conducted a study of 26 034 healthy women who reported information on fish and n-3 intake from a 131-item food-frequency questionnaire. We measured plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy lipoproteins and examined their associations with dietary intake of fish, total n-3, and the n-3 subtypes (eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and α-linolenic acids). Top- versus bottom-quintile intake of fish and n-3 were significantly associated with lower triglyceride and large VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) particles. Fish intake, but not total n-3, was positively associated with total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and larger LDL size, but only α-linolenic acid was associated with lower LDL cholesterol. Total n-3, docosahexaenoic acid, and α-linolenic acid intake were also positively associated with larger HDL (high-density lipoprotein) size and large HDL particles. High eicosapentaenoic acid intake was significantly associated with only a decreased level of VLDL particle concentration and VLDL triglyceride content. The n-3 fatty acids had some similarities but also differed in their associations with prospective cardiovascular disease risk patterns. Conclusions Higher consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids were associated with multiple measures of lipoproteins that were mostly consistent with cardiovascular prevention, with differences noted for high intake of eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid and α-linolenic acid that were apparent with more detailed lipoprotein phenotyping. These hypothesis-generating findings warrant further study in clinical trials. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00000479.

Group IIA Secretory Phospholipase A2, Vascular Inflammation, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Objective- Inflammation is a causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). sPLA2-IIA (group IIA secretory phospholipase A2) plays an integral role in regulating vascular inflammation. Although studies investigated sPLA2-IIA in secondary prevention, we prospectively evaluated sPLA2-IIA mass and genetic variants with CVD events in a primary prevention population with chronic inflammation. Approach and Results- The JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) randomized participants with LDL (low-density lipoprotein) <130 mg/dL and hsCRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) ≥2 mg/L to high-intensity rosuvastatin versus placebo. Baseline and 1-year plasma sPLA2-IIA mass was measured (N=11 269 baseline; N=9620 1 year). We also identified genetic variants influencing sPLA2-IIA using genome-wide association and examined them with CVD. Three hundred thirteen incident CVD events occurred during follow-up. Baseline sPLA2-IIA mass (median, 25th-75th percentile: 3.81, 2.49-6.03 ng/mL) was associated with increased risk of CVD: risk factor-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI; P) per SD increment: 1.22 (1.08-1.38; P=0.002). This remained significant (1.18; 1.04-1.35; P=0.01) after incrementally adjusting for hsCRP. Similar estimates were observed in rosuvastatin and placebo groups ( P treatment interaction>0.05). The rs11573156C variant in PLA2G2A (encoding sPLA2-IIA) had the strongest effect on sPLA2-II: median (25th-75th percentile, ng/mL) for CC and GG genotypes: 2.79 (1.97-4.01) and 7.38 (5.38-10.19), respectively; and had nonsignificant trend for higher CVD risk (hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.89-1.38; P=0.34). Conclusions- In the JUPITER population recruited on chronic inflammation, sPLA2-IIA mass was associated with CVD risk relating to vascular inflammation not fully reflected by hsCRP. Additional studies, including larger functional genetic and clinical studies, are needed to determine whether sPLA2-IIA may be a potential pharmacological target for primary prevention of CVD. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00239681.

GlycA, a novel inflammatory marker, is associated with subclinical coronary disease.

OBJECTIVE: GlycA, a novel NMR biomarker of inflammation, has been associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population, but its association with CVD among HIV-infected individuals is unknown. We examined the associations between GlycA and subclinical coronary plaque among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men participating in Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of 935 men with plasma measurement of GlycA and noncontrast cardiac computed tomography (CT) and/or coronary CT angiography. METHODS: We used multivariable Poisson and linear regression to assess associations of GlycA with prevalent coronary atherosclerosis and plaque extent, respectively. RESULTS: Mean ±â€ŠSD age was 54 ±â€Š7 years; 31% were black; 63% HIV-infected. GlycA levels were higher in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected men (397 ±â€Š68 vs. 380 ±â€Š60 µmol/l, P = 0.0001) and higher for men with detectable viral load vs. undetectable (413 ±â€Š79 vs. 393 ±â€Š65 µmol/l, P = 0.004). After adjusting for HIV serostatus, demographic and CVD risk factors, every 1SD increment in GlycA level was associated with a higher prevalence of coronary artery calcium (CAC >0) [prevalence ratio 1.09 (95% CI 1.03-1.15)] and coronary stenosis at least 50% [1.20 (1.02-1.41)]. These associations were not significantly altered after adjusting for traditional inflammatory biomarkers or differ by HIV serostatus. Among men with plaque, GlycA was positively associated with the extent of CAC and total plaque. CONCLUSION: HIV infection was associated with higher GlycA levels. In both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals, GlycA was significantly associated with several measures of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis, independent of other CVD risk factors and inflammatory biomarkers. These findings suggest the potential role of GlycA in CVD risk stratification among HIV patients.

Associations of ideal cardiovascular health with GlycA, a novel inflammatory marker: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Unhealthy lifestyles and inflammation contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD). GlycA is a novel biomarker of systemic inflammation representing post-translational glycosylation of acute phase reactants and associated with increased clinical CVD risk. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that ideal cardiovascular health (CVH), as assessed by (higher) Life's Simple 7 (LS7) scores, would be associated with lower GlycA levels among individuals free of CVD in a multiethnic community-based population. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 6479 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants [53% women; mean age 62 ± 10 years] with GlycA levels measured at baseline by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The LS7 metrics (smoking, physical activity, diet, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose) were each scored as ideal (2), moderate (1), or poor (0). Total scores were summed and categorized as optimal (12-14), average (8-11), and inadequate (0-7). Linear regression assessed percent difference in GlycA by LS7 scores, after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education, income, family history of CVD, and other inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: GlycA levels were 403.4 ± 63.1, 374.4 ± 59.2, and 350.3 ± 56.2 micromoles per liter (µmol/L) for inadequate, average, and optimal CVH, respectively (P-trend <0.001). After multivariable adjustment, GlycA remained independently and inversely associated with CVH categories, with a lower mean GlycA level of 5 µmol/L (95% confidence interval 4.5-5.8) for each one unit increment in LS7 score. CONCLUSIONS: Among this group of ethnically diverse individuals without CVD, suboptimal CVH is associated with higher GlycA levels, independent of traditional inflammatory biomarkers. Strategies aimed at improving CVH might reduce GlycA, which could be a marker of reduced risk of future CVD events.

Markers of Inflammation and Incident Breast Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Study.

Chronic inflammation may be a risk factor for the development and progression of breast cancer, yet it is unknown which inflammatory biomarkers and pathways are especially relevant. The present study included 27,071 participants (mean age = 54.5 years) in the Women's Health Study who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease at enrollment (1992-1995), with baseline measures of 4 inflammatory biomarkers: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, N-acetyl side-chains of acute phase proteins, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to evaluate associations between baseline concentrations of biomarkers and incident breast cancer, and adjusted for baseline and time-varying factors such as age and body mass index. Self-reported invasive breast cancer was confirmed against medical records for 1,497 incident cases (90% postmenopausal). We observed different patterns of risk depending on the inflammatory biomarker. There was a significant direct association between fibrinogen and breast cancer risk (for quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, adjusted hazard ratio = 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.51; P for trend = 0.01). In contrast, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was inversely associated with breast cancer (for quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, adjusted hazard ratio = 0.79, 95% confidence interval: 0.66, 0.94; P for trend = 0.02). N-acetyl side-chains of acute phase proteins and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were not associated with breast cancer. The complex association of chronic inflammation and breast cancer may be considered when formulating anti-inflammatory cancer prevention or intervention strategies.

Residual Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events in Relation to Reductions in Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins.

BACKGROUND: It is uncertain whether pharmacological reductions in very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), and their component triglyceride and cholesterol could reduce residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events among individuals in whom low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been adequately lowered. We examined whether individuals with greater on-statin reductions in VLDL-related measures-beyond reductions in LDL-C-were at further reduced risk of ASCVD. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 9423 participants in the JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention) trial (NCT00239681), at baseline and on statin we measured standard lipids, 400-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-measured VLDL particle subclasses (small, medium, and large VLDL lipoprotein particle concentration), and total VLDL cholesterol mass. Compared with individuals allocated to placebo, we examined risk of incident ASCVD (N=211) among statin-allocated participants who achieved minimal (

Lipoprotein insulin resistance score and risk of incident diabetes during extended follow-up of 20 years: The Women's Health Study.

BACKGROUND: Type II diabetes (T2D) is preceded by prolonged insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency incompletely captured by glucose metabolism parameters, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides. OBJECTIVE: Whether lipoprotein insulin resistance (LPIR) score, a metabolomic marker, is associated with incident diabetes and improves risk reclassification over traditional markers on extended follow-up. METHODS: Among 25,925 nondiabetic women aged 45 years or older, LPIR was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a weighted score of very low density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and HDL particle sizes, and their subsets concentrations. We run adjusted cox regression models for LPIR with incident T2D (20.4 years median follow-up). RESULTS: Adjusting for demographics, body mass index, life style factors, blood pressure, and T2D family history, the LPIR hazard ratio for T2D (hazard ratio [HR] per standard deviation, 95% confidence interval) was 1.95 (1.85, 2.06). Further adjusting for HbA1c, C-reactive protein, triglycerides, HDL and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LPIR HR was attenuated to 1.41 (1.31, 1.53) and had the strongest association with T2D after HbA1C in mutually adjusted models. The association persisted even in those with optimal clinical profiles, adjusted HR per standard deviation 1.91 (1.17, 3.13). In participants deemed at intermediate T2D risk by the Framingham Offspring T2D score, LPIR led to a net reclassification of 0.145 (0.117, 0.175). CONCLUSION: In middle-aged or older healthy women followed prospectively for over 20 years, LPIR was robustly associated with incident T2D, including among those with an optimal clinical metabolic profile. LPIR improved T2D risk classification and may guide early and targeted prevention strategies.

Atherogenic Lipoprotein Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease and Residual Risk Among Individuals With Low Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.

BACKGROUND: Levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol in the population are declining, and increasing attention is being focused on residual lipid-related pathways of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk beyond LDL cholesterol. Among individuals with low (<130 mg/dL) LDL cholesterol, we undertook detailed profiling of circulating atherogenic lipoproteins in relation to incident cardiovascular disease in 2 populations. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify concentrations of LDL and VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) particle subclasses in 11 984 JUPITER trial participants (NCT00239681). Adjusted Cox models examined cardiovascular disease risk associated with lipoprotein measures according to treatment allocation. Risk (adjusted hazard ratio [95%CI] per SD increment) among placebo-allocated participants was associated with total LDL particles (1.19 [1.02, 1.38]) and total VLDL particles (1.21 [1.04, 1.41]), as well as apolipoprotein B, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, but not LDL-c. Rosuvastatin reduced LDL measures but had variable effects on triglyceride and VLDL measures. On-statin levels of the smallest VLDL particle subclass were associated with a 68% per-SD (adjusted hazard ratio 1.68 [1.28, 2.22]) increase in residual risk-this risk was related to VLDL cholesterol and not triglyceride or larger VLDL particles. There was evidence that residual risk prediction during statin therapy could be significantly improved through the inclusion of key VLDL measures (Harrell C-index 0.780 versus 0.712; P<0.0001). In an independent, prospective cohort of 4721 individuals referred for cardiac catheterization (CATHGEN), similar patterns of lipoprotein-related risk were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Atherogenic lipoprotein particle concentrations were associated with cardiovascular disease risk when LDL cholesterol was low. VLDL lipoproteins, particularly the smallest remnant subclass, may represent unused targets for risk prediction and potential therapeutic intervention for reducing residual risk. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00239681.

Effects of statins on the immunoglobulin G glycome.

BACKGROUND: Statins are among the most widely prescribed medications worldwide and usually many individuals involved in clinical and population studies are on statin therapy. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation has been associated with numerous cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association of statin use with N-glycosylation of IgG. The association was analyzed in two large population cohorts (TwinsUK and KORA) using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC-UPLC) in the TwinsUK cohort and reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) in the KORA cohort. Afterwards we investigated the same association for only one statin (rosuvastatin) in a subset of individuals from the randomized double-blind placebo-controlled JUPITER study using LC-ESI-MS for IgG glycome and HILIC-UPLC for total plasma N-glycome. RESULTS: In the TwinsUK population, the use of statins was associated with higher levels of core-fucosylated biantennary glycan structure with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (FA2B) and lower levels of core-fucosylated biantennary digalactosylated monosialylated glycan structure (FA2G2S1). The association between statin use and FA2B was replicated in the KORA cohort. In the JUPITER trial we found no statistically significant differences between the randomly allocated placebo and rosuvastatin groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the TwinsUK and KORA cohorts, statin use was associated with a small increase of pro-inflammatory IgG glycan, although this finding was not confirmed in a subset of participants from the JUPITER trial. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Even if the association between IgG N-glycome and statins exists, it is not large enough to pose a problem for glycomic studies.

Associations of Diabetes and Obesity with Risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Men.

Background. The associations of diabetes and obesity with the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are inconclusive in previous studies. Subjects/Methods. We conducted prospective analysis in the Physicians' Health Study. Among 25,554 male physicians aged ≥ 50 years who reported no AAA at baseline, 471 reported a newly diagnosed AAA during a mean of 10.4 years' follow-up. Results. Compared with men who had baseline body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2, the multivariable hazard ratio (HR [95% CI]) of newly diagnosed AAA was 1.30 [1.06-1.59] for BMI 25-<30 kg/m2 and 1.69 [1.24-2.30] for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. The risk of diagnosed AAA was significantly higher by 6% with each unit increase in baseline BMI. This association was consistent regardless of the other known AAA risk factors and preexisting vascular diseases. Overall, baseline history of diabetes tended to be associated with a lower risk of diagnosed AAA (HR = 0.79 [0.57-1.11]); this association appeared to vary by follow-up time (HR = 1.56 and 0.63 during ≤ and >2 years' follow-up, resp.). Conclusion. In a large cohort of middle-aged and older men, obesity was associated with a higher risk, while history of diabetes tended to associate with a lower risk of diagnosed AAA, particularly over longer follow-up.

Discordance between Circulating Atherogenic Cholesterol Mass and Lipoprotein Particle Concentration in Relation to Future Coronary Events in Women.

BACKGROUND: It is uncertain whether measurement of circulating total atherogenic lipoprotein particle cholesterol mass [non-HDL cholesterol (nonHDLc)] or particle concentration [apolipoprotein B (apo B) and LDL particle concentration (LDLp)] more accurately reflects risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD). We evaluated CHD risk among women in whom these markers where discordant. METHODS: Among 27533 initially healthy women in the Women's Health Study (NCT00000479), using residuals from linear regression models, we compared risk among women with higher or lower observed particle concentration relative to nonHDLc (highest and lowest residual quartiles, respectively) to individuals with agreement between markers (middle quartiles) using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Although all 3 biomarkers were correlated (r ≥ 0.77), discordance occurred in up to 20.2% of women. Women with discordant high particle concentration were more likely to have metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes (both P < 0.001). Over a median follow-up of 20.4 years, 1246 CHD events occurred (514725 person-years). Women with high particle concentration relative to nonHDLc had increased CHD risk: age-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) = 1.77 (1.56-2.00) for apo B and 1.70 (1.50-1.92) for LDLp. After adjustment for clinical risk factors including MetS, these risks attenuated to 1.22 (1.07-1.39) for apo B and 1.13 (0.99-1.29) for LDLp. Discordant low apo B or LDLp relative to nonHDLc was not associated with lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: Discordance between atherogenic particle cholesterol mass and particle concentration occurs in a sizeable proportion of apparently healthy women and should be suspected clinically among women with cardiometabolic traits. In such women, direct measurement of lipoprotein particle concentration might better inform CHD risk assessment.

Association of N-Linked Glycoprotein Acetyls and Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality.

BACKGROUND: Acute phase proteins highlight the dynamic interaction between inflammation and oncogenesis. GlycA, a novel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) inflammatory marker that identifies primarily circulating N-acetyl glycan groups attached to acute phase proteins, may be a future CRC risk biomarker. METHODS: We examined the association between GlycA and incident CRC and mortality in two prospective cohorts (N = 34,320); Discovery cohort: 27,495 participants from Women's Health Study (WHS); Replication cohort: 6,784 participants from Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Multivariable Cox models were adjusted for clinical risk factors and compared GlycA to acute phase proteins (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], fibrinogen, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1]). RESULTS: In WHS (median follow-up 19 years, 337 cases, 103 deaths), adjusted HRs (95% CIs) per SD increment of GlycA for CRC incidence and mortality were 1.19 (1.06-1.35; p = 0.004) and 1.24 (1.00-1.55; p = 0.05), respectively. We replicated findings in MESA (median follow-up 11 years, 70 cases, 23 deaths); HRs (95% CIs) per SD of GlycA for CRC incidence and mortality were 1.32 (1.06-1.65; p = 0.01) and 1.54 (1.06-2.23; p = 0.02), respectively, adjusting for age, sex, and race. Pooled analysis, adjusted HR (95% CI) per SD of GlycA for CRC incidence and mortality was 1.26 (1.15-1.39; p = 1 x 10-6). Other acute phase proteins (hsCRP, fibrinogen, and sICAM-1) had weaker or no association with CRC incidence, while only fibrinogen and GlycA were associated with CRC mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical utility of GlycA to personalize CRC therapies or prevention warrants further study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: WHS NCT00000479, MESA NCT00005487.

Circulating N-Linked Glycoprotein Side-Chain Biomarker, Rosuvastatin Therapy, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease: An Analysis From the JUPITER Trial.

BACKGROUND: GlycA, a novel protein glycan biomarker of N-acetyl side chains of acute-phase proteins, was recently associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in healthy women. Whether GlycA predicts CVD events in the setting of statin therapy in men and women without CVD but with evidence of chronic inflammation is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the Justfication for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial (NCT00239681), participants with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <130 mg/dL and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) ≥2 mg/L were randomized to rosuvastatin 20 mg/day or placebo. GlycA was quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 12 527 before randomization and 10 039 participants at 1 year. A total of 310 first primary CVD events occurred during maximum follow-up of 5.0 years (median, 1.9). GlycA changed minimally after 1 year on study treatment: 6.8% and 4.7% decrease in the rosuvastatin and placebo groups, respectively. Overall, baseline GlycA levels were associated with increased risk of CVD: multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) per SD increment, 1.20 (95% CI, 1.08-1.34; P=0.0006). After additionally adjusting for hsCRP, this was slightly attenuated (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.35; P=0.01). On-treatment GlycA levels were also associated with CVD; corresponding multivariable-adjusted HRs per SD before and after additionally adjusting for hsCRP: 1.27 (95% CI, 1.13-1.42; P<0.0001) and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.07-1.44; P=0.004), respectively. Tests for heterogeneity by treatment arm were not significant (P for interaction, >0.20). CONCLUSION: In the JUPITER trial, increased levels of GlycA were associated with an increased risk of CVD events independent of traditional risk factors and hsCRP. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00239681.

Association of Lipoproteins, Insulin Resistance, and Rosuvastatin With Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE: Statins decrease levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides as well as cardiovascular events but increase the risk for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The risk factors associated with incident T2DM are incompletely characterized. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of lipoprotein subclasses and size and a novel lipoprotein insulin resistance (LPIR) score (a composite of 6 lipoprotein measures) with incident T2DM among individuals randomized to a high-intensity statin or placebo. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This secondary analysis of the JUPITER trial (a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial) was conducted at 1315 sites in 26 countries and enrolled 17 802 men 50 years or older and women 60 years or older with LDL cholesterol levels less than 130 mg/dL, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels of at least 2 mg/L, and triglyceride levels less than 500 mg/dL. Those with T2DM were excluded. A prespecified secondary aim was to assess the effect of rosuvastatin calcium on T2DM. Incident T2DM was monitored for a median of 2.0 years. Data were collected from February 4, 2003, to August 20, 2008, and analyzed (intention-to-treat) from December 1, 2013, to January 21, 2016. INTERVENTIONS: Rosuvastatin calcium, 20 mg/d, or placebo. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Size and concentration of lipids, apolipoproteins, and lipoproteins at baseline (11 918 patients with evaluable plasma samples) and 12 months after randomization (9180 patients). The LPIR score, a correlate of insulin resistance, was calculated as a weighted combination of size and concentrations of LDL, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. RESULTS: Among the 11 918 patients (4334 women [36.4%]; median [interquartile range] age, 66 [60-71] years), rosuvastatin lowered the levels of LDL particles (-39.6%; 95% CI, -49.4% to -24.6%), VLDL particles (-19.6%; 95% CI, -40.6% to 10.3%), and VLDL triglycerides (-15.2%; 95% CI, -35.9% to 11.3%) and shifted the lipoprotein subclass distribution toward smaller LDL size (-1.5%; 95% CI, -3.7% to 0.5%), larger VLDL size (2.8%; 95% CI, -5.8% to 12.7%), and lower LPIR score (-3.2%; 95% CI, -20.6% to 16.9%). In analyses adjusted for age, sex, race or ethnic origin, exercise, educational level, family history, and smoking, the hazard ratio (HR) for T2DM per SD of LPIR score in the placebo arm was 1.99 (95% CI, 1.64-2.42); in the rosuvastatin arm, 2.06 (95% CI, 1.74-2.43). After additional adjustment for systolic blood pressure, body mass index, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hemoglobin A1c, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, the LPIR score remained associated with T2DM in the placebo arm (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03-1.76) and rosuvastatin arm (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.27-2.03). Similar trends were seen at 12 months. The LPIR score improved the model likelihood ratio (χ2 = 18.23; P < .001) and categorical net reclassification index (0.039; 95% CI, 0.003-0.072). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In apparently healthy people, LPIR score was positively associated with incident T2DM, including during rosuvastatin therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00239681.

Circulating N-Linked Glycoprotein Acetyls and Longitudinal Mortality Risk.

RATIONALE: Circulating glycoprotein N-acetyl glucosamine residues have recently been associated with incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: Using a plasma glycan biosignature (GlycA) to identify circulating N-acetyl glycan groups, we examined the longitudinal association between GlycA and mortality among initially healthy individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS: We quantified GlycA by 400 MHz (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 27,524 participants in the Women's Health Study (NCT00000479). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. We replicated the findings in an independent cohort of 12,527 individuals in the Justification for the Use of statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial (NCT00239681). We also undertook secondary examination of cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality in the Women's Health Study. In the Women's Health Study, during 524,515 person-years of follow-up (median, 20.5 years), there were 3523 deaths. Risk factor-adjusted multivariable Cox proportional hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) per SD increment in GlycA for all-cause mortality was significantly increased at 5 years (1.21 [1.06-1.40]) and during maximal follow-up (1.14 [1.09-1.16]). Similar risk for all-cause mortality was observed in the replication cohort (1.33 [1.21-1.45]). In the Women's Health Study, risk of cardiovascular disease mortality was increased at 5 years (1.43 [1.05-1.95]) and during maximal follow-up (1.15 [1.04-1.26]) and of cancer mortality at 5 years (1.23 [1.02-1.47]) and during maximal follow-up (1.08 [1.01-1.16]). Examination of correlations and mortality associations adjusted for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, suggested that GlycA reflects summative risk related to multiple pathways of systemic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Among initially healthy individuals, elevated baseline circulating glycoprotein N-acetyl methyl groups were associated with longitudinal risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality.

Identifying an Optimal Cutpoint for the Diagnosis of Hypertriglyceridemia in the Nonfasting State.

BACKGROUND: Nonfasting triglycerides are similar or superior to fasting triglycerides at predicting cardiovascular events. However, diagnostic cutpoints are based on fasting triglycerides. We examined the optimal cutpoint for increased nonfasting triglycerides. METHODS: We obtained baseline nonfasting (<8 h since last meal) samples from 6391 participants in the Women's Health Study who were followed prospectively for ≤17 years. The optimal diagnostic threshold for nonfasting triglycerides, determined by logistic regression models by use of c-statistics and the Youden index (sum of sensitivity and specificity minus 1), was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for incident cardiovascular events. Performance was compared to thresholds recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) and European guidelines. RESULTS: The optimal threshold was 175 mg/dL (1.98 mmol/L), with a c-statistic of 0.656, statistically better than the AHA cutpoint of 200 mg/dL (c-statistic 0.628). For nonfasting triglycerides above and below 175 mg/dL, after adjusting for age, hypertension, smoking, hormone use, and menopausal status, the HR for cardiovascular events was 1.88 (95% CI 1.52-2.33, P < 0.001), and for triglycerides measured at 0-4 and 4-8 h since the last meal, 2.05 (1.54- 2.74) and 1.68 (1.21-2.32), respectively. We validated performance of this optimal cutpoint by use of 10-fold cross-validation and bootstrapping of multivariable models that included standard risk factors plus total and HDL cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, and C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of middle-aged and older apparently healthy women, we identified a diagnostic threshold for nonfasting hypertriglyceridemia of 175 mg/dL (1.98 mmol/L), with the potential to more accurately identify cases than the currently recommended AHA cutpoint.

Novel protein glycan side-chain biomarker and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: Enzymatically glycosylated proteins partake in multiple biological processes, including glucose transport and inflammation. We hypothesized that a novel biomarker (GlycA) of N-acetyl methyl groups originating mainly from N-acetylglucosamine moieties of acute-phase glycoproteins is related to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus and compared it with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In 26,508 initially healthy women free of diabetes mellitus, baseline GlycA and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and immunoturbidimetry, respectively. During median follow-up of 17.2 years, 2087 type 2 diabetes mellitus cases occurred. In Cox models with adjustment for age, race, smoking, alcohol, activity, menopausal status, hormone use, family history, and body mass index, quartile 4 versus 1 hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 2.67 (2.26-3.14) for GlycA and 3.93 (3.24-4.77) for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; both P trend <0.0001. Associations for GlycA and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were attenuated after additionally adjusting for lipids: 1.65 (1.39-1.95) and 2.83 (2.32-3.44), respectively, both P trend <0.0001, and after mutual adjustment: 1.11 (0.93-1.33; P trend=0.10) and 2.57 (2.09-3.16; P trend<0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding of an association between a consensus glycan sequence common to a host of acute-phase reactants and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus provides further support for inflammation in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additional studies exploring the role of enzymatic glycosylation in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus are warranted. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00000479.

A novel protein glycan biomarker and future cardiovascular disease events.

BACKGROUND: Glycosylated proteins partake in multiple cellular processes including inflammation. We hypothesized that GlycA, a novel biomarker of protein glycan N-acetyl groups, is related to incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), and we compared it with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). METHODS AND RESULTS: In 27 491 initially healthy women, baseline GlycA was quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and hsCRP by an immunoturbidimetric assay. During median follow-up of 17.2 years, 1648 incident CVD events occurred (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization, and CVD death). GlycA and hsCRP were moderately correlated (Spearman r=0.61, P<0.0001). In Cox regression models that included age, ethnicity, smoking, blood pressure, medications, menopausal status, body mass index, and diabetes, hazard ratios for CVD across quartiles 1 to 4 of GlycA were 1.00, 1.10 (95% CI, 0.92 to 1.30), 1.34 (95% CI, 1.13 to 1.58), and 1.64 (95% CI, 1.39 to 1.93), similar to hsCRP, for which hazard ratios were 1.00, 1.18 (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.41), 1.35 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.61), and 1.75 (95% CI, 1.47 to 2.09) (both Ptrend<0.0001). Associations were attenuated after additionally adjusting for lipids: the hazard ratio of quartile 4 versus 1 for GlycA was 1.23 (95% CI, 1.04 to 1.46; Ptrend=0.002) and for hsCRP was 1.44 (95% CI, 1.20 to 1.72; Ptrend<0.0001). Further adjustment for the other biomarker resulted in a hazard ratio of quartile 4 versus 1 for GlycA of 1.03 (95% CI, 0.85 to 1.24; Ptrend=0.41) and for hsCRP of 1.29 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.56; Ptrend=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective study of initially healthy women, baseline GlycA was associated with incident CVD, consistent with a possible role for protein glycans in inflammation and CVD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http//clinicaltrials.gov/. Unique identifier NCT00000479.

Paradoxical association of lipoprotein measures with incident atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a strong risk factor for atherosclerosis but has an inverse association with atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to provide insight into the paradoxical association of LDL cholesterol with AF by evaluating the relationship of various lipoprotein measures and incident AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively evaluated lipoprotein measures among 23 738 healthy middle-aged and older women (median follow-up 16.4 years; N=795 incident AF events). Baseline LDL cholesterol was directly measured, lipoprotein particle concentrations and size were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and apolipoproteins were measured by immunoassay. Cox regression models were adjusted for age, AF risk factors, inflammatory, and dysglycemic biomarkers. After multivariable adjustment, inverse associations with AF were observed (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval for top versus bottom quintile, P value) for LDL cholesterol (0.72, 0.56-0.92, P=0.009), the total number of LDL particles (0.77, 0.60-0.99, P=0.045), and very-low-density lipoprotein particles (0.78, 0.61-0.99, P=0.04), which was driven by the number of cholesterol-poor small LDL (0.78, 0.61-1.00, P=0.05) and small very-low-density lipoprotein particles (0.78, 0.62-0.99, P=0.04). By contrast, the larger cholesterol-rich LDL particles and all high-density lipoprotein measures were not associated with AF in multivariable models. Adjustment for inflammatory and dysglycemic biomarkers had minimal impact on these associations. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective study, the inverse association between LDL cholesterol and AF extended to several other atherogenic lipoproteins, and these associations are unlikely to be mediated by direct cholesterol effects. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT00000479.

High-density lipoprotein particle subclass heterogeneity and incident coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Raising the cholesterol of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles is targeted as a cardiovascular disease prevention strategy. However, HDL particles are heterogeneous in composition and structure, which may relate to differences in antiatherogenic potential. We prospectively evaluated the association of HDL subclasses, defined by a recently proposed nomenclature, with incident coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS AND RESULTS: Baseline HDL particle concentrations were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and categorized into 5 subclasses (very large, large, medium, small, and very small) among 26 332 initially healthy women. During a median follow-up of 17 years, 969 cases of incident CHD (myocardial infarction, revascularization, and CHD death) were ascertained. In Cox models that adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, blood pressure, smoking, postmenopausal status, and hormone therapy, associations with incident CHD were inverse (P trend<0.0001) for concentrations of very large (hazard ratio for top versus bottom quartile, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.60), large (0.54; 0.45-0.64), and medium (0.69; 0.58-0.83) HDL subclasses. Conversely, hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for small and very small HDL were 1.22 (1.01-1.46; P trend=0.08) and 1.67 (1.39-2.02; P trend<0.0001), respectively. However, after additionally adjusting for metabolic and lipoprotein variables, associations for the spectrum of large, medium, and small HDL subclasses were inverse (P trend<0.05 for large and small and 0.07 for medium), whereas subclasses at either end of the spectrum were not associated with CHD (P trend=0.97 for very large and 0.21 for very small HDL). CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective study, associations with incident CHD differed by HDL particle subclass, which may be relevant for developing HDL-modulating therapies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00000479.