Incidence and first trimester risk factors of stillbirth in Indonesia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and the risk factors of stillbirth from maternal biophysical, ultrasound, and biochemical markers at 11-13 weeks of gestation in the Indonesian population. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnant women for first-trimester preeclampsia screening at 11-13 weeks of gestation in some clinics and hospital in Jakarta. Maternal characteristics and history, mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurement, uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI) ultrasound, maternal ophthalmic peak ratio (Oph-PR) Doppler, and placental growth factor (PlGF) serum were collected during the visit. Stillbirth was classified into placental dysfunction-related when it occurred with preeclampsia or birth weight <10th percentile and non-placental dysfunction-related. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to determine the risk factors associated with stillbirth. RESULTS: Of 1,643 eligible participants, 13 (0.79 %) stillbirth cases were reported. More than half of the stillbirths (7) were placental dysfunction-related. After adjusted with maternal age, body mass index (BMI), and parity status, chronic hypertension (aOR (adjusted odds ratio)) 24.41, 95 % CI {confidence interval} 5.93-100.43), previous pregnancy with preeclampsia (aOR 15.79, 95 % CI 4.42-56.41), MAP >101.85 (aOR 26.67, 95 % CI 8.26-86.06), UtA-PI >1.90 (aOR 10.68, 95 % CI 2.34-48.58, and PlGF <28.77 pg/mL (aOR 18.60, 95 % CI 5.59-61.92) were associated with stillbirth. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of stillbirth in the population is comparable to studies conducted in developed countries. Most routine variables assessed at the 11-13 weeks combined screening for preeclampsia are associated with the risk of stillbirth.

Reference range of placental growth factors at 11-14 weeks' gestation in Indonesia.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a reference chart for placental growth factor (PLGF) value during 11-14 weeks' gestation in Indonesian population. METHODS: This was an observational study observing women in their first trimester. Maternal characteristics, biophysical tests, and serum PLGF levels were collected during the visit. PLGF Multiple of Median (MoM) was adjusted for maternal characteristics including age, parity, smoking habits, diabetes mellitus, weight, height, body mass index, gestational age, and crown-rump length (CRL) utilizing the linear regression analysis. Plot distributions of PLGF level and PLGF MoM adjusted to CRL were developed using logistic regression technique. RESULTS: Out of 2.062 consecutive women undergoing 11-14 weeks' gestation ultrasound screening, the median of PLGF level and PLGF MoM were 50.38 pg/ml (1.09-265.20 pg/ml) and 1.00 (0.02-4.80), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, PLGF MoM was not significantly influenced by maternal factors such as age, parity, smoking habit, diabetes mellitus, height, weight, and BMI. The adjusted PLGF MoM reference chart according to the CRL was developed using quadratic linear regression. CONCLUSION: PLGF levels at 11-14 weeks' gestation were notably influenced by CRL but not by maternal characteristics. The usefulness of this parameter in combining with other established markers as a screening tool for the Indonesian population basis requires further investigation.

Ophthalmic artery Doppler for pre-eclampsia prediction at the first trimester: a Bayesian survival-time model.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a Bayesian survival-time model for the prediction of pre-eclampsia (PE) at the first trimester using a combination of established biomarkers including maternal characteristics and history, mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery Doppler pulsatility index (UtA-PI), and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF)) with an ophthalmic artery Doppler peak ratio (PR) analysis. METHODS: The receiving operator curve (ROC) analysis was used to determine the area under the curve (AUC), detection rate (DR), and positive screening cut-off value of the model in predicting the occurrence of early-onset PE (< 34 weeks' gestation) and preterm PE (< 37 weeks' gestation). RESULTS: Of the 946 eligible participants, 71 (7.49%) subjects were affected by PE. The incidences of early-onset and preterm PE were 1% and 2.2%, respectively. At a 10% false-positive rate, using the high-risk cut-off 1:49, with AUC 0.981 and 95%CI 0.965-0.998, this model had an 100% of DR in predicting early-onset PE. The DR of this model in predicting preterm PE is 71% when using 1:13 as the cut-off, with AUC 0.919 and 95%CI 0.875-0.963. CONCLUSION: Combination ophthalmic artery Doppler PR with the previously established biomarkers could improve the accuracy of early and preterm PE prediction at the first trimester screening.

Teenage Pregnancy: Obstetric and Perinatal Outcome in a Tertiary Centre in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of teenage pregnancy is increasing in the world. It is a high-risk condition leading to adverse perinatal and obstetric outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the obstetric and perinatal outcomes of teenage pregnancy in Indonesian population. METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate obstetric and perinatal outcomes among teenagers and average maternal age (AMA) women. We assessed all singleton live pregnancies during the year period of 2013 in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. RESULTS: We studied 1,676 eligible subjects during the one-year period in our centre. The prevalence of teenage pregnancy (12 to 19 years old) was 11.40% (191/1676). We found higher prevalence of eclampsia (AOR: 4.03; 95% CI: 1.73-9.39), preterm delivery (AOR: 1.5; 95% CI: 0.88-2.53), anaemia at labour (AOR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.60-3.67), postpartum haemorrhage (AOR: 2.59; 95% CI: 0.86-7.37), and low birth weight (AOR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.60-3.25) among teenagers. However, caesarean section was found to be significantly lower among teenage pregnancies. CONCLUSION: Teenage pregnancy carries significant obstetric complications that should draw physicians' serious attention. A holistic, comprehensive antenatal, and preventive program should be conducted to prevent teenage pregnancy-related adverse outcomes.

Prophylactic salpingectomy and ovarian cancer: An evidence-based analysis.

INTRODUCTION: One of the ovarian carcinogenesis theories was the presence of premalignant cells in the epithelium of the fallopian tube. Therefore, the prophylactic salpingectomy during benign gynecological surgery is now expected as the attempt to reduce the ovarian cancer incidence. We studied the effect of prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy (PBS) in reducing the ovarian cancer incidence. METHODS: This evidence-based report resulted from critical appraisal of 5 articles. It is aimed to answer our clinical question, can bilateral prophylactic salpingectomy reduce the incidence of ovarian cancer among women underwent hysterectomy for benign condition or permanent contraception surgery? The search was conducted on the Cochrane Library®, PubMed®, and Embase® using keywords of "prophylactic salpingectomy," and "ovarian cancer incidence." Reference lists of relevant articles were searched for other possibly relevant articles. RESULTS: Five studies were included in our appraisal. The incidence of ovarian cancer among women underwent prophylactic salpingectomy is lower compared to women who were not underwent any intervention (2.2% to 13% and 4.75% to 24.4%). The salpingectomy may reduce 29.2% to 64% of ovarian cancer incidence. No significant effect of PBS to ovarian function, quality of life, sexuality, surgery duration, and its cost-effective profile were also found throughout our literature study. CONCLUSION: PBS is suggested to be performed for women during benign gynecological surgery as a primary preventive strategy of ovarian cancer. PBS is a cost-effective procedure, risk-reducing for ovarian cancer and has no significant effect to the ovarian function.