Behaviour and time-course of sleep disordered breathing in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

To our knowledge, no study has examined the persistence of sleep disordered breathing in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. We examined the time course of SDB in ACS patients by assessing them within days of the acute event and again after 6 months. Consecutive patients with ACS were asked to voluntarily participate in the study. Patients underwent an overnight polysomnography (PSG) approximately 3 days after the acute event. Patients with an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) > 10/h then underwent another PSG after they were stable (approximately 6 months). Fifty patients were studied. First PSG showed an AHI was 23.1 +/- 3.6/h. A second PSG was performed 6.1 +/- 0.3 months later on 21 patients and showed an AHI > 10/h in the first assessment. The AHI and the obstructive apnea index did not change over the 6 months. However, the central apnea index all was lower at the second assessment.

Azithromycin in bronchiolitis obliterans complicating bone marrow transplantation: a preliminary study.

Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a serious noninfectious pulmonary complication following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, may have a beneficial effect in BO through its anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential effect of azithromycin on pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in BO complicating BMT. PFTs of 153 post-BMT patients were followed; eight patients out of 153 (12%) developed obstructive airway disease on their PFTs, along with characteristic findings of BO on high-resolution computed tomography of the chest. These patients were given azithromycin 500 mg q.d. for 3 days, followed by 250 mg three times a week for 12 weeks. Clinically significant improvements were achieved both in forced vital capacity, where the mean (95% confidence interval) increase reported was 410 mL (0.16-0.65), which was an average improvement of 21.57%, and in the forced expiratory volume in one second, where the mean increase noticed was 280 mL (0.10-0.44), which was an average improvement of 20.58%. In conclusion, the potential role of azithromycin in the treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans is intriguing and it warrants further testing.

Should oxygen saturation be included in the vital signs sheet of all medical admissions?

Hypoxaemia is not uncommon in hospitalised patients and may be overlooked because cyanosis is a late sign. To estimate the incidence of undetected hypoxaemia we measured oxygen saturation (SpO2) by pulse oximetry randomly in medical patients who were not receiving supplemental oxygen in a teaching hospital and a community hospital. Of 580 patients studied, nine patients (1.55%) had SpO2 <92%. All nine patients had multiple morbidities, but all had cardiopulmonary disease in common. There was no significant difference between the teaching and the community hospitals. We conclude that undetected hypoxaemia is not common in patients on the medical wards, and that routine pulse oximetry is not necessary except for patients with known cardiopulmonary disease.

A patient with hypoxemia and a normal chest radiograph.

The case of a young patient with hypoxemia and a normal chest radiograph is presented in the form of a clinical quiz, followed by a discussion of the differential diagnosis, investigative methods and a brief review of the final diagnosis.

Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis in patients with asthma: period prevalence at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia.

Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) is a known complication of asthma and can result in progressive lung damage, respiratory failure and death. Asthma is a common disease in Saudi Arabia and until now the prevalence of ABPM has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to estimate the period prevalence of ABPM due to Aspergillus and Candida in patients with asthma. The setting was an outpatient pulmonary clinic at a university hospital in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Two hundred and sixty-four consecutive patients with asthma (150 or 57% females) were evaluated. All patients were screened for ABPM with skin prick test (SPT) using a panel of fungal antigens. Those with positive skin reactions had further clinical, immunological, respiratory and radiological assessment. ABPM was diagnosed by the presence of a minimum of five of the major criteria suggested by Rosenberg in 1977. Of the 264 patients, 62 (23%) had a positive SPT for at least one fungal allergen, of whom 44 (71%) were females (P=0.01). Seven patients (six females) were diagnosed with ABPM due to Aspergillus and (or) Candida species. Therefore, we estimate the period prevalence of ABPM to be 2.7% (95% confidence interval 1.3-5.4%). A. niger was the commonest fungal species isolated in our group. In conclusion, ABPM is not uncommon in Saudi Arabia and females seem to be more at risk. Because asthma is common, physicians need to have high index of suspicion for this disease and pursue the diagnosis with the appropriate tests.

Progressive rise of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to rifampicin and streptomycin in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the factors associated with resistance to antituberculous drugs in Saudi Arabia, and to follow the long-term trends in drug resistance. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study of patients with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis recorded at the Riyadh Tuberculosis Center in 1990 was undertaken. The resistance figures from the same centre for the period July 1996 to June 1997 were reviewed for comparison. RESULTS: Resistance was significantly higher in those previously treated (71%) than in those who denied previous treatment (34%). There was a trend towards association of resistance with cavitatory, multilobar, and acid fast bacilli-positive cases. Nationality (Saudis, Yemenis, others) had no significant effect on resistance. The Riyadh Region now has the same high prevalence of rifampicin resistance as previously reported in the Western Region of the Kingdom. The figures on resistance for the years 1986-88, 1990, and 1996-97 were: isoniazid 19.5/13.8/11.1%, rifampicin 10/20.7/24.6%, streptomycin 5/22/27.4%, ethambutol 3.7/3.9/1.8%, respectively. The reduction in isoniazid and ethambutol resistance coincided with a rise in resistance to rifampicin and streptomycin. We speculate that this resulted from the fact that isoniazid and ethambutol are restricted only to the treatment of tuberculosis and cannot, by law, be dispensed by general practitioners or private pharmacies. Rifampicin and streptomycin, however, are widely used for brucellosis; an endemic disease in Saudi Arabia where up to 12 weeks of rifampicin therapy is recommended. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a significant increase in rifampicin and streptomycin resistance in Saudi Arabia over the last 10 years. Possible causes include poor compliance and wide use of these two drugs for non-tuberculosis conditions. These findings could jeopardize the benefits of the directly observed therapy short course policy which is being implemented in Saudi Arabia. Consideration should be given to prohibiting the routine use of rifampicin for the treatment of brucellosis.

Physicians' attitudes towards 'do-not-resuscitate' orders for the elderly: a survey in Saudi Arabia.

To study physicians' attitudes towards do-not-resuscitate orders (DNR) in the elderly and analyze the responses to some of the factors that may influence the resuscitation decisions, a self-completed questionnaire was administered to physicians in the departments of Medicine and Critical Care in three cities in Saudi Arabia. Physicians were asked whether they would recommend DNR for two hypothetical cases, one elderly and previously functional and another younger patient suffering from severe dementia. They were asked also to grade the importance of a number of factors that may have some influence on the resuscitation decisions. A total of 249 physicians participated in the study (a response rate of 79%). Only 16% of physicians indicated they would recommend DNR for the previously healthy elderly as opposed to 61% for the patient with dementia (P<0.001). When considering DNR orders, physicians ranked dignity of the patient, religious and legal concerns highly, and cared least about expenses of the medical care. In conclusion, most physicians assigned more importance to the functional status of the patient than the biological age. When considering DNR, physicians in Saudi Arabia shared with their counterparts in the West many features, notably caring about dignity of the patient, but were also concerned about the religious and the legal stand. This may be related to the absence of clear local policies and guidelines.

Clinical profile of sleep apnea syndrome. A study at a university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To review a series of patients with sleep apnea syndrome, to promote more awareness and alert local health professionals to early diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: We studied, prospectively, 48 consecutive patients who were managed at the university hospital from 1992 to 1996. RESULTS: The male:female ratio was 1.4:1. The mean interval between onset of symptoms and the diagnosis was 5.5 years (range 0.25 to 30). In over half of the patients the diagnosis was not suspected upon referral. The mean body mass index was 42.8 kg/m2, (range 25 to 76). Daytime hypoxemia was present in 28 patients (58%), while 26 (54%) had Pa CO2 > 45 mmHg, mainly as a result of obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Significant proportions had systemic and pulmonary hypertension (60% and 23%), and 32% had ischemic heart disease. All patients, but one, tolerated continuous positive airway pressure, but cost of the equipment led some to prefer surgical treatment that is offered free. CONCLUSION: This series shows a bias towards female sex and frequent association with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. In many cases the diagnosis was not suspected suggesting poor recognition and awareness of sleep apnea syndrome. Monitoring pulse oximetry during sleep was helpful in the diagnosis and titration of continuous positive airway pressure. Ways of providing continuous positive airway pressure under the health system need to be studied.

Tuberculosis simulating malignancy.

Full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version.

Management of interstitial lung disease: an audit at a university teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia.

To assess the management of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in relation to the published guidelines 122 consecutive cases were analyzed. Clinical features and non-invasive laboratory tests led to the diagnosis in nearly one sixth of the patients (16%), mainly CTD and a few miscellaneous disorders. In another sixth the diagnosis was reached by means of a transbronchial lung biopsy, particularly in sarcoidosis. Nearly a third had surgical lung biopsies, which were diagnostic in 98%. The diagnoses were reached in 82 patients (67%) and include: cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (20), sarcoidosis (16), connective tissue disease (17) and miscellaneous (29). The remaining third were undiagnosed, and this group had a higher mean age and was much less likely to receive immunosuppressive therapy than any group with a specific diagnosis. It is concluded that while physicians reached a specific diagnosis in most cases of ILD, commonly through a lung biopsy. A sizeable proportion (nearly a third), or remained undiagnosed and those were less likely to be treated and had a poorer prognosis. The availability of less invasive techniques should encourage physicians to obtain a biopsy since this is likely to lead to a more active approach to therapy.

Sarcoidosis with partial reversibility of renal failure: two case reports with review of literature.

Sarcoidosis is one of the granulomatus disorders affecting many organ systems of the body. Renal impairment in sarcoidosis is rare and occurs usually as a result of long standing hypercalcemia or hypercalciuria with nephrocalcinosis or renal stones. Sarcoid glomerulopathy and tubulo-interstitial granulomatus involvement have been described. We report two cases of sarcoidosis, the first with interstitial nephritis and anterior uveitis without evidence of granuloma. The patient was normocalcemic and normocalciuric. The second case presented with nephritic range proteinuria and severe renal insufficiency with a history of recurrent parotid swelling seven years before diagnosis. Renal biopsy showed non-caseating granulomas in the tubulo-interstitial region. Both patients showed good response to steroid therapy, however, there is still residual renal insufficiency six months after therapy. In conclusion, renal sarcoidosis although a rare presentation, should be considered in the presence of extra-renal manifestation of sarcoidosis as it is amenable to treatment.

Overlooked inhaled foreign bodies: late sequelae and the likelihood of recovery.

The present paper describes eight patients (two teenagers and six adults) who had chronic symptoms (haemoptysis, cough, recurrent pneumonia) caused by foreign body (FB) inhalation which went undetected for 3 months to 25 yr. None of the patients had the usual predisposing conditions like mental retardation, seizures or brain tumour. The diagnosis of FB was made by radiography in one patient only. Computerized tomography visualized one FB (a beef bone), and bronchoscopy identified FB in another two patients. The remaining four cases were diagnosed at thoracotomy. Removal of FB was curative in three of five cases who required surgical resection for irreversible bronchiectatic changes. The severity of pulmonary changes correlated with duration of symptoms. It is concluded that chronic, unexplained respiratory symptoms should warrant further investigation to exclude FB despite negative history and normal chest radiography. Finding of granulation tissue or cicatricial stenosis of the bronchus could be the only clue to the presence of a FB. Early diagnosis would avoid irreversible parenchymal changes which necessitate lung resection.