Risk factors for postoperative infections in patients with hip fracture treated by means of Thompson arthroplasty.

Specific conditions associated with surgery may predispose elderly people to septic complications after hip fracture surgery. This study investigated the risk factors predisposing infection in aged patients with subcapital hip fracture. We performed a prospective study of 290 patients with displaced subcapital hip fracture, operated by means of Thompson hip hemi-arthroplasty (83.5% fractures in women). The mean age was 85.42+/-6.06 years (ranging from 69 to 104). Follow-up was realized until death or at least for 2 years. The chi(2) test, analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, correlation analysis and the Spearman test were applied. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated. During the hospital stay, there were diagnosed 94 urinary tract infections, 25 pneumonias, 50 superficial wound infections, 11 deep wound infections. Transfusions were made in 120 patients (in average: 2.54+/-1.45 units of red cell concentrate/transfused patient). Transfusion appeared to be correlated with superficial wound infection (OR=1.96), urinary infection (OR=1.76) and pneumonia (OR=2.85). Higher number of days waiting for surgery were related significantly with pneumonia (9.8+/-7.44 days vs. 6.39+/-3.75), or urinary tract infection (7.76+/-4.39 days vs. 6.17+/-4.14). We concluded that the transfusion and longer waiting time for surgery have been associated with the septic complications in elderly patients treated surgically for hip fracture.

Estado inmunológico de ancianos candidatos a artroplastia tras fractura subcapital de cadera: estudio de su relación con la edad y con la morbimortalidad postoperatoria* / Immunological status of elderly patients eligible for arthroplasty after a femoral neck fracture: relationship between the patients' status, their age and postoperative morbimortality

Objetivo. Analizar la relación de la situación inmunológica preoperatoria tras fractura subcapital de cadera con las complicaciones postoperatorias. Material y método. Estudio prospectivo aleatorio de 94 pacientes (81 mujeres) con fractura subcapital de cadera Garden IV (edad media: 82,9 años (± 7,48), máximo: 100, mínimo: 64 años). Al ingreso se determinó en sangre venosa periférica: fórmula leucocitaria, inmunoglobulinas (IgG, IgA, IgM e IgE), CD19, CD3, CD4, CD8, niveles de transferrina, alfa-2-macroglobulina, ceruloplasmina, proteína transportadora de retinol, prealbúmina, albúmina, proteínas totales, colesterol total y triglicéridos. Se estudiaron las complicaciones postoperatorias. En la estadística se realizó análisis de la varianza y Chi cuadrado. Resultados. Se detectaron 12 casos de infección de la herida quirúrgica, 27 casos de infección de orina, 3 casos de neumonía y una infección periprotésica. Los pacientes con infección postoperatoria presentaron en el preoperatorio menores niveles de IgM (infección de orina y neumonía), de IgA (neumonía) y de IgE (infección de la herida), menor número de CD4 y CD8/mm3 (infección de orina y neumonía) y un menor porcentaje de CD19 (infección de herida). La albúmina, la prealbúmina, el colesterol total, los triglicéridos y la transferrina disminuyeron significativamente con la edad. Conclusiones. La IgM, la IgA, la IgE, el porcentaje de CD19 y el número de CD4 y CD8 podrían servir como indicadores de un mayor riesgo de desarrollar infecciones durante el postoperatorio de una fractura subcapital de cadera

Purpose. To analyze the relationship between a patient's immunological status prior to arthroplasty secondary to a femoral neck fracture and postoperative complications. Materials and methods. Prospective randomized study of 94 patients (81 of which female) with a Garden IV femoral neck fracture (mean age: 82.9 years (± 7.48), range: 100-64). On admission, the following parameters were evaluated in the patients' peripheral venous blood: differential leukocyte count; inmunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE); percentage of CD19, CD3, CD4 and CD8; transferrin levels; alfa-2-macroglobulin; ceruloplasmin; retinol transport protein; prealbumin; albumin; total proteins; total cholesterol and triglycerides. Postoperative complications were studied. Statistics: Variance and chi square analysis. Results. There were twelve cases of surgical wound infection, 27 of urinary infection, 3 cases of pneumonia and one periprosthetic infection. Patients with a postoperative infection had lower preop levels of IgM (urinary infection and pneumonia), IgA (pneumonia) and IgE (wound infection), as well as a lower count of CD4 and CD8 per cubic mm (urinary infection and pneumonia) and a lower percentage of CD19 (wound infection). Albumin, prealbumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and transferrin decreased significantly with age. Conclusions. The IgM, IgA, IgE, the CD19 percentage and CD4 and CD8 counts could be used indicators of a higher risk of developing infections after surgery for a femoral neck fracture (AU)

Consumo moderado de alcohol y mortalidad por diversas causas / Moderate alcohol consumption and mortality for various reasons

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Apoplejía hipofisaria / Pituitary apoplexy

La apoplejía hipofisaria es una complicación poco frecuente de los adenomas de hipófisis, producida por un infarto hemorrágico o isquémico en el adenoma y con una clínica característica: cefalea intensa de comienzo agudo, alteraciones visuales y somnolencia o coma. En los últimos 10 años hemos tratado a 8 pacientes con apoplejía hipofisaria. El diagnóstico fue clínico: 7 presentaron cefalea intensa y vómitos, 8 alteraciones visuales y 1 disminución del nivel de conciencia asociado a síndrome meníngeo. En 6 casos, la apoplejía fue la primera manifestación del adenoma de hipófisis. La resonancia magnética y la tomografía computada demostraron el ictus hipofisario en 7 pacientes. La cirugía descompresiva transesfenoidal se efectuó en 7 casos, sólo en uno de urgencia. Todos presentaron una significativa recuperación de las alteraciones visuales, sin embargo, en ninguno se observó mejoría de las alteraciones endocrinológicas preoperatorias. Consideramos que el diagnóstico precoz, el rápido inicio del tratamiento hormonal sustitutivo y la cirugía transesfenoidal urgente o diferida en función de la clínica, deben ser la base del tratamiento adecuado de la apoplejía hipofisaria (AU)

[Pituitary apoplexy]. / Apoplejía hipofisaria.

Pituitary apoplexy is an infrequent complication of pituitary adenomas, caused by hemorrhagic or ischemic infarction in the tumor, with typical clinical presentation: severe headache of sudden onset, visual disturbances, sleep tendency or comma. Along the last ten years we have treated eight patients with pituitary apoplexy. The diagnostic was clinically established in all of them. Seven cases complained of severe headache and vomiting. Eight patients reported visual disturbances. In one case low level of consciousness and meningeal irritation were the only findings. In six cases the apoplexy was the first pituitary adenoma manifestation. MRI and CT studies demonstrated the pituitary stroke in seven patients. Surgical trans-sphenoidal decompression was performed in seven patients, requiring urgent management in only one case. All patients experienced a marked visual improvement, but there was no amelioration of endocrine preoperative disturbances in any case. We conclude that quick diagnosis, early onset of hormonal therapy and urgent or delayed trans-sphenoidal surgery, depending on clinical manifestations, constitute the principies of the appropriate treatment of pituitary apoplexy.

[The application of evoked potentials to the evolutive control of continuous spike/wave epilepsy during slow wave sleep]. / Aplicación de los potenciales evocados al control evolutivo de la epilepsia punta onda continua durante el sueño de ondas lentas.

We studied 4 patients (14-21 years old) with continuous spike/wave epilepsy during slow wave sleep with visual evoked potentials (VEP) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP). All the patients presented the same focality and received the same medication (primidone plus sodium valproate). No case had another pathology not related with epilepsy which could alter the evoked potential findings. The results obtained in the initial evoked potentials were compared with those achieved after 5 years of treatment. In the initial study interhemispheric asymmetry in the latency of the early component (L.N1) of the SEP was observed with a mean of 10%. Five years later normal SEP were obtained with the asymmetry having disappeared thus leading to the deduction that the physiopathologic improvement found in these patients was due to the treatment of sodium valproate together with primidone.

The increase in erythrocyte deformability in patients treated with nicardipine or nimodipine.

A study was made of a total of 50 patients, 36 females and 14 males, with an average age of 51.3 +/- 11.71 years (range 19-71). The group consisted of outpatients who came to the neurology clinic suffering from vascular headache or other symptomatic complaint of vascular type. In all cases, the existence of an organic neurological pathology had been considered and rejected. All patients who were smokers or suffering from hypertension were excluded, as well as those who had abnormal lipid or glucose values or who were on drug treatment for other reasons. The basal erythrocyte deformability value was determined and the patients divided into two random homogeneous groups. One of the groups was treated with nimodipine (90 mg/d) and the other with nicardipine (60 mg/d) for a period of two months. After this treatment period a further determination of the erythrocyte deformability was carried out. In the group treated with nimodipine, the erythrocyte deformability varied from 45.5 +/- 7.4 mcl/s to 50.35 +/- 12.02 mcl/s (p = 0.07123). In the group treated with nicardipine, these values varied from 45.96 +/- 7.35 mcl/s to 56.21 +/- 12.72 mcl/s (p = 0.00079). It was concluded that in both groups of patients, after two months treatment with these calcium antagonists, there was an improvement in erythrocyte deformability and, therefore, in blood fluidity, although only the nicardipine-treated group reached statistically significant levels.