Retrospective comparative analysis of choledochoscopic bile duct exploration versus ERCP for bile duct stones.

Debate still exists for the management of choledocholithiasis. The purpose of this study is to quantify the rate of recurrent choledocholithiasis post choledochoscopic bile duct exploration (CBDE) in comparison to ERCP and sphincterotomy, and to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in a busy metropolitan hospital. Data of patients undergoing CBDE from 2009-2014 at the Northern Hospital, Victoria, Australia, was collected retrospectively. Primary outcomes were bile duct clearance rate and rate of recurrent stones post-clearance. Secondary outcomes measured were post-operative complications, laparoscopic to open conversion rate and operative time. Data of patients undergoing ERCP at the same institution was collected and compared. In total, there were 4,091 cholecystectomy cases performed from 2009-2014, of which 260 (6.3%) of patients had an intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) indicating a common bile duct (CBD) stone. Two hundred and forty-eight patients (95.3%) had a CBDE. The remaining 12 patients (4.6%) had radiological clearance, which were excluded from the study. The overall clearance rate for patients undergoing CBDE was 84% (209/248). The risk of recurrent stones up to 8 years post clearance was 2% (4/209). In the same institution, and between 1998-2012, a total of 1,148 patients underwent ERCP, of which 571 had endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES). Forty-three patients required a repeat ERCP for recurrent CBD stones with a complication rate of 7.5%. Time to recurrence ranged from 6 months to 10 years with a mean of 4.5 years. The rate of recurrence was lower in the CBDE group compared to the patients who had an ERCP (8.9% vs. 2%). CBDE is a feasible and effective method for clearance of CBD stones at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This approach, although not widely used, reduces the need for ERCP, which has inherent complications. In the longer term, this series showed a significant reduction in the rate of CBD stone recurrence.

Extra-peritoneal rectal perforation caused by water jet: a case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: The use of motorised watercrafts has been increasing steadily over the past few years, and consequently, also injuries secondary to the use of these watercrafts [1]. METHOD: This is a case presentation and review of literature. We present a case of isolated extraperitoneal rectal perforation secondary to hydrostatic pressure sustained. Both PubMed and Web of Science were searched using the following keywords: rectal perforations; intra-peritoneal; extra-peritoneal; motorised watercraft; and Jet Ski. RESULTS: We found two similar rectal injuries caused by motorised watercrafts, but both were intraperitoneal rectal perforations. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of extra-peritoneal rectal perforation after falling off a motorised watercraft. On the other hand, vaginal perforation after such a trauma is well documented in many series. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: Though there injuries are not very common, they can be life-threatening. Simple measures like wearing protective garments might be enough to prevent them. Complete defunctioning colostomy is better in these cases than partially defunctioning colostomy.