LncRNA-miRNA interaction is involved in colorectal cancer pathogenesis by modulating diverse signaling pathways.

LncRNAs function as molecular sponges for miRNAs to control their availability for targeting mRNA molecules. This procedure indirectly regulates the expression of cancer-related genes. Some lncRNAs also directly interact with miRNAs, leading to their degradation or sequestration, which can negatively impact gene expression. miRNAs, on the other hand, play a critical role in controlling the expression of genes, including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Multiple types of cancer have been linked to the onset and progression of miRNA dysregulation. Even though there is a lot of potential for treating CRC by targeting the LncRNA-miRNA axis, several challenges remain to be overcome. The specificity of the targeting approach, delivery methods, resistance, safety, and cost-effectiveness are critical research areas that must be addressed to advance this field and improve treatment outcomes for people with CRC.

Virulence traits and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance among Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans from Iraq: Low rate of highly virulent JP2 genotype.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) is an important causative agent of periodontitis acting by employment of a series of virulence factors. Our aim was to evaluate the virulence traits and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance of A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates in Iraq. A total of 1580 samples were collected from dental caries (n = 1190) and periodontitis (n = 390) among which 200 samples were positive. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern and biofilm formation were performed. The antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants were screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The ltx3 and ltx4 primers were used for identification of highly virulent JP2 type. A. actinomycetemcomitans was identified among dental caries (n = 114) and periodontitis (n = 86) samples. The JP2 type was identified in six periodontitis samples. Sixty (30% of) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Eighty-four (42% of) A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates formed strong biofilms and 44% of them had moderate-level biofilms. The detected virulence genes included ltxA (96%), cdtB (64%), qseB (62%), qseC (58%) and rcpA (58%). There was a significant relation between the existence of ltxA (42%, p = 0.041) and rcpA (64%, p = 0.022) genes and the biofilm formation. The JP2 genotype was identified in six adolescents with periodontitis. The rate of qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes included 22%, 18%, 16%, 16%, 14% and 0%, respectively. The qnrA (66.7%) and qnrB (53.4%) genes were significantly detected higher in MDR strains. Herein, A. actinomycetemcomitans from dental caries and periodontitis had relatively high rate of resistance to ß-lactams but low resistance levels to quinolones. Moreover, most of the resistant isolates carried the qnrA-S genes. A majority of them had ltxA gene, half of them contained all the virulence genes and JP2 genotype was found in six isolates from periodontitis. Furthermore, half of the isolates produced biofilms which was significantly related to the ltxA and rcpA genes. Screening of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance pattern determination contribute to the control, diagnosis and eradication of these isolates.