Perceived challenges in implementing halal standards by halal certifying bodies in the United States.

Islamic dietary laws inform halal standards, defining which foods are halal (lawful and permissible). Many halal foods are produced in non-Muslim majority countries increasing the likelihood they might be haram (prohibited). Halal certification is one way to operationalize halal standards, hence protecting Muslim consumers. At present there is no unified halal standard guiding halal certification. The aim of this study was to determine the perceived challenges in implementing halal standards in the United States. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were done with a representative from 6 of the 11 halal certifying bodies (HCBs) in the United States. All reported their role was to verify food safety records for compliance with government regulations but not to monitor food safety practices. Two main issues-forged halal certificates and expired halal logos were identified as significant issues. Three HCBs stated there is no problem with having multiple halal standards, but all believed it is necessary to have one universal halal standard with minimum standards followed by everyone. The findings of this study can be beneficial to the U.S. halal industry as it highlights the challenges and issues they face.

Molecular Detection of Salmonella spp. and E. coli non-O157:H7 in Two Halal Beef Slaughterhouses in the United States.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria on halal beef carcasses and environmental surfaces in two halal beef slaughterhouses in the United States. To evaluate halal beef slaughter operations, 144 beef carcass samples (pre- and post-evisceration), and 24 environmental site samples (slaughter hall floor, brisket saw, and offal's table) were collected in two halal beef slaughterhouses during June to September 2017. All carcass and environmental samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and shiga toxin-producing E. coli (non-O157 STEC). Results revealed that Salmonella spp. was isolated and confirmed for the presence of invA gene in 5/36 samples (13.8%) and 5/36 samples (13.8%) at pre-evisceration in plants A and B, respectively. Salmonella spp. was isolated in 2/9 samples (5.6%) of plants A and was not detected in any sample at post-evisceration process. E. coli O157:H7 was not detected in any sample collected from plant A and B. E. coli non-O157 was isolated and confirmed for the presence of virulence genes in 4/36 samples (11.1%) and 2/36 samples (5.5%) at post-evisceration in plants A and B, respectively. Salmonella spp. was detected based on the presence of the Salmonella invA gene in the slaughter hall floor (4/4) and the offal's table (2/4) samples using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). In plant B, Salmonella spp. was also confirmed in the slaughter hall floor (2/4) and brisket saw (2/4) samples. On the other hand, one isolate of E. coli O157:H7 and one non-O157 STEC were obtained from the slaughter hall floor of plant A. The E. coli O157:H7 isolate was positive for stx1, stx2, eaeA, and EHEC-hly genes. Two isolates of non-O157 STEC (2/4) were detected in the environmental site samples, one from the slaughter hall floor, and one from an offal's table sample of plant B. These data can be used to inform food safety interventions targeting halal meat operations in the southeastern United States.

SDHB and SDHA Immunohistochemistry in Canine Pheochromocytomas.

Pheochromocytomas (PCs) are tumors arising from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal glands and are the most common tumors of the adrenal medulla in animals. In people, these are highly correlated to inherited gene mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) pathway; however, to date, little work has been done on the genetic basis of these tumors in animals. In humans, immunohistochemistry has proven valuable as a screening technique for SDH mutations. Human PCs that lack succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) immunoreactivity have a high rate of mutation in the SDH family of genes, while human PCs lacking succinate dehydrogenase A (SDHA) immunoreactivity have mutations in the SDHA gene. To determine if these results are similar for dogs, we performed SDHA and SDHB immunohistochemistry on 35 canine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) PCs. Interestingly, there was a loss of immunoreactivity for both SDHA and SDHB in four samples (11%), suggesting a mutation in SDHx including SDHA. An additional 25 (71%) lacked immunoreactivity for SDHB, while retaining SDHA immunoreactivity. These data suggest that 29 out of the 35 (82%) may have an SDH family mutation other than SDHA. Further work is needed to determine if canine SDH immunohistochemistry on PCs correlates to genetic mutations that are similar to human PCs.