Application of Automated External Defibrillators Among the Public: A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and Barriers of Use in Saudi Arabia.

Background: The likelihood of survival of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest quadruples with the rapid application of basic life support (BLS). The public's ability to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and use automated external defibrillators (AEDs) is extremely important. This study aimed to assess the public knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of utilizing AEDs and to understand barriers to AED application. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study from March 1-30, 2022. An electronic questionnaire was constructed and validated to measure the KAP for public AED utilization and its barriers. Results: Of the 406 participants, 244 (60.10%) were males. Male respondents had 17% less knowledge and poorer attitude towards using an AED as compared to female respondents. Knowledge and attitudes on using AEDs were low (70.7%) among Saudi nationals compared to those of foreign nationals. Those who were BLS/CPR trained had a 2.5 times greater understanding and willingness to use AEDs in public than those who were not. Barriers to AEDs in CPR/BLS-trained participants were: (1) accidentally hurting the victim (14.3%), (2) duty as a bystander to just call the ambulance and wait for help (12.1%), (3) never taught what to do (n = 41, 18.4%), (4) did not want to be scolded if performed wrong (3.1%), and (5) never witnessed such a situation (51.6%). Conclusion: There is a strong association between knowledge of and willingness to use AEDs in emergency situations among the public. Misconceptions about AEDs hinder their use. This calls for urgent training programs through accessible technology to reach the public.

Perceptions of portfolio assessment in family medicine graduates: a qualitative interview study.

BACKGROUND: The use of the portfolio methodology in medical education can serve as a tool for learning, assessment, and reflection on practice. This study concentrates on perceptions of the portfolio assessment methodology among participants in the Saudi Diploma of Family Medicine program. METHODS: In this qualitative interview study, data were collected and analysed using a grounded theory approach. RESULTS: Nine codes emerged: (1) Importance of understanding the definition, objectives, and process of portfolio assessment, (2) Impact of different understandings on the part of various trainers, (3) Role of the type of assessment, (4) Workload and stress of portfolio assessment, (5) Effectiveness of the portfolio contents, (6) Role of the mentor's feedback, (7) Role in the learning process, (8) Role in practice, (9) Suggestions for portfolio improvement. Open codes were then regrouped into three axial codes: context, strategy, and outcome of portfolio assessment. CONCLUSION: This study explored a general explanation of portfolio assessment shaped by the postgraduate students. It identifies the importance of portfolio understanding in student acceptability of the portfolio assessment methodology. Thus, proper implementation is vital for the success of assessing the student by the portfolio methodology. The students perceived reflection as the most valuable part of the process, which facilitated their learning, confidence, and self-assessment. Mentor feedback is a good strategy for coping with portfolio challenges. Our findings provide some evidence of positive outcomes of portfolio assessment in practice and professional development.

Hajj 2021: Role of mitigation measures for health security.

PURPOSE: After the impressive results of the 2020 Hajj management, Saudi authorities decided to expand the quota to 60,000 pilgrims in 2021, which resulted in a convenient and successful experience. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective pre and post-study study conducted on all pilgrims attending the 2021 Hajj using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test surveillance with paired-swab samples (pre-Hajj and post-Hajj) to evaluate the risk potential of COVID-19 among Hajj pilgrims, the effectiveness of preventive measures and the potential effect of the Hajj ritual as a huge mass gathering on the epidemiological situation of the Saudi Arabian population. RESULT: Forty-one cases had positive COVID-19 infections out of a total of 58,428 pilgrims who attended the 2021 Hajj season, as detected by nonmandatory pre- and post-Hajj PCR. Notably, the 2021 Hajj season achieved a decreasing leg of the COVID-19 pandemic curve. The adjusted incidence rate in KSA from July 11th to August 7th ranged from 19 to 24 cases per 100,000 population. In contrast, the incidence rate for the same duration in Hajj ranged from 3 to 7 cases per 100,000 pilgrims. CONCLUSION: The Saudi mitigation plan ensured the safety of pilgrims and healthcare workers for Hajj, successfully limited the risk of COVID-19 transmission inside and contributed to global health security. The success story of Hajj in 2020 and 2021 during the pandemic represents a successful model for planning, achieving and managing future mass gatherings by integrating technology with global and national health policies and public health measures.

Independent Association of 25[OH]D Level on Reduced Glutathione and TNF-α in Patients with Diabetes and/or Hypertension.

Purpose: Oxidative and inflammatory pathways play a significant role in the pathophysiology of a wide variety of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension. However, the effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) on these pathways is still controversial. To evaluate the association of 25[OH]D on antioxidant and pro-inflammatory biomarkers, reduced glutathione (GSH) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in T2DM and hypertensive patients. Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of a consecutive sample of patients attending the the Family Medicine clinic at King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAAUH). Participants were screened for eligibility according to the following criteria: aged above 18 years and diagnosed with T2DM and/or hypertension for at least one year. Patients receiving any kind of vitamin D or calcium supplements within the last three months were excluded, as were those with a history of renal failure, cancer, liver, thyroid, or any other chronic inflammatory diseases. Results: In total 424 T2DM and/or hypertensive patients (mean age 55±12 years) were recruited. In addition to routine physical and laboratory examinations, levels of serum 25[OH]D, GSH and TNF-α were measured. The prevalence of 25[OH]D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) was 35.1%, which was independent from GSH and TNF-α levels. In T2DM, hypertensive and patients having both diseases, GSH levels were 349.3±19, 355.4±19 and 428.8±20 µmol/L, respectively. Uncontrolled T2DM and hypertension patients showed significantly higher GSH compared with the controlled group. Males showed slightly higher level of TNF-α compared with females and uncontrolled hypertensive patients had relatively higher TNF-α level when evaluated against controlled hypertensive patients. . Conclusion: 25[OH]D level is independent of oxidative stress and inflammation, assessed by levels of GSH and TNF-α, respectively, in T2DM and hypertensive Saudi patients. .

Post-acute COVID-19 condition in Saudi Arabia: A national representative study.

BACKGROUND: Many survivors of COVID-19 have developed symptoms and diseases similar to those observed after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the symptoms that appear after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been eradicated and to determine their relationship with COVID-19 severity. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in all eligible confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection from Saudi Arabia. Study participants were randomly selected using computerized random sampling from a population of 314,821 patients. Descriptive statistics were used to describe baseline demographic data and clinical characteristics. Categorical variables were presented as counts and percentages, while continuous variables were presented as means and standard deviations. RESULTS: Approximately 70% of patients were found to have five or fewer symptoms simultaneously. Late symptoms (in the ongoing symptomatic COVID-19) occurred in 225 (22·5%) patients with the most common late symptoms being loss of smell, loss of taste, fatigue, shortness of breath, and cough (52·4%, 31·1%, 11·5%, 10·2%, and 8·9% of patients with late symptoms, respectively). We also found that the presence of acute symptoms of COVID-19 and admission to the hospital were significant independent predictors of the post-COVID-19 condition. CONCLUSION: Saudi patients with COVID-19 develop a wide range of symptoms, similar to those observed and reported in other countries. The loss of smell, the loss of taste, shortness of breath, and fatigue were the main persistent symptoms. Regular follow-up of COVID-19 survivors is highly recommended to minimize the burden of the post-acute COVID-19 condition and improve the quality of life of patients.

Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß protects against collagen type II-induced arthritis associated with the inhibition of miR155/24 and inflammation and upregulation of apoptosis in rats.

MicroRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their syntheses are modulated by glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß). Therefore, we hypothesised that the GSK-3ß inhibitor, TDZD-8 can protect against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) via downregulating miR155 and miR-24 expression. Rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 6) as follows: Control, Control + TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg), CIA, and CIA + TDZD-8. Rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks. We observed in the model group (CIA) significant (p<.05) increase in arthritis score and serum levels of RA biomarkers, which were significantly (p < .05) inhibited by TDZD-8. TDZD-8 also significantly (p<.05) inhibited CIA-induced synovial tissue levels of miR155, miR-24, and inflammation. In addition, a significant (p<.05) modulation of biomarkers of survival (Bcl-2) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) by TDZD-8 was observed. Thus, TDZD-8 protects against CIA in rats for a period of 6 weeks, which is associated with the inhibition of miR155/24 and inflammation, and apoptosis augmentation.

Inhibition of GSK3ß protects against collagen type II-induced arthritis associated with a decrease in synovial leukocyte infiltration and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy biomarkers.

We sought to determine whether TDZD-8, the inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK3ß), can protect the synovial membrane of the knee joint against injuries induced by collagen type II immunization (CIA) possibly via the downregulation of synovial leukocyte infiltration, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and autophagy. The model group of rats (CIA) were immunized over a period of 3 weeks with collagen type II, whereas the treated group of rats (CIA + TDZD-8) were treated with TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg) for 21 days after the completion of the immunization regimen. All rats were then killed at week 6. Harvested synovial tissues were prepared for immunohistochemistry staining, and synovial homogenates were assayed for biomarkers of ERS, autophagy, apoptosis, and cell survival and proliferation. In addition, blood samples were assayed for biomarkers of arthritis. Synovial tissue images showed that CIA enhanced leukocyte recruitment as demonstrated by an increased CD45+ (leukocyte common antigen) immunostaining, which was markedly decreased by TDZD-8. TDZD-8 also significantly (P < .05) inhibited collagen-induced autophagy biomarkers Beclin-1 and LC3II, the ERS biomarkers GRP-78, IRE1-α, XBPIs, and eIF2a, and the survival protein Bcl-2. Whereas, the collagen-induced proliferative biomarkers Akt and mTOR were not inhibited by TDZD-8, and CIA inhibited the apoptotic proteins CHOP and cleaved caspase-3, which were augmented by TDZD-8. We further demonstrated a significant (P < .05) correlation between autoantibodies generated during the course of arthritis and biomarkers of ERS and autophagy. We conclude that TDZD-8 inhibits CIA and decreases synovial leukocyte infiltration, ERS, and autophagy, which is independent of Akt/mTOR signalling.