Characterization of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus From Children at Hospital Admission: Experiences From a Hospital in a German Metropolitan Area.

BACKGROUND: Since the 1990s, community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are described as emerging independent of health care. CA-MRSA is associated with the colonization and infection of healthy, immunocompetent younger individuals. While skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) are predominant, life-threatening syndromes can also occur. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we investigated MRSA stains isolated from community-onset infections and from MRSA screening of children at admission to a tertiary-care hospital in 2012-2018. In total, 102 isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by broth microdilution, spa -typing, multilocus sequence typing, SCC mec typing and virulence/resistance gene detection by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The majority of isolates originated from community-onset infections (80/102), of these primarily from SSTI (70/80). Additional strains were isolated by MRSA screening (22/102). In total 61.8% of the MRSA carried the gene for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin ( lukPV ). Molecular characterization of isolates revealed various epidemic MRSA clones, circulating in both community and hospital settings. Most prevalent epidemic lineages were isolates of the "European CA-MRSA clone" (CC80-MRSA-IV), the "Bengal Bay clone" (ST772-MRSA-V), or the "USA300 NAE clone" (ST8-MRSA-IVa). CONCLUSIONS: Our data highlight the importance of CA-MRSA causing SSTI in children. More frequent microbiological and molecular analysis of these strains is important for targeted treatment and can provide valuable data for molecular surveillance of the pathogen.

Multidrug-resistant organisms in refugees: prevalences and impact on infection control in hospitals.

INTRODUCTION: The refugee crisis is a great challenge to the social and healthcare system in European countries, especially in Germany. An abundance of data has been published on the refugees' health problems (infections as well as physical diseases and psychiatric problems) and their prevention (i.e., sanitary and vaccination programs). However, data on prevalences of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) in refugees are scarce, although it is known that most refugees are from or travelled through countries with high prevalences of MDRO. This paper presents current data on MDRO colonization of refugees admitted to hospitals, and the impact of screening upon admission and infection control in hospitals is discussed. METHODS: Anonymous data obtained by screening upon hospital admission were reported by hospitals in the Rhine-Main region of Germany to the local public health department. Screening and microbiological analyses were performed from December 2015 to March 2016 according to standardized and validated methods. RESULTS: 9.8% of the refugees screened (32/325) exhibited colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and 23.3% of the refugees (67/290) were colonized with Gram-negative bacteria with extended spectrum beta-lactamases, and/or enterobacteria with resistance against 3 or 4 groups of antibacterials, so-called 3MRGN (multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria with resistance against penicillins, cephalosporins and quinolones) and 4MRGN (with additional resistance against carbapenems). Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGN) were detected in 2.1% (6/290) of the refugees. CONCLUSION: The data confirms the studies published between 2014 and 2016, encompassing refugees tested in Germany, the Netherlands and Israel, with prevalences of MRSA and CRGN up to 13.5% and 5.6%. The MDRO prevalences are higher than those of "risk groups" for MRSA, such as hemodialysis patients and patients depending on outpatient home-nursing care or residing in nursing homes. Therefore, screening and special infection control in hospitals is strongly suggested when refugees are admitted to hospitals, in order to ensure best medical practice and safety for all hospital patients regardless of their country of origin.

Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria - analysis of the data obtained through a mandatory reporting system in the Rhine-Main region, Germany, 2012-2015.

BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MRGN) and the infections they cause are a serious threat and a challenge to the healthcare system. This particularly applies to carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGN). Currently, the introduction of a nationwide mandatory notification system for CRGN in Germany is under consideration. Against this background, this paper presents an analysis of the mandatory reporting system for CRGN in effect since November 2011 in the federal state of Hesse (Germany). MATERIALS AND METHODS: All carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and the detected carbapenemases reported to the public health department of the city of Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany, on the basis of the mandatory notification system were analyzed. RESULTS: 827 CRGN cases were reported to the public health department of Frankfurt/Main between April 2012 and December 2015. The following bacterial species were reported: Pseudomonas spp. (n=268), Acinetobacter spp. (n=183), Klebsiella spp. (n=195), Enterobacter spp. (n=77), Escherichia coli (n=75) and others (n=29). Between 2012 and 2015, a reduction of the CRGN reports was noticed, mainly due to changes in the reporting of Pseudomonas spp. Between 2012 and 2015, the total number of notifications decreased slightly, although the number of reported CRGN in screening samples increased, thus giving no indication of a decreased testing frequency. For 10.5% of the patients, the place of residence was not Germany, 18.0% of the patients had previously stayed in hospitals abroad, often in countries with a high CRGN prevalence. CRGN bacteria were reported from all of Frankfurt's hospitals, and 3.9% were reported from out-patient care facilities. Carbapenemases were detected and reported in 251 CRGN bacteria, including 73 OXA-48, 76 OXA-23, 56 NDM subtypes, and 21 KPC subtypes. There have been no major epidemiological signs of outbreak scenarios. DISCUSSION: CRGN bacteria are already widespread in patients from hospitals and out-patient care facilities. Clearly, infection control measurements should therefore not only include hospital patients but also those receiving out-patient care. Screening strategies focused on patients from foreign countries with high MRGN prevalence is not sufficient, as only 10.5% of MRGN patients resided in those countries, and only 18% of the patients had been previously treated in a foreign hospital. In a public health context, infection control measures should therefore encompass broader screening strategies.

Cryptococcus neoformans peritonitis in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis: case report and review of the literature.

In the absence of coexisting HIV infection Cryptococcus neoformans is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of peritonitis that occurs in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Here, we report on a 39-year-old male, HIV-negative patient with decompensated alcohol toxic liver cirrhosis who developed a lethal intraperitoneal infection with C. neoformans. We reviewed the literature and found an additional 19 cases with culture confirmed cryptococcal peritonitis in combination with liver disease or AIDS. We suggest that awareness of this unusual but lethal entity may lead to earlier diagnosis and proper treatment.