Unicompartmental knee replacement: controversies and technical considerations.

BACKGROUND: Unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) is one of the effective interventions for the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Moreover, it has multiple advantages over total knee arthroplasty (TKA), including reduced intraoperative blood loss, decreased risk of transfusion, and faster recovery. This study aimed to discuss critical technical considerations regarding UKR and some of the controversies and updates. METHODS: We conducted a review to provide an overview of the controversies and technical considerations about UKR in several aspects. Only peer-reviewed articles were included, up to December 2023 using PubMed, Google Scholar, ERIC, and Cochrane database for systematic reviews databases. RESULT: UKR is associated with superior patient-reported clinical and functional outcomes, as well as shorter hospital stays, fewer postoperative complications, and revealed favorable outcomes in patients' return to sport. The choice between mobile- and fixed-bearing prostheses depends, in part, on the surgeon's preference. The mobile-bearing UKR is a less constrained prosthesis and can potentially result in less wear, but it is more technically demanding. While no significant difference between mobile-bearing versus fixed-bearing prostheses, cementless is superior to cemented design. Furthermore, UKR can be a good alternative for high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and still can be considered after a failed HTO. Lastly, recent reviews have shown a revision rate comparable to that of TKA. This is probably influenced by Improved comprehension of the best indications, patient selection criteria, as well as of the design, materials, and technological advances. CONCLUSION: UKR treatment for unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis is secure and effective. Based on clinical and functional outcomes, decreased morbidity and mortality, and cost-effectiveness, long-term studies suggest that UKR is superior to TKA. Further investigation in this area is warranted.

Acromioclavicular joint separation: Controversies and treatment algorithm.

In this article, we present an uptodate outline of acromioclavicular (AC) joint separation. A clear understanding of acromioclavicular joint injury in terms of the mechanism of injury, clinical picture, diagnostic imaging, and most updated surgical techniques used for the treatment can provide the best care for those patients. This article describes updated treatment strategies for AC separation, including type III AC separation which is known most controversial. Finally, we present a proposed treatment algorithm that can aid in the treatment of AC separation from the most updated evidence.

Unilateral laminotomy with bilateral spinal canal decompression: systematic review of outcomes and complications.

BACKGROUND: Unilateral laminotomy with bilateral spinal canal decompression has gained popularity recently. AIM: To systematically review the literature of unilateral laminotomy with bilateral spinal canal decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) aiming to assess outcomes and complications of the different techniques described in literature. METHODS: On August 7, 2022, Pubmed and EMBASE were searched by 2 reviewers independently, and all the relevant studies published up to date were considered based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subject headings "unilateral laminotomy", "bilateral decompression" and their related key terms were used. The Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement was used to screen the articles. RESULTS: A total of seven studies including 371 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 69.0 years (range: 55-83 years). The follow up duration ranged from 1 to 3 years. Rate of postoperative pain and functional improvement was favorable based on VAS, JOA, JOABPEQ, RMDW, ODI and SF-36, for example improved from a range of 4.2-7.5 preoperatively on the VAS score to a range of 1.4-3.0 postoperatively at the final follow up. Insufficient decompression was noted in 3% of the reported cases. The overall complication rate was reported at 18-20%, with dural tear at 3.6-9% and hematoma at 0-4%. CONCLUSION: Unilateral laminotomy with bilateral decompression has favorable short- and mid-term pain and functional outcomes with low recurrence and complication rates. This, however, needs to be further confirmed in larger, long-term follow-up, prospective, comparative studies between open, and minimally invasive techniques.

Recurrent bilateral atraumatic shoulder dislocation in a young patient with bilateral shoulder multidirectional instability: Treatment consideration and description of a surgical technique.

INTRODUCTION: Multidirectional instability is defined as symptomatic glenohumeral joint subluxation or dislocation occurring in more than one direction. Multidirectional shoulder instability with recurrent shoulder dislocation is a rare condition with controversies in the literature about the best treatment strategy. Physiotherapy remains the initial treatment of choice, and surgical intervention should be performed only if debilitating symptoms continue to be experienced. CASE PRESENTATION: A young healthy male presented with bilateral shoulder multidirectional instability and recurrent shoulders atraumatic dislocation. The patient was treated with a supervised physiotherapy regimen, which succeeded on his non-dominant shoulder but failed on the contralateral dominant side. A surgical technique aimed at reducing the right shoulder capsule volume to gain stability was performed and described in detail in this paper. Patient was able to return to his normal daily activities, including sports, without new complaints. DISCUSSION: The aim of surgery is to restore passive stability by reducing the shoulder capsular volume. Common surgical techniques for Multidirectional instability include an inferior capsular shift and open or arthroscopic capsular plication with variable outcomes have been proposed in the literature. CONCLUSION: Surgical management should be individualized to address the anatomical cause of instability and should only be considered if conservative treatment with supervised physiotherapy fails. Using an arthroscopic grasper to apply appropriate capsule traction and tension while performing the plication and using an extra superior anchor contributed to attaining optimal capsular volume reduction.

Cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the Forgotten Joint Score for knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Arabic version of this questionnaire in Arabic patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: The Arabic version of the English FJS (Ar-FJS) was modified according to cross-cultural adaptation best practices. The study included 111 patients who underwent TKA 1-5 years ago and completed the Ar-FJS. The reduced Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (rWOMAC) and 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) were used to assess the construct validity of the study. Fifty-two individuals took the Ar-FJS test twice to evaluate the test-retest reliability. RESULTS: The reliability of the Ar-FJS demonstrated a Cronbach's α value of 0.940 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.951. The ceiling effect of the Ar-FJS was 5.4% (n = 6), whereas the floor effect was 1.8% (n = 2). Additionally, the Ar-FJS showed correlation coefficients of 0.753 and 0.992 for the rWOMAC and SF-36, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Ar-FJS-12 demonstrated excellent internal consistency, repeatability, construct validity, and content validity and can be recommended for patients in Arabic-speaking communities who have undergone knee arthroplasty.

Intraosseous extension of supraspinatus calcific tendonitis in a young patient with severe shoulder pain: a rare case report.

Calcific tendinopathy is one of the causes of shoulder pain and limited range of motion when it affects the rotator cuff tendons. Complications of such a condition are rare and include intraosseous and intramuscular migration. Calcific tendonitis can be classified as acute, subacute or chronic based on the onset of symptoms. The incidence of calcific tendonitis affects females more than males, with the median age of onset being between 40 and 60 years old. Diagnostic modalities include radiographs and computed tomography (CT); however, these are suboptimal when compared to the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging. Ninety percent of these cases are treated non-surgically. We present a rare case of a young female patient with right shoulder pain and limited range of motion secondary to the intraosseous migration of calcific tendonitis. The patient's symptoms were resolved after a CT-guided percutaneous bone biopsy of the lesion. Clinical correlation with the aid of imaging and histopathology is a multimodal approach to help diagnose and treat such conditions.

The treatment of bucket handle meniscus tear using "the pulling suture technique": A new surgical technique.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy represents a challenge due to view obstruction by the tight posterior joint line. We are describing a new technique to overcome this obstacle using "the pulling suture technique" which is a simple, reproducible, and safe way to perform partial meniscectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: After a twisting knee injury, a 30-year-old man was complaining of left knee pain and locking. An irreparable complex bucket handle medial meniscus tear was found during diagnostic knee arthroscopy and partial meniscectomy was performed using the pulling suture technique. After visualizing medial knee compartment, a vicryl suture was introduce and looped around the torn fragment then secured by a sliding locking knot. The suture was pulled, and the torn fragment was placed under tension throughout the procedure to facilitate exposure and debridement of the tear. Then, the free fragment was extracted in one piece. DISCUSSION: Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy of the bucket-handle tears is a commonly performed procedure. Due to view obstruction, cutting of the posterior part of the tear is a challenging step. Any attempts of blind resection without proper visualization can lead to articular cartilage damage or insufficient debridement. In contrast to most described techniques to overcome this problem, the pulling suture technique doesn't require any accessory portals or additional equipments. CONCLUSION: Using "the pulling suture technique" improves resection by allowing a better view of both ends of the tear and securing the resected part by the suture, which facilitates its removal as a one unit.

The Utilization of Radiofrequency Techniques for Upper Extremity Pain Management.

BACKGROUND: In the 1990s, radiofrequency ablation emerged as a novel therapeutic approach tool for pain alleviation that did not result in neurological harm. Radiofrequency techniques are emerging methods as a possible option for upper extremity pain management. Furthermore, joint pain can result from multiple etiologies, and the management can differ based on what joint is affected. With the various management methods available to treat joint pain, radiofrequency ablation could be an effective, minimally invasive, promising intervention. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to review the current and historical uses of radiofrequency in upper extremity pain compared to other management methods and to address the utilization of radiofrequency in upper extremity pain management. STUDY DESIGN: This is a narrative review of relevant studies on using radiofrequency techniques in upper extremity pain management. METHODS: On June 26, 2022, Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, ERIC, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for relevant literature documenting the use of radiofrequency techniques in treating upper extremity pain. The terms "radiofrequency," "pain," "upper extremity," "shoulder," "elbow," and "wrist" were used, resulting in 61 studies fitting the inclusion criteria. A narrative review was then undertaken. RESULTS: Radiofrequency ablation and its techniques are among the contemporary medical procedures that could be cost-effective solutions for patients suffering from chronic and postoperative pain. Its utilization for shoulder-related pain has been frequently studied, as it showed significant improvement with a high satisfaction rate as a solo procedure. When compared to intraarticular corticosteroid injections or local anesthetics, it was found to be more effective than local anesthetics. Although it did not appear superior to intraarticular corticosteroid injections, it had the advantage of infrequent repeat treatment. By comparison, studies involving the elbow and wrist showed promising results but were not as thorough as studies on the shoulder. Therefore, considering the possible side effects and complications, caution is warranted. LIMITATIONS: The paucity of articles available on its application to the elbow and wrist joints. More articles are necessary for the generalizability of the results. CONCLUSION: Radiofrequency techniques are a promising, minimally invasive procedure for controlling upper extremity pain. More studies on the topic, especially on elbow and wrist pain, are warranted for the generalizability of the results.

Hamstring autograft utilization in reconstructing anterior cruciate ligament: Review of harvesting techniques, graft preparation, and different fixation methods.

Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common orthopedic injury. Various graft options are available for the reconstruction of ruptured ACL. Using the hamstring muscle as an autograft was first described in 1934, and it remains a commonly harvested graft for ACL reconstruction. Hamstring autografts can be harvested using the traditional anteromedial approach or the newer posteromedial technique. An isolated semitendinosus tendon can be used or combined with the gracilis tendon. There are numerous methods for graft fixation, such as intra-tunnel or extra-tunnel fixation. This comprehensive review discusses the different hamstring muscle harvesting techniques and graft preparation options and fixation methods. It provides a comprehensive overview for choosing the optimal surgical technique when treating patients.

Chondrosarcoma of the proximal radius treated by wide resection and reconstructed by 3D printed implant: A case report and description of surgical technique.

INTRODUCTION: Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary malignancy of bone that can occur in multiple locations in the skeleton. It has been rarely reported in the proximal radius. While surgical resection is the primary treatment modality for individuals with localized disease, reconstruction can be challenging in the elbow joint due to its complex anatomy. 3D printing technology can be used in such complex cases to restore the normal anatomy after resection. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma in a 33-year-old male occurring in the proximal radius, restricting his elbow motion. That was resected and reconstructed using 3D modeling. Restoring a functional range of motion without instability. DISCUSSION: Many surgical options for chondrosarcoma presented over the years including en bloc resection, resection with or without reconstruction, or amputation. Usage of 3D modeling in the orthopedic surgery field is relatively new and it can be used in pre-operative planning and shortens surgical time. 3D printing in our case helped in obtaining a full range of motion (flexion, extension, pronation, and supination) for the patient. CONCLUSION: It's important to reconstruct elbow joint support structure and function after resection of such a large malignant tumor in young patients. We used 3D printed implant to maintain a functional limb and it was an excellent alternative treatment.

Bilateral Arthroscopic Superior Capsular Reconstruction of the Shoulder for Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Case Report and Description of Surgical Technique.

The treatment strategies for rotator cuff tears have grown more sophisticated in recent years. Over the past decade, arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) has become popular for treating irreparable rotator cuff tears. Despite the popularity, the literature on the clinical outcomes of SCR is limited. Several surgical procedures using variable graft materials and different techniques have been proposed promising early clinical results with improvements in shoulder pain, range of motion, and overall function. In this paper, we present a case of bilateral massive irreparable rotator cuff tears, with a full description of our surgical technique and the successful outcome of our management.

Distal Biceps Tendon Tears: Diagnosis and Treatment Algorithm.

¼: Distal biceps tendon (DBT) tears occur most commonly in middle-aged men after a sudden, forced eccentric contraction of the flexed elbow. ¼: An understanding of the multiple risk factors, mechanisms, and pathophysiological causes is essential for proper and timely diagnosis. ¼: High clinical suspicion and routine physical examination with appropriate special examination tests, including the hook test, the passive forearm pronation test, the biceps crease interval test, and the bicipital aponeurosis flex test, can help with rapid and accurate diagnosis and guide appropriate and timely management. ¼: Treatment for DBT tears depends on the extent (complete versus incomplete) and timing (acute versus chronic) of the injury, and options include nonoperative management, repair, and reconstruction with or without repair of the bicipital aponeurosis.

Combined Intraoperative Arthroscopic and Fluoroscopic Guided Reduction of a Lateral Tibial Plateau Fracture Using Minimally Invasive Metaphyseal and Intraarticular Fixation: Description of a Surgical Technique.

Tibial plateau fractures are quite common among lower limb fractures. Several fracture classifications exist including Schatzker classification, in which tibial plateau fractures are divided into six types where each increasing numerical category indicates increasing severity of the injury and worsening prognosis. Arthroscopic-assisted techniques using a lateral or medial metaphyseal window have shown results comparable to open internal fixation methods with multiple advantages. We present a case of a medically and surgically free 40-year-old lady who presented to our emergency department complaining of left knee pain following a fall from the stairs. Clinically there was significant swelling and tenderness over the lateral aspect of the left proximal tibia, radiographs showed a Schatzker type III tibial plateau fracture, confirmed by computed tomography (CT). A combined intraoperative arthroscopic- and fluoroscopic-guided reduction of the articular depression through a lateral cortical window was achieved and the fracture was fixed using a minimally invasive fixation technique. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient had recovered full range of motion and the wounds were barely visible. One-year X-ray showed healed fracture without any evidence of displacement or subsidence.

Mid-Term Evaluation of the Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty in Patients with BMI of 40 or Greater.

Limited evidence is available on mid-term follow-up for patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 receiving a unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). The primary objective of this study was to investigate survival of the UKA in patients with BMI ≥ 40. Secondary objectives were to assess functional and patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). Survival analysis with endpoint revision of any component for any reason was conducted using Kaplan-Meier technique on 121 knees (103 patients) that underwent UKA with Oxford Phase 3 implant (Oxford Knee, Biomet, Swindon, United Kingdom) between September 2001 and March 2014 by seven surgeons. Survivorship differences were compared using Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) tests, and Cox Proportional Hazard Model was used to assess predictors of failure. Preoperative PROMs were compared at 2 and 5 years postoperatively using paired t-tests. Mean age of patients was 58 years (43-75), mean BMI 43 kg/m2 (40-51), and mean follow-up 7 years (2 months to 15 years). Survival rate for the whole cohort was 92% at 2 years and 86% at 5 years. Females had a significantly higher revision rate than males (p = 0.043). A total of 19 knees required revision (16 to TKA, 2 polyethylene liner exchanges, and 1 femoral component and liner revision). With respect to PROMs, there was a significant improvement at 2 and 5 years (p < 0.001) on 4 of 5 knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score subscales. The mid-term survival rate for the Oxford UKA in patients with morbid obesity is similar to that of other nondesigner patient series with BMI ≥ 30, which provides further evidence for the safety of the implant in this patient population with significant improvements on PROMs at short and mid-term follow-up.

Randomized clinical trial of continuous femoral nerve block combined with sciatic nerve block versus epidural analgesia for unilateral total knee arthroplasty.

Pain control following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is crucial to hasten rehabilitation and decrease morbidity. We evaluated whether there is a difference between epidural infusion and continuous femoral nerve block with respect to postoperative pain control and rehabilitation course. Fifty patients completed the study. There was no statistically significant difference in the pain scores (P=0.33), morphine consumption (P=0.09) mean blood pressure or heart rate (P=0.957, and P=0.716) between groups. The postoperative daily mobilization (P=0.80), knee joint range of motion (P=0.83), and straight leg test (P=0.99) were also similar between both groups. Patients were highly satisfied with their pain management in both groups without statistically significant difference (P=0.98).

Wound healing without drains in posterior spinal fusion in idiopathic scoliosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of wound infection and neurological injuries in patients with idiopathic scoliosis who underwent posterior spinal fusion without use of drains. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from February 2007 to June 2010. METHODOLOGY: Patients who underwent similar technique of posterior spinal fusion instrumentation for the correction of scoliosis without use of drain were included. Wound Demographics, wound healing, complications and duration of hospital stay were considered and described as frequency and mean values. RESULTS: The average age at the time of surgery was 12.80 ± 1.30 years, duration of surgery was 3.80 ± 0.86 hours, hospital stay was 3.84 ± 0.78 days and patients were followed-up over the last 30 months. There was no incidence of any neurological complication and deep infection. However, only 2 (4.16%) cases with superficial skin infection were treated with dressing and antibiotics with full recovery. CONCLUSION: The wound healing is adequate without using drain for patients with idiopathic scoliosis who underwent posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation when good wash, watertight closure technique and appropriate antibiotics coverage is provided.