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1.
Am J Crim Justice ; 48(2): 420-443, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34744410

RESUMEN

Community-based agencies play a notable role in local violence prevention and reentry services in the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic and governmental responses to contain its spread fundamentally transformed the day-to-day lives of most individuals and the workplace. This study examined the challenges experienced and adaptations employed by community-based organizations as they navigated shelter-in-place orders and other workplace and community restrictions. Between July and September of 2020, researchers completed 16 semi-structured interviews with agency administrators of community-based organizations serving at-risk youth or formerly incarcerated persons operating in a large Midwestern city. The findings highlight several challenges faced by agency administrators as they attempted to maintain services to their clients, including having to move from largely in-person service modalities to methods of contact and communication that embraced social distancing and virtual interaction. They also actively responded to the health safety needs of their staff, clients, and community by instituting new safety protocols, like staff and client COVID-19 testing, handing out personal protection equipment and supplies, and educating community members. The findings demonstrate a high degree of community mobilization and resilience in light of a global crisis.

2.
Violence Against Women ; 28(15-16): 3910-3932, 2022 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35142576

RESUMEN

This study examined the relationship between DNA evidence and outcomes of prosecution of sexual assault. Researchers coded data from prosecutor and crime laboratory files for sexual assault cases referred to prosecutors between 2005 and 2011 in a metropolitan jurisdiction in the northeastern United States. Cases with a DNA match were significantly more likely to move forward and result in conviction, even with other predictor variables statistically controlled. Analyses suggest DNA evidence contributes to case progression but also is a result of it. These findings strengthen the case for quality forensic medical examinations, investment in DNA analysis, and increased prosecutor training.


Asunto(s)
Víctimas de Crimen , Delitos Sexuales , Humanos , ADN , New England
3.
J Interpers Violence ; 36(7-8): 3880-3902, 2021 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29862932

RESUMEN

Little prior research has explored how prosecutors perceive and utilize biological and injury evidences in sexual assault cases. In this qualitative study, semistructured interviews were conducted with assistant district attorneys (ADAs) working in an urban district attorney's office in the northeastern United States. ADAs were asked to describe how biological and injury evidences could be probative and their strategies for using this evidence. The interviews suggest that prosecutors perceive the probative value of biological and injury evidences on a continuum, varying based on case characteristics. Prosecutors felt that undergoing a forensic medical examination in itself supported victims' credibility. Biological evidence bolstered victims' credibility if it matched the victim's account better than the defendant's. They perceived DNA evidence as helpful when it identified unknown suspects, confirmed identification of suspects by other means, or rebutted defendants' denial of sexual contact. DNA evidence was also helpful when victims were incapacitated, too traumatized to recall or talk about the assault, or too young to identify assailants, and when police used the information in interrogating suspects. The biggest limitation to biological evidence prosecutors cited was overcoming the consent defense. The ADAs reported they used DNA evidence even when it was not particularly probative, because it confirms the correct person is being prosecuted, it communicates the victim's and prosecution's seriousness, and it meets jury expectations in trials. Prosecutors found injury evidence useful because it corroborated victims' accounts and helped refute defendant claims of consensual sex. The findings may assist in educating others about biological and injury evidences in these cases, and could inspire professionals and advocates to work to develop and support a broad range of investigative methods.


Asunto(s)
Víctimas de Crimen , Delitos Sexuales , Humanos , Abogados , New England , Policia
4.
J Interpers Violence ; 35(7-8): 1828-1839, 2020 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29294719

RESUMEN

This study examined the timing of the crime laboratory report relative to arrests in sexual assault cases and explored the relationship between biological evidence and arrest in those cases in which the crime laboratory report came first and thus could have influenced the arrest decision. A random sample (N = 528) of cases that occurred between 2008 and 2010 and included a report to police was drawn from a Massachusetts statewide database of medical reports on sexual assault cases. Data from medical providers were merged with data abstracted from crime laboratory reports and with data requested from police departments. The vast majority (91.5%) of arrests took place before crime laboratory analysis could be conducted. The crime laboratory report was available before or near in time to the arrest in 11 cases. These cases were significantly more likely than other cases to have DNA profiles of the assailant, DNA matches to the suspect, and a match to another investigation in the FBI's CODIS DNA database. Given that the probable cause needed to make an arrest in these cases was presumably established only after crime laboratory analysis was available, DNA may have helped lead to the arrest in these cases. However, these results should be interpreted very cautiously, because statistically significant results in early, small studies can have inflated effect sizes and often do not replicate in future studies. Because most arrests occur well before biological evidence is available, improvements in recovering biological evidence may have modest effects on arrest rates, though they may impact arrest rates by identifying more serial offenders. Future research on the relationship of biological evidence to arrest should use methods to increase sample size of relevant cases, such as oversampling cases with later arrests and using case control study designs. Future studies should also use case abstraction and interview methods to explore how police use biological evidence to make arrests.


Asunto(s)
Bases de Datos Factuales , Aplicación de la Ley/métodos , Delitos Sexuales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Ciencias Forenses , Humanos , Masculino , Massachusetts , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto Joven
5.
J Forensic Nurs ; 13(2): 62-68, 2017.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28525430

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand prosecutors' perspectives on the contribution of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANEs) to evidence collection and trials in sexual assault cases. BACKGROUND: Several studies have suggested that a sexual assault case is more likely to progress in the criminal justice system when a SANE conducts the forensic medical examination. However, little is known about how prosecutors perceive SANEs and what they value about SANEs versus other medical professionals. METHOD: Semistructured interviews, conducted in one jurisdiction with eight assistant district attorneys who prosecute sexual assault cases, included questions about the value of SANEs in evidence collection and trials. Interview transcripts were analyzed to identify common themes and variability among prosecutors. RESULTS: Most prosecutors identified advantages for SANEs in evidence collection, trial preparation, and testimony. Specific advantages cited by one or more prosecutors included superior documentation, thoroughness of the physical examination, better identification of injuries, quality of relationships with patients, professionalism, skill in trial preparation and testifying, and credibility with jurors. DISCUSSION: These findings help validate SANEs' contribution to the criminal justice response to sexual assault, despite the study's limitations in sample size and inclusion of only one jurisdiction. The study also suggests the value of further education about SANEs for prosecutors who may not have the opportunity to learn about the range of skills SANEs possess.


Asunto(s)
Enfermería Forense/legislación & jurisprudencia , Rol de la Enfermera , Delitos Sexuales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derecho Penal , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Estados Unidos
6.
Violence Vict ; 31(5): 819-836, 2016.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27725072

RESUMEN

This research seeks to examine why victim participation rates in police investigations and prosecution decline following reporting of sexual assault to police. It was hypothesized that several factors would impact victim participation, including whether the incident reflected stereotypical sexual assault scenarios, if the victim used alcohol or illicit drugs prior to the incident, and if the hospital staff initially reported the incident. The study coded victim participation following initial police reporting from police case investigation narratives. Based on the 544 cases of sexual assault reported to a Midwestern police department, it was found that victims were indeed more likely to continue participating after initial reports to police if their assaults reflected stereotypical sexual assault scenarios. Future research should include discussions with victims about their participation in the criminal justice system following initial reporting to further clarify the findings noted here.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Cooperativa , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Policia , Delitos Sexuales/psicología , Adulto , Víctimas de Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Aplicación de la Ley , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos , Relaciones Profesional-Paciente , Delitos Sexuales/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven
7.
Violence Against Women ; 18(5): 525-51, 2012 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22814891

RESUMEN

This study sought to identify factors that predicted outcomes for sexual assault cases involving female victims across several decision-making points and compare these findings to prior studies. The results indicate that there continues to be a high attrition rate in the handling of sexual assault cases. Only 9.7% of cases examined resulted in charges. In regards to processing decisions, most of the factors that predicted whether cases were founded, resulted in arrest, presented to the prosecution, or resulted in felony charges were extralegal factors. One factor appeared to influence several decision-making points: whether officers noted discrepancies in victim statements.


Asunto(s)
Derecho Penal , Toma de Decisiones , Abogados , Policia , Delitos Sexuales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Políticas de Control Social , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Derecho Penal/métodos , Derecho Penal/estadística & datos numéricos , Documentación , Femenino , Humanos , Abogados/psicología , Modelos Logísticos , Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos , Narración , Estudios Retrospectivos
8.
J Interpers Violence ; 27(1): 3-22, 2012 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21810790

RESUMEN

Prior research examining sexual assault case decision making has failed to account for the demographic characteristics of the criminal justice practitioners charged with making case decisions. Inclusion of such information is important because it provides researchers with a greater understanding of how criminal justice practitioners' own gender, race, age, and past experiences affect their judgments. This study seeks to examine whether gender differences exist in detectives' arrest decisions in sexual assault cases. Victim, suspect, incident, and detective characteristics are collected from police case and investigatory files on 328 criminal sexual assault cases involving adult female victims reported to a large Midwestern police department in 2003. Logistic regression is used to determine whether detective gender predicted the odds of arrest after controlling for incident, victim, and suspect characteristics. It is hypothesized that cases involving female detectives would be more likely to result in arrest after controlling for other incident, victim, and suspect characteristics. However, contrary to expectations, female detectives are significantly less likely than male detectives to arrest suspects in sexual assault cases even after controlling for the influence of other factors shown to predict arrest. The findings support prior research that suggests female practitioners may not necessarily be more sensitive toward female victims despite previous assumptions that this would hold true. The findings suggest that efforts to hire female police officers for the purposes of dealing with female-related victimization may ultimately undermine efforts to improve victim experiences with the criminal justice system. They further suggest that both researchers and police administrators need to rethink the best ways to serve female victims beyond hiring mandates.


Asunto(s)
Toma de Decisiones , Policia , Delitos Sexuales , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Bases de Datos Factuales , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos , Factores Sexuales
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