A Bicyclic Analog of the Linear Peptide Arodyn Is a Potent and Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonist.

Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of stress-induced relapse to substance abuse and mood disorders. The dynorphin A analog arodyn (Ac[Phe1,2,3,Arg4,D-Ala8]dynorphin A-(1-11)-NH2) exhibits potent and selective kappa opioid receptor antagonism. Multiple cyclizations in longer peptides, such as dynorphin and its analogs, can extend the conformational constraint to additional regions of the peptide beyond what is typically constrained by a single cyclization. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a bicyclic arodyn analog with two constraints in the opioid peptide sequence. The peptide, designed based on structure-activity relationships of monocyclic arodyn analogs, was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis and cyclized by sequential ring-closing metathesis (RCM) in the C- and N-terminal sequences. Molecular modeling studies suggest similar interactions of key aromatic and basic residues in the bicyclic peptide with KOR as found in the cryoEM structure of KOR-bound dynorphin, despite substantial differences in the backbone conformations of the two peptides. The bicyclic peptide's affinities at KOR and mu opioid receptors (MOR) were determined in radioligand binding assays, and its KOR antagonism was determined in the [35S]GTPγS assay in KOR-expressing cells. The bicyclic analog retains KOR affinity and selectivity (Ki = 26 nM, 97-fold selectivity over MOR) similar to arodyn and exhibits potent KOR antagonism in the dynorphin-stimulated [35S]GTPγS assay. This bicyclic peptide represents a promising advance in preparing cyclic opioid peptide ligands and opens avenues for the rational design of additional bicyclic opioid peptide analogs.

Tryptophan Substitution in CJ-15,208 (cyclo[Phe-D-Pro-Phe-Trp]) Introduces δ-Opioid Receptor Antagonism, Preventing Antinociceptive Tolerance and Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Extinguished Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference.

The macrocyclic tetrapeptide CJ-15,208 (cyclo[Phe-D-Pro-Phe-Trp]) and its D-Trp isomer exhibit kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonism which prevents stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-conditioned place preference. Here, we evaluated the effects of substitution of Trp and D-Trp on the peptides' opioid activity, antinociceptive tolerance, and the ability to prevent relapse to extinguished drug-CPP. Six analogs were synthesized using a combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and cyclization in solution. The analogs were evaluated in vitro for opioid receptor affinity in radioligand competition binding assays, efficacy in the [35S]GTPγS assay, metabolic stability in mouse liver microsomes, and for opioid activity and selectivity in vivo in the mouse 55 °C warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. Potential liabilities of locomotor impairment, respiratory depression, acute tolerance, and conditioned place preference (CPP) were also assessed in vivo, and the ameliorating effect of analogs on the reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-place preference was assessed. Substitutions of other D-amino acids for D-Trp did not affect (or in one case increased) KOR affinity, while two of the three substitutions of an L-amino acid for Trp decreased KOR affinity. In contrast, all but one substitution increased mu opioid receptor (MOR) affinity in vitro. The metabolic stabilities of the analogs were similar to those of their respective parent peptides, with analogs containing a D-amino acid being much more rapidly metabolized than those containing an L-amino acid in this position. In vivo, CJ-15,208 analogs demonstrated antinociception, although potencies varied over an 80-fold range and the mediating opioid receptors differed by substitution. KOR antagonism was lost for all but the D-benzothienylalanine analog, and the 2'-naphthylalanine analog instead demonstrated significant delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonism. Introduction of DOR antagonism coincided with reduced acute opioid antinociceptive tolerance and prevented stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-CPP.

Enhancing the Visibility of Women in the ACS Division of Medicinal Chemistry (ACS MEDI).

On the occasion of the 2023 International Women's Day on March 8, 2023, we want to celebrate and highlight the contributions of many women volunteers in the American Chemical Society Division of Medicinal Chemistry (ACS MEDI).

Enhancing the Visibility of Women in the ACS Division of Medicinal Chemistry (ACS MEDI).

On the occasion of the 2023 International Women's Day on March 8, 2023, we want to celebrate and highlight the contributions of many women volunteers in the American Chemical Society Division of Medicinal Chemistry (ACS MEDI).

An analog of [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 exhibits kappa opioid receptor antagonism following oral administration and prevents stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished morphine conditioned place preference.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) relapse rates are discouragingly high, underscoring the need for new treatment options. The macrocyclic tetrapeptide natural product CJ-15,208 and its stereoisomer [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 demonstrate kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist activity upon oral administration which prevents stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. In order to further explore the structure-activity relationships and expand the potential therapeutic applications of KOR antagonism for the treatment of OUD, we screened a series of 24 analogs of [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 with the goal of enhancing KOR antagonist activity. From this screening, analog 22 arose as a compound of interest, demonstrating dose-dependent KOR antagonism after central and oral administration lasting at least 2.5 h. In further oral testing, analog 22 lacked respiratory, locomotor, or reinforcing effects, consistent with the absence of opioid agonism. Pretreatment with analog 22 (30 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished morphine conditioned place preference and reduced some signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in mice physically dependent on morphine. Collectively, these data support the therapeutic potential of KOR antagonists to support abstinence in OUD and ameliorate opioid withdrawal.

Peptide Kappa Opioid Receptor Ligands and Their Potential for Drug Development.

Ligands for kappa opioid receptors (KOR) have potential uses as non-addictive analgesics and for the treatment of pruritus, mood disorders, and substance abuse. These areas continue to have major unmet medical needs. Significant advances have been made in recent years in the preclinical development of novel opioid peptides, notably ones with structural features that inherently impart stability to proteases. Following a brief discussion of the potential therapeutic applications of KOR agonists and antagonists, this review focuses on two series of novel opioid peptides, all-D-amino acid tetrapeptides as peripherally selective KOR agonists for the treatment of pain and pruritus without centrally mediated side effects, and macrocyclic tetrapeptides based on CJ-15,208 that can exhibit different opioid profiles with potential applications such as analgesics and treatments for substance abuse.

Quantification of kappa opioid receptor ligand potency, efficacy and desensitization using a real-time membrane potential assay.

We explored the utility of the real-time FLIPR Membrane Potential (FMP) assay as a method to assess kappa opioid receptor (KOR)-induced hyperpolarization. The FMP Blue dye was used to measure fluorescent signals reflecting changes in membrane potential in KOR expressing CHO (CHO-KOR) cells. Treatment of CHO-KOR cells with kappa agonists U50,488 or dynorphin [Dyn (1-13)NH2] produced rapid and concentration-dependent decreases in FMP Blue fluorescence reflecting membrane hyperpolarization. Both the nonselective opioid antagonist naloxone and the κ-selective antagonists nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) and zyklophin produced rightward shifts in the U50,488 concentration-response curves, consistent with competitive antagonism of the KOR mediated response. The decrease in fluorescent emission produced by U50,488 was blocked by overnight pertussis toxin pretreatment, indicating the requirement for PTX-sensitive G proteins in the KOR mediated response. We directly compared the potency of U50,488 and Dyn (1-13)NH2 in the FMP and [35S]GTPγS binding assays, and found that both were approximately 10 times more potent in the cellular fluorescence assay. The maximum responses of both U50,488 and Dyn (1-13)NH2 declined following repeated additions, reflecting receptor desensitization. We assessed the efficacy and potency of structurally distinct KOR small molecule and peptide ligands. The FMP assay reliably detected both partial agonists and stereoselectivity. Using KOR-selective peptides with varying efficacies, we found that the FMP assay allowed high throughput quantification of peptide efficacy. These data demonstrate that the FMP assay is a sensitive method for assessing κ-opioid receptor induced hyperpolarization, and represents a useful approach for quantification of potency, efficacy and desensitization of KOR ligands.

Conformational Constraint between Aromatic Residue Side Chains in the "Message" Sequence of the Peptide Arodyn Using Ring Closing Metathesis Results in a Potent and Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonist.

Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists have recently shown potential for treating drug addiction and mood disorders. The linear acetylated dynorphin A analog arodyn (Ac[Phe1,2,3,Arg4,d-Ala8]dynorphin A-(1-11)NH2), synthesized in our laboratory, demonstrated potent and selective KOR antagonism. Cyclization of arodyn could potentially stabilize the bioactive conformation and enhance its metabolic stability. The cyclization strategy employed involved ring closing metathesis between adjacent meta- or para-substituted Tyr(allyl) residues in the "message" sequence that were predicted in a docking study to yield analogs that would bind to the KOR with binding poses similar to arodyn. Consistent with the modeling, the resulting analogs retained KOR affinity similar to arodyn; the peptides involving cyclization between para O-allyl groups also retained high KOR selectivity, with one analog exhibiting KOR antagonist potency (KB = 15 nM) similar to arodyn. These promising cyclized analogs with constrained aromatic residues represent novel leads for further exploration of KOR pharmacology.

Phenylalanine Stereoisomers of CJ-15,208 and [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 Exhibit Distinctly Different Opioid Activity Profiles.

The macrocyclic tetrapeptide cyclo[Phe-d-Pro-Phe-Trp] (CJ-15,208) and its stereoisomer cyclo[Phe-d-Pro-Phe-d-Trp] exhibit different opioid activity profiles in vivo. The present study evaluated the influence of the Phe residues' stereochemistry on the peptides' opioid activity. Five stereoisomers were synthesized by a combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and cyclization in solution. The analogs were evaluated in vitro for opioid receptor affinity in radioligand competition binding assays, and for opioid activity and selectivity in vivo in the mouse 55 °C warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. Potential liabilities of locomotor impairment, respiratory depression, acute tolerance development, and place conditioning were also assessed in vivo. All of the stereoisomers exhibited antinociception following either intracerebroventricular or oral administration differentially mediated by multiple opioid receptors, with kappa opioid receptor (KOR) activity contributing for all of the peptides. However, unlike the parent peptides, KOR antagonism was exhibited by only one stereoisomer, while another isomer produced DOR antagonism. The stereoisomers of CJ-15,208 lacked significant respiratory effects, while the [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 stereoisomers did not elicit antinociceptive tolerance. Two isomers, cyclo[d-Phe-d-Pro-d-Phe-Trp] (3) and cyclo[Phe-d-Pro-d-Phe-d-Trp] (5), did not elicit either preference or aversion in a conditioned place preference assay. Collectively, these stereoisomers represent new lead compounds for further investigation in the development of safer opioid analgesics.

Multifunctional opioid receptor agonism and antagonism by a novel macrocyclic tetrapeptide prevents reinstatement of morphine-seeking behaviour.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The macrocyclic tetrapeptide natural product CJ-15,208 (cyclo[Phe-d-Pro-Phe-Trp]) is a multifunctional µ-opioid receptor and κ-opioid receptor agonist and κ-opioid receptor antagonist that produces antinociception and prevents stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP). We hypothesized that an analogue of CJ-15,208, cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe], would demonstrate multifunctional µ-opioid receptor and κ-opioid receptor ligand activity, producing potent antinociception with fewer liabilities than selective µ-opioid receptor agonists, while preventing both drug- and stress-induced reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The opioid receptor agonist and antagonist activity of cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] was characterized after i.c.v. and i.p. administration to C57BL/6J or transgenic opioid receptor "knockout" mice using the 55°C warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. Liabilities of locomotor coordination, respiration and spontaneous ambulation, and direct rewarding or aversive properties were assessed. Finally, the ability of cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] to block morphine- and stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished CPP was determined. KEY RESULTS: cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] demonstrated dose-dependent, short-lasting antinociception, with an ED50 (and 95% confidence interval) of 0.15 (0.05-0.21) nmol i.c.v. and 1.91 (0.40-3.54) mg·kg-1 i.p., mediated by µ- and κ-opioid receptors. The macrocyclic tetrapeptide also demonstrated potent dose-dependent κ-opioid receptor antagonist-like activity at 2.5, but not at 4.5, h after administration. cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] displayed reduced liabiities compared with morphine, attributed to its additional activity at κ-receptors. Pretreatment with cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] prevented stress- and drug-induced reinstatement of extinguished morphine-place preference responses in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These data suggest that cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] is a promising lead compound for both the treatment of pain with reduced sideeffects and preventing both drug- and stress-induced relapse in morphine-abstinent subjects.

Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of the Macrocyclic Tetrapeptide cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe]: A Mixed Opioid Receptor Agonist-Antagonist Following Oral Administration.

Substance abuse remains a serious public health crisis, affecting millions of people worldwide. Macrocyclic tetrapeptides like CJ-15,208 and [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 demonstrate opioid activity shown to attenuate the rewarding effects of cocaine in conditioned place preference assays in mice, making them promising lead compounds for treating substance abuse. In the present study, we report the rational design, synthesis, conformational analysis, and continued pharmacological evaluation of the novel macrocyclic tetrapeptide cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] to further explore this unique molecular scaffold. This peptide was rationally designed based on X-ray and NMR structures of related macrocyclic tetrapeptides. Following synthesis, its solution-phase conformations were determined by NMR and molecular modeling. The peptide adopted multiple conformations in polar solvents, but a single conformation in chloroform that is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The peptide is orally bioavailable, producing antinociception and antagonism of kappa opioid receptor (KOR) stimulation following oral administration in a mouse 55 °C warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. Notably, cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] blocked both stress- and drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine and morphine conditioned place preference in mice following oral administration, and displayed a decreased side-effect profile compared to morphine. Thus, cyclo[Pro-Sar-Phe-d-Phe] is a promising lead compound for the treatment of substance abuse.

Optimized Ring Closing Metathesis Reaction Conditions To Suppress Desallyl Side Products in the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides Involving Tyrosine(O-allyl).

We are exploring constraining aromatic residues in the kappa opioid receptor selective antagonist arodyn (Ac[Phe1,2,3,Arg4,d-Ala8]dynorphin A(1-11)-NH2) by ring closing metathesis (RCM) involving tyrosine(O-allyl) (Tyr(All)), but desallyl products limited the yields of the desired cyclic peptide. The model dipeptide Fmoc-Tyr(All)-Tyr(All) was used to explore different reaction conditions, including the use of isomerization suppressants, to minimize formation of the desallyl products and enhance formation of the desired RCM product. Reaction conditions were identified that enhanced the RCM product yield while suppressing desallyl products using both second-generation Grubbs and second-generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalysts. These optimized reaction conditions were then applied to the cyclization of a tripeptide and an arodyn analog resulting in ≥70% conversion to the desired cyclic peptides. These strategies should be applicable to RCM involving Tyr(All) and similar residues in peptide and peptidomimetic cyclizations performed on solid phase.

Design, synthesis, and opioid activity of arodyn analogs cyclized by ring-closing metathesis involving Tyr(allyl).

Kappa (κ) opioid receptor selective antagonists are useful pharmacological tools in studying κ opioid receptors and have potential to be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases including mood disorders and drug addiction. Arodyn (Ac[Phe1-3,Arg4,d-Ala8]Dyn A-(1-11)NH2) is a linear acetylated dynorphin A (Dyn A) analog that is a potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonist (Bennett et al. J Med Chem 2002;45:5617-5619) and prevents stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior following central administration (Carey et al. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;569:84-89). To restrict its conformational mobility, explore possible bioactive conformations and potentially increase its metabolic stability we synthesized cyclic arodyn analogs on solid phase utilizing a novel ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction involving allyl-protected Tyr (Tyr(All)) residues. This approach preserves the aromatic functionality and directly constrains the side chains of one or more of the Phe residues. The novel cyclic arodyn analog 4 cyclized between Tyr(All) residues incorporated in positions 2 and 3 exhibited potent κ opioid receptor antagonism in the [35S]GTPγS assay (KB = 3.2 nM) similar to arodyn. Analog 3 cyclized between Tyr(All) residues in positions 1 and 2 also exhibited nanomolar κ opioid receptor antagonist potency (KB = 27.5 nM) in this assay. These are the first opioid peptides cyclized via RCM involving aromatic residues, and given their promising pharmacological activity represent novel lead peptides for further exploration.

Macrocyclic peptides decrease c-Myc protein levels and reduce prostate cancer cell growth.

The oncoprotein c-Myc is often overexpressed in cancer cells, and the stability of this protein has major significance in deciding the fate of a cell. Thus, targeting c-Myc levels is an attractive approach for developing therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. In this study, we report the anti-cancer activity of the macrocyclic peptides [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 (cyclo[Phe-D-Pro-Phe-D-Trp]) and the natural product CJ-15,208 (cyclo[Phe-D-Pro-Phe-Trp]). [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 reduced c-Myc protein levels in prostate cancer cells and decreased cell proliferation with IC50 values ranging from 2.0 to 16 µM in multiple PC cell lines. [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 induced early and late apoptosis in PC-3 cells following 48 hours treatment, and growth arrest in the G2 cell cycle phase following both 24 and 48 hours treatment. Down regulation of c-Myc in PC-3 cells resulted in loss of sensitivity to [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 treatment, while overexpression of c-Myc in HEK-293 cells imparted sensitivity of these cells to [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 treatment. This macrocyclic tetrapeptide also regulated PP2A by reducing the levels of its phosphorylated form which regulates the stability of cellular c-Myc protein. Thus [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 represents a new lead compound for the potential development of an effective treatment of prostate cancer.

Alanine scan of the opioid peptide dynorphin B amide.

To date structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of the dynorphins (Dyn), endogenous peptides for kappa opioid receptors (KOR), have focused almost exclusively on Dyn A with minimal studies on Dyn B. While both Dyn A and Dyn B have identical N-terminal sequences, their C-terminal sequences differ, which could result in differences in pharmacological activity. We performed an alanine scan of the non-glycine residues up through residue 11 of Dyn B amide to explore the roles of these side chains in the activity of Dyn B. The analogs were synthesized by fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-based solid phase peptide synthesis and evaluated for their opioid receptor affinities and opioid potency and efficacy at KOR. Similar to Dyn A the N-terminal Tyr1 and Phe4 residues of Dyn B amide are critical for opioid receptor affinity and KOR agonist potency. The basic residues Arg6 and Arg7 contribute to the KOR affinity and agonist potency of Dyn B amide, while Lys10 contributes to the opioid receptor affinity, but not KOR agonist potency, of this peptide. Comparison to the Ala analogs of Dyn A (1-13) suggests that the basic residues in the C-terminus of both peptides contribute to KOR binding, but differences in their relative positions may contribute to the different pharmacological profiles of Dyn A and Dyn B. The other unique C-terminal residues in Dyn B amide also appear to influence the relative affinity of this peptide for KOR versus mu and delta opioid receptors. This SAR information may be applied in the design of new Dyn B analogs that could be useful pharmacological tools.

Development of a robust, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of the novel macrocyclic peptide kappa opioid receptor antagonist [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 in plasma and application to an initial pharmacokinetic study.

Selective kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists may have therapeutic potential as treatments for substance abuse and mood disorders. Since [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 (cyclo[Phe-d-Pro-Phe-d-Trp]) is a novel potent KOR antagonist in vivo, it is imperative to evaluate its pharmacokinetic properties to assist the development of analogs as potential therapeutic agents, necessitating the development and validation of a quantitative method for determining its plasma levels. A method for quantifying [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 was developed employing high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in mouse plasma. Sample preparation was accomplished through a simple one-step protein precipitation method with acetonitrile, and [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 analyzed following HPLC separation on a Hypersil BDS C8 column. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), based on the transitions m/z 578.1→217.1 and 245.0, was specific for [D-Trp]CJ-15,208, and MRM based on the transition m/z 566.2→232.9 was specific for the internal standard without interference from endogenous substances in blank mouse plasma. The assay was linear over the concentration range 0.5-500ng/mL with a mean r(2)=0.9987. The mean inter-day accuracy and precision for all calibration standards were 93-118% and 8.9%, respectively. The absolute recoveries were 85±6% and 81±9% for [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 and the internal standard, respectively. The analytical method had excellent sensitivity with a lower limit of quantification of 0.5ng/mL using a sample volume of 20µL. The method was successfully applied to an initial pharmacokinetic study of [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 following intravenous administration to mice.

Species differences in the effects of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist zyklophin.

We have shown that dysregulation of the dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor (DYN/KOR) system contributes to escalated alcohol self-administration in alcohol dependence and that KOR antagonists with extended durations of action selectively reduce escalated alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent animals. As KOR antagonism has gained widespread attention as a potential therapeutic target to treat alcoholism and multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, we tested the effect of zyklophin (a short-acting KOR antagonist) on escalated alcohol self-administration in rats made alcohol-dependent using intermittent alcohol vapor exposure. Following dependence induction, zyklophin was infused centrally prior to alcohol self-administration sessions and locomotor activity tests during acute withdrawal. Zyklophin did not impact alcohol self-administration or locomotor activity in either exposure condition. To investigate the neurobiological basis of this atypical effect for a KOR antagonist, we utilized a κ-, µ-, and δ-opioid receptor agonist-stimulated GTPyS coupling assay to examine the opioid receptor specificity of zyklophin in the rat brain and mouse brain. In rats, zyklophin did not affect U50488-, DAMGO-, or DADLE-stimulated GTPyS coupling, whereas the prototypical KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (norBNI) attenuated U50488-induced stimulation in the rat brain tissue at concentrations that did not impact µ- and δ-receptor function. To reconcile the discrepancy between the present rat data and published mouse data, comparable GTPyS assays were conducted using mouse brain tissue; zyklophin effects were consistent with KOR antagonism in mice. Moreover, at higher concentrations, zyklophin exhibited agonist properties in rat and mouse brains. These results identify species differences in zyklophin efficacy that, given the rising interest in the development of short-duration KOR antagonists, should provide valuable information for therapeutic development efforts.

Two short-acting kappa opioid receptor antagonists (zyklophin and LY2444296) exhibited different behavioral effects from the long-acting antagonist norbinaltorphimine in mouse anxiety tests.

Prototypical long-acting kappa opioid receptor (KOPR) antagonists [e.g., norbinaltorphimine (norBNI)] have been reported to exert anxiolytic-like effects in several commonly used anxiety tests in rodents including the novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. It remains unknown if the short-acting KOPR antagonists (e.g., zyklophin and LY2444296) have similar effects. In this study effects of zyklophin and LY2444296 (s.c.) were investigated in the NIH and EPM tests in mice 1h post-injection and compared with norBNI (i.p.) 48h post-administration. In the NIH test, zyklophin at 3 and 1mg/kg, but not 0.3mg/kg, or LY2444296 at 30mg/kg decreased the latency of palatable food consumption in novel cages, but had no effect in training cages, similar to norBNI (10mg/kg). Zyklophin at 3 or 1mg/kg increased or had a trend of increasing the amount of palatable food consumption in novel cages, with no effects in training cages, further indicating its anxiolytic-like effect, but norBNI (10mg/kg) and LY2444296 (30mg/kg) did not. In the EPM test, norBNI (10mg/kg) increased open arm time and % open arm entries or time, but zyklophin at all three doses and LY2444296 (30mg/kg) had no effects. In addition, zyklophin at 3mg/kg increased numbers of close and total arm entries on EPM, suggesting increased activity; however, norBNI and LY2444296 had no effects on close and total arm entries. Thus, all three KOPR antagonists had anxiolytic-like effects in the NIH test. However, only the long-acting one (norBNI), but not the short-acting ones (zyklophin and LY2444296), demonstrated anti-anxiety like effects in the EPM test. It remains to be investigated if the differences are due to the differences in their durations of action and/or pharmacodynamic properties.

Structure-Activity Relationships of the Peptide Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonist Zyklophin.

The dynorphin (Dyn) A analogue zyklophin ([N-benzyl-Tyr(1)-cyclo(d-Asp(5),Dap(8))]dynorphin A(1-11)NH2) is a kappa opioid receptor (KOR)-selective antagonist in vitro, is active in vivo, and antagonizes KOR in the CNS after systemic administration. Hence, we synthesized zyklophin analogues to explore the structure-activity relationships of this peptide. The synthesis of selected analogues required modification to introduce the N-terminal amino acid due to poor solubility and/or to avoid epimerization of this residue. Among the N-terminal modifications, the N-phenethyl and N-cyclopropylmethyl substitutions resulted in analogues with the highest KOR affinities. Pharmacological results for the alanine-substituted analogues indicated that Phe(4) and Arg(6), but interestingly not the Tyr(1) phenol, are important for zyklophin's KOR affinity and that Arg(7) was important for KOR antagonist activity. In the GTPγS assay, while all of the cyclic analogues exhibited negligible KOR efficacy, the N-cyclopropylmethyl-Tyr(1) and N-benzyl-Phe(1) analogues were 28- and 11-fold more potent KOR antagonists, respectively, than zyklophin.

Targeting inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A as a therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer treatment.

Inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A (I2PP2A), a biological inhibitor of the cellular serine/threonine protein phosphatase PP2A, is associated with numerous cellular processes that often lead to the formation and progression of cancer. In this study we hypothesized that targeting the inhibition of I2PP2A's multiple functions in prostate cancer cells might prevent cancer progression. We have investigated the effect of the small chain C6-ceramide, known to be a bioactive tumor suppressor lipid, on I2PP2A function, thereby affecting c-Myc signaling and histone acetylation in cells. Our data indicated that C6-ceramide treatment of prostate cancer cells induces cell death in PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP cells, but not normal prostate epithelial cells. C6-ceramide was able to disrupt the association between PP2A and I2PP2A. C6-ceramide inhibits I2PP2A's upregulation of c-Myc and downregulation of histone acetylation in prostate cancer cells. Our data indicated that targeting cancer related signaling pathways through I2PP2A using ceramide as an anti-I2PP2A agent could have beneficial effects as a therapeutic approach to prevent prostate cancer.