[Long-term results of secondary glaucoma surgical treatment].

The efficacy of combined hypotensive surgery in patients with secondary glaucoma was studied. The main group included 30 patients who underwent deep sclerectomy with angle dilatation, 50 patients after sinusotrabeculectomy served as controls. The results were evaluated in 3 years. Visual acuity reduced by 0.04 compared with early postoperative results in the main group and by 0.1 in control group. In the main group the summarized visual field reduced by 14-15 degrees, in control group--30.5 degrees. IOP rise in the main group was 2 mm Hg, while in control--6.0 mm Hg. Deep sclerectomy with angle dilatation in secondary glaucoma compared with conventional surgery showed to be more effective in terms of stable hypotensive effect, more natural long-term hydrodynamics and prolonged visual functions preservation.

[The structure of the optic nerve in experimental glaucoma and in the means for its treatment]. / Stroenie zritel'nogo nerva pri éksperimental'noi glaukome i nekotorykh sposobakh ee lecheniia.

Using light and electron microscopy disorders of structure of the optic nerve were studied in rabbits with adrenaline induced glaucoma and after the action of antioxidants (Emoxipine, Erisode) used for preventive and medical purposes. Changes in glaucoma and after administration of drugs in axons and their myelinated sheath were similar but differently pronounced in right and left eye of the same animal. Positive effect of Erisode used for preventive and medical purposes was noted. Emoxipine enhanced the disturbances in optic nerve structure.

[Therapy of primary open-angle glaucoma by oftan-dipivefrin]. / Preparat "Oftan-dipivefrin" v lechenii pervichnoi otkrytougol'noi glaukomy.

Choice of optimal hypotensive therapy with the minimal side effects remains a serious problem in therapy of glaucoma. The efficacy and safety of oftan-dipivefrin (Sante, Finland) and glaucon (Alcon, USA) are compared in a controlled balanced randomized open parallel study preceded by a period for discharge of the previous drugs. The period of discharge was 7 days, active treatment was administered for 8 weeks. Sixty patients aged 61-69 years were treated. Thirty-one patients were treated by oftan-dipivefrin (group 1) and 29 by glaucon (group 2). In parallel with this, a 1% pilocarpin solution was administered in both groups. The examinations carried out during all consultations included measurements of intraocular pressure before instillations every day at the same time, evaluation of visual acuity, tonography, and study of the central and peripheral visual fields. The time course of hypotensive effects of both drugs showed a sufficient decrease in intraocular pressure in both groups; the effect of oftan-dipivefrin was more pronounced, while glaucon caused the least number of side effects.

[Possibilities of drug prophylaxis of adrenalin-induced glaucoma (an experimental study)]. / O vozmozhnosti medikamentoznoi profilaktiki formirovaniia adrenalin-indutsiruemoi glaukomy (éksperimental'noe issledovanie).

Experiments were carried out on 30 rabbits with adrenalin glaucoma. In 10 rabbits, intravenous adrenalin was paralleled by subconjunctival antioxidant superoxide dismutase (Erysod). Increase of intraocular pressure, changes of tonographic values, accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and alteration of the drainage zone morphology were observed in animals with adrenalin glaucoma. In animals administered erysod in parallel with adrenalin, tonometric and tonographic parameters were normal. The concentration of lipid peroxidation products in the blood was virtually normal in this group. Morphological studies showed no essential differences in the structure of the anterior chamber corner in the eyes of animals treated with erysod and in intact controls. The results demonstrate the possibility of preventing the development of primary open-angle glaucoma with erysod.

[Cytokines in the tear fluid and their role in the pathogenesis of ophthalmic herpes]. / Tsitokiny v sleznoi zhidkosti, ikh rol'v patogeneze oftal'mogerpesa.

The papers deals with the levels of cytokines in the tear and blood serum of patients with ophthalmoherpes. Damaging the cornea, herpes virus is shown to induce the synthesis of IL-1alpha, alpha-TNF, and alpha2-INF both in the tear and serum. The levels of these cytokines are much greater than the controls. Superficial corneal damages are characterized by lower cytokine concentrations than deep damages. The treatment of ophthalmoherpes with recombinant alpha2-interferon, superoxide dismutase and anti-herpes I serum leads to significant reductions in all the cytokines in question. However, the levels of the antiinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and alpha-TNF remain higher than the controls. Those of alpha2-IFN reach the control values. The data presented in the paper indicate that antiinflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of ophthalmoherpes.

[Lipid peroxidation in experimental glaucoma and the possibilities for its correction (preliminary report)]. / Perekisnoe okislenie lipidov pri éksperimental'noi glaukome i vozmozhnosti ego korrektsii (predvaritel'noe soobshchenie).

Lipid peroxidation products and intraocular pressure were measured in 10 rabbits with adrenalin-induced glaucoma, and the possibility of correcting these parameters with a bioantioxidant was tested. Intraocular pressure and levels of lipid peroxidation products in rabbit blood sera were found to grow in the course of adrenalin injections. Intraocular pressure significantly reduced and lipid peroxidation normalized after subconjunctival administration of a bioantioxidant.

[Vestibular function and interanalyzer interaction following space flight]. / Vestibuliarnaia funktsiia i mezhanalizatornoe vzaimodeistvie posle kosmicheskikh poletov.

This paper presents the results of pre- and post-flight vestibular examinations using single and combined vestibular, optokinetic, proprioceptive, postural tests and cerebellar coordination tests. After extended flights most crewmembers showed spontaneous, position and positional nystagmus that points to vestibular dysfunction. The methods developed by the authors helped differentiate mechanisms of post-flight vestibular dysfunctions: in Group 1 subjects spontaneous nystagmus parameters varied during all tests; in Group 2 subjects they varied only in response to active tilt tests; in Group 3 subjects they varied only in response to vestibular, optovestibular and proprioceptive stimulation; and in Group 4 subjects they varied only in response to proprioceptive optovestibular stimulation and cerebellar coordination tests. Individual patterns of the above changes are associated with different pathways of adaptation of the vestibular function that depend on the involvement of various structures and compartments of the central nervous system.

[Pattern of vestibular reactions and sensory interactions in weightlessness (data of the experiment "Optokinesis")]. / Kharakter vestibuliarnykh reaktsii i mezhanalizatornykh vzaimodeistvii v usloviiakh nevesomosti (po dannym éksperimenta "Optokinez").

This paper presents results of studying spontaneous and evoked optokinetic, opto-oculomotor and vestibulo-oculomotor reactions in microgravity. The examinations were performed during the 7-day Soviet-Indian and 237-day Salyut-7 missions. During an early stage of adaptation to microgravity the following changes occurred: enhanced spontaneous activity of the eyes, including spontaneous nystagmus in one of the crewmembers, decline of the efficiency of saccadic pursuit (disappearance of saccades in the course of pursuit of a moving stimulus, decrease of the saccadic amplitude, emergence of correction microsaccades in response to fixation events), and decrease of the threshold of the optokinetic nystagmus. The compensatory counter-rotation of the eyeballs during head side-to-side movements with open eyes in dark glasses did not disappear but slightly decreased, being slightly accompanied by low-amplitude nystagmus. When rocking the head with open eyes, one of the cosmonauts showed a complete eye destabilization and other cosmonauts displayed high-amplitude nystagmus. In response to head rotation with open eyes they developed clonic nystagmus. Vestibular stimulation in the form of active head movements helped to normalize the pattern of opto-ocular responses.

[The expediency of peripheral iridectomy in the surgical treatment of open-angle glaucoma]. / K voprosu o tselesoobraznosti perifericheskoi iridéktomii pri khirurgicheskom lechenii otkrytougol'noi glaukomy.

Results of surgical interventions in two groups of patients with open-angle glaucoma are analysed and compared. In group one (51 patients) antiglaucomatous operation was made without peripheral iridectomy and in group II (46 patients)--together with the latter. Immediate results after operations on occasion of open-angle glaucoma made without peripheral iridectomy have shown a good hypotensive effect, preservation and a certain improvement of visual functions in the majority of the cases, significant weakening of inflammatory reaction in the eye in early postoperative period as compared with results after operations made together with peripheral iridectomy.

Space motion sickness: phenomenology, countermeasures, and mechanisms.

A summary of the incidence of Space Motion Sickness (SMS) in 27 Soviet cosmonauts who flew on missions varying from 2-185 d in the Salyut-6/Soyuz vehicle complex is presented. A questionnaire indicated that 88% (24) of the cosmonauts developed some type of "illusionary sensations" while 44% (12) presented some degree of SMS. The SMS countermeasures used in flight included an antihistaminic drug, pneumatic cuffs applied to the thigh region, application of lower body negative pressure, a head cap that restricted head movement while simultaneously providing force stimulus to the cervical antigravity muscles, and finally the use of an insole counterpressure device that added pressure to the sole of the foot.

[Results of a study of vestibular function and space perception in cosmonauts]. / Rezul'taty issledovaniia vestibuliarnoi funktsii i funktsii vospriiatiia prostranstva u kosmonavtov.

The results of studying the vestibular function and the function of spatial perception in 26 cosmonauts before and after 30 space flights are discussed. The typical postflight changes in these functions were: an increase in the reactivity of the otolith organ, a decrease in the sensitivity of semicircular canals, a decline in the accuracy of perception of spatial coordinates, asymmetry of most parameters, development of illusionary reactions inflight. The cosmonauts also showed individual variations with respect to the degrees of the above responses, the dynamics and length of adaptation, the development of the motion sickness symptom-complex, etc. At R+O some cosmonauts exhibited a change in the direction of the eye counter-rotation, i. e., the negative otolith reflex or at turn towards the tilt direction. Possible mechanisms of these vestibular changes are discussed.

[Results of a study of vestibular function and space perception among members of the crew of the first and second "Sal'iut 6" space station expedition]. / Rezul'taty issledovaniia vestibulaiarnoi funktsii i funktsii vospriiatiia prostranstva u chlenov ékipazhei pervoi i vtoroi ékspeditsii stantsii "Sal'iut-6".

The results of studies of the vestibular function and spatial perception function in crewmembers of long-term (96- and 140-day) space missions aboard Salyut-6 are presented. Similar changes and individual variations are revealed. All the cosmonauts have shown the following changes: increased reactivity of the otolith organ, decreased sensitivity of the cupular system, asymmetry of most parameters studied, and illusory reactions inflight, individual reactions are as follows: level of changes, dynamics and time of recovery, development of vestibulo-vegetative symptomocomplex during early adaptation to zero-g, signs of decline in vestibulo-vegetative tolerance postflight, and changes in reciprocal relations between the otolith organ and semicircular canals.