Interrelation of erectile dysfunction with obesity in patients with arterial hypertension.

AIM: To study the relationship between the severity of erectile dysfunction and the anthropometric parameters of obesity in patients with arterial hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 71 patients with different severity of erectile dysfunction, overweight and grade 1obesity and arterial hypertension. The anthropometric parameters were analyzed, the degree and characteristics of obesity were assessed according to data of multispiral computed tomography (MSCT), a preliminary assessment of erectile function was performed using the IIEF-5 questionnaire. Later the data of the questionnaire was compared with the in-depth urological study: the collection of anamnesis, examination and conduction of the pharmacodopplerography of the penis vessels. RESULTS: Comparative analysis revealed statistically significant links between anthropometric data and the degree of abdominal obesity based on MSCT results (p<0.005), anthropometric indicators of obesity with parameters of penile arterial blood flow, as well as severity of erectile dysfunction by degree of erection and dopplerography with an estimation of the rate of penile blood flow (p<0.05). In addition, a statistically significant negative relationship between the quality of penile blood flow and the degree of arterial hypertension was revealed (p=0.02). As a result of multifactorial linear regression, it is shown that with an increased the ratio of the waist circumference to the hip circumference and a higher level of systolic blood pressure, the condition of penile arterial blood flow worsens, namely, the peak systolic velocity (PSV) decreases (ß=-0.377, p=0.05; ß=-0.478, p=0.02, respectively). In a comparative analysis of the subjective evaluation of erectile function according to the data of the IIEF-5 questionnaire, we showed no statistically significant association with the results of an objective examination (p=0.07).There were also no statistically significant links between objective data of erectile function and obesity parameters in MSCT. CONCLUSION: The combination of overweight or obesity with arterial hypertension gives ground to suspect the presence of different severity of erectile dysfunction.

[TESTING USING ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY OF ALLOGRAFT INDIVIDUAL COMPATIBILITY WITH RECIPIENT BODY].

The specificity of the test networks for hernia repair using an atomic force microscopy was studied. The method allows to determine the compatibility of allograft material with the body of the patient, and select the appropriate implant support optimal patient after surgery.

[Epidemiology of urinary disorders in men in the Russian Federation].

AIM: To compare the results of population studies conducted in the Russian Federation to identify the prevalence, severity and risk factors for urinary disorders in men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of a survey of 1083 men were analyzed for the age, weight, height, comorbidities with their signs and symptoms, history of surgery on pelvic organs, copulative disorders, and IPSS and quality of life scores. The findings were compared with the results of a survey of 482 Russian men under the protocol of the International Society of Continence (ICS) aimed to identify patients with overactive bladder (OAB), in whom pollakiuria, nocturia, urgency, urinary incontinence, stress-incontinence, poor flow and terminal dribbling were registered. RESULTS: According to findings on IPSS scores voiding disorders were diagnosed in 649 (59.9%) of respondents, with mild, moderate and severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in 370 (34.2%), 216 (19.9 %) and 63 (5.8%) men, respectively; mean IPSS score was 5,0+/-7,0. Among men with LUTS 34.6% were not satisfied with their quality of life. The severity of LUTS was greater among older respondents (B = 0,441; p<0,001), having a high body mass index (B = 0,119; p<0.001), ischemic heart disease (B = 0,231; p<0,001), hypertension (B = 0,240; p<0,001), diabetes mellitus (B = 0,158; p<0,001), obesity (B = 0,151; p<0,001), history of surgery on pelvic organs (B = 0,259; p<0,001), suffering from erectile dysfunction (B = 0,126; p<0,001). 116 (24.1%) men surveyed under ICS protocol had LUTS consistent with OAB criteria. Symptoms of urine storage, emptying and post-micturition symptoms were found in 299 (62%), 164 (34%) and 106 (22%) patients, respectively and were more common in older men. 236 (48.9%) of respondents experienced discomfort or pain, in 72 (15%) - LUTS resulted in decreased sexual activity, but only 149 (30.9%) of men sought treatment. CONCLUSIONS: LUTS in Russia are common among men of any age. They reduce the quality of life, closely associated with erectile dysfunction, metabolic disorders and diseases. Men with urinary disorders need a comprehensive examination and treatment based on an interdisciplinary approach.

[Effect of acute hypoxia on the mechanical and electrical properties of the isolated skeletal muscles in the last third of chick embryogenesis].

The age-related changes of the contractile and electrical responses of the fast (m. tibialis anterior) and slow (m. soleus) isolated skeletal muscles and their changes under acute hypoxia were estimated during the 16-20 days of the chick embryogenesis. For the first time, the contractile and electrical characteristics of these muscles were described in the specified period of embryogenesis. It was shown that the normalized values of the strength of single and tetanic contractile responses m. tibialis anterior significantly exceed these values for m. soleus. It is shown that the normalized values for the strength of the single and tetanic contractile responses in m. tibialis anterior significantly exceed the values for m. soleus. Using the extracellular microelectrodes (loose patch method) on incubation days 16-17, the slow decaying oscillatory excitation waves were registered in the muscle fibers of m. soleus and m. tibialis anterior, and the extracellular action potentials (APs) were registered in 20% of the investigated muscle fibers in m. tibialis anterior. On the developmental day 20 in fast muscles, the amount of muscle fibers, which were able to generate conductive AP, was about 100%, at the same time, it was about 50% in slow fibers. No significant differences in the amplitude-time characteristics of AP between m. soleus and m. tibialis anterior not observed. Under the results obtained, it is assumed that the muscles fast type principally involve in the chicken embryonic motility in normal and during acute hypoxia in the period of incubation from days 16 to 20. To study the mechanisms of change of muscle contractile responses in hypoxia, the influence of caffeine, insulin and ouabain was investigated. Hypoxia caused the decrease of the force of the muscles contractile responses on all studied stages of embryonic development (16-20 days), but did not impact the value of the contracture response caused by caffeine. Proceeding from this, we can conclude that in our conditions, hypoxia does not affect the functional state of the ryanodine receptors. Muscle treated with insulin and ouabain, significantly reduced sensitivity of the contractile responses to the action of hypoxia. It is assumed that membrane Na+, K(+)-ATPase actively particinates in the hypoxic effects.

[Determinants of risk of the development of erectile dysfunction in the Russian Federation: analysis of epidemiological studies].

According to the results of epidemiological studies of prevalence of erectile dysfunction in the Russian Federation, the search for the determinants of risk of its development was performed. It was found that the leading risk factors for the development of erectile dysfunction, in descending order of statistical significance, include the amount of accumulation of points according to the IPSS score, arterial hypertension, L(IPSS) quality of life index, age, diabetes, and overweight and obesity.

[Adaptation of surface of implants towards a recipient tissues].

The investigation was devoted to application of the adaptation method of the polymeric implants surface towards a recipient tissues, basing on application of proteins from the blood autoserum. There was conducted a comparative analysis, basing on results of histological investigations of tissues around implants after processing with adapting composition (AC) and without such. There was established in experiment and clinic, that application of AC for the prosthesis processing guarantees practically complete adaptation of their surface to the patient tissues.

[Physical methods to determine compatibility of implants].

The effect of the living organism on the polymer materials used for the manufacture of grids for implants. It is shown that the recipient's body is actively working to exogenous material , destroying its surface layer and forms around the implant insulating fibro-connective tissue capsule, the thickness of which depends on the severity of the organism's reaction to a foreign body. Proposed instrumental method of determining compatibility before surgery implant material with the recipient using an atomic force microscope (AFM).

[The biocompatibility testing of various types of nonorganic implants].

Impact of living organism on nonorganic materials, which are applied for the implants manufacturing, was studied. There was established, that organism of a recipient patient actively effects on exogenic material, destroying its superficial layer and forming the connective tissue capsule around the implant. The implant surface may start to dissolve selectively as a result of aseptic inflammation, keeping around, in such a situation it become necessary to remove the prostheses, which have lost their function. Impact of organism on surface of different implants of nonorganic origin and the ways of it prophylaxis were investigated. Instrumental method of the preoperative compatibility testing between a recipient organism and the implant material, using the atomic-power microscope, was proposed.

[Dynamics of body mass and oxygen consumption in the ontogeny of the Spanish ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl): 2. Larval stage].

The correlation between characteristics of growth and energy metabolism during the larval stage of development of the Spanish ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl) has been studied. During this period, its body mass is found to increase 140 times and the oxygen consumption rate, 77 times. The highest rate of specific body mass increase and oxygen consumption rate are noted in the early larval stage. Later, these characteristics decrease except for a brief period before completion of metamorphosis when the rate specific body mass increase rises. Comparison of the studied characteristics allows us to note a similar pattern in changes of the specific growth rate and the oxygen consumption rate during the premetamorphic development of the Spanish ribbed newt.

[Dynamics of energy metabolism in ontogenesis of striped shield bug (Graphosoma lineatum L.) and cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae L.)].

Dynamics of growth and oxygen consumption during ontogenesis of insects with direct (striped shield bug Graphosoma lineatum L.) and indirect (cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae L.) development have been compared. The correlation between a character of energy metabolism alteration and peculiarities of development of the insects has been shown. Cyclic decrease of oxygen consumption during molt and sharp dropping during metamorphosis have been observed in insects with indirect development. The decrease of oxygen consumption has been observed in insects with direct development only during molts. The coefficient a of allometric dependence of oxygen consumption on body weight of imago for cabbage moth was two times higher than that for striped shield bug.

[Dynamics of body mass and oxygen consumption in the Iberian ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl ontogenesis: 1. Endotrophic development].

The correlation between parameters of growth and energy metabolism in the example of embryonic and larval development of the Iberian ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl has been studied. The wet body mass increases five times during this period due to water absorption by developing tissues and the yolk, and the dry mass decreases 1.18 times. The highest specific growth rate of developing tissues was noticed at the 33rd stage of embryogenesis (13th-14th day of development). These indexes decreased after the hatching, but increased after larvae switched to external nutrition. Comparison of the studied parameters has identified a similar features in alteration of the specific growth rate, intensity of oxygen consumption, and watering of developing tissues in early development of the Iberian ribbed newt.

[Effect of temperature on the rate of oxygen consumption during the second half of embryonic and early postembryonic development of European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Reptilia: Emydidae)].

Oxygen consumption by eggs of European pond turtle was determined at two constant incubation temperatures of 25 and 28 degrees C during the second half of embryogenesis. During development at both temperatures, the rate of oxygen consumption initially increased to remain constant during the last quarter of embryogenesis. The difference between the rates of oxygen consumption at these temperatures decreased during the studied period. The coefficient Q10 for the rate of oxygen consumption decreased from 9 to 1.7. At an incubation temperature of 28 degrees C, the changes in the rate of oxygen consumption in response to a short-term temperature decrease to 25 degrees C or increase to 30 degrees C depended on the developmental stage and were most pronounced at the beginning of the studied period. During late embryonic and first 2.5 months of postembryonic development, the rate of oxygen consumption did not significantly differ after such temperature changes. The regulatory mechanisms formed during embryonic development are proposed to maintain the level of oxygen consumption during temperature changes.

[Growth and oxygen consumption in embryonic and early postembryonic development of European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Reptilia: Emydidae)].

Experiments on developing eggs of European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) demonstrated S-shaped changes in the rate of oxygen consumption and body weight during embryonic development. The rate of oxygen consumption and weight progressively increased within 70 days after hatching. During embryogenesis, the rate of oxygen consumption decreased. After hatching, it increased but then decreased to a certain level, which remained constant to the end of the studied period. We observed unidirectional changes in oxygen consumption rate during embryonic period and this pattern was maintained after hatching as well. The coefficients of the allometric relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight were a = 0.33 and k = 0.52 during the embryonic period and a = 0.17 and k = 0.89 during the postembryonic period.

[Change in intensity of respiration in development of some invertebrates]. / Izmenenie intensivnosti dykhaniia v ontogeneze nekotorykh bespozvonochnykh.

We studied the dynamic of respiration intensity during ontogenesis of flat worms (Dugesia tigrina), molluscs (Anodonta piscinalis and Viviparus viviparus, and insects (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). In planarians that reproduce vegetatively, the intensity of respiration increases just after fission and decreases at the subsequent phases of growth. In A. piscinalis, this index of metabolism increases during embryonic and early larval development and decreases at the later developmental stages. In V. viviparus, which develops in the female genital tract, the intensity of respiration remains unchanged during embryogenesis and decreases during late embryogenesis and subsequent phases of growth. In L. decemlineata, the intensity of respiration increases during embryonic and early larval development and then decreases to undergo cyclic changes times to molts. This index markedly decreases in the pupae, increases in the beginning of imaginal period, and then again decreases.

[Specific growth rate and the rate of energy metabolism in the ontogenesis of axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum (Amphibia: Ambystomatidae)]. / Udel'naia skorost' rosta i uroven' énergeticheskogo obmena v ontogeneze aksolotlia Ambystoma mexicanum (Amphibia: Ambystomatidae)

Concordant changes in the rate of energy metabolism and specific growth rate of axolotls have been revealed. Several periods of ontogeny are distinguished, which differ in the ratio of energy metabolism to body weight and, therefore, are described by different allometric equations. It is suggested that the specific growth rate of an animal determines the type of dependence of energy metabolism on body weight.

[Test for bioenergetic progress and specific energy metabolism in isopod crustaceans (Isopoda) of various ecology]. / Kriterii bioénergeticheskogo progressa i osobennosti énergeticheskogo obmena ravnonogikh rakoobraznykh (Isopoda) razlichnoi ékologii.

We studied energy metabolism of terrestrial and cavernicolous isopods and demonstrated much lower standard metabolism in the troglobionts as compared to other Isopoda representatives. The test for bioenergetic progress proved to be applicable for both aromorphosis and katamorphosis. Different patterns of the relationship between energy metabolism and temperature in stenothermal and eurythermal species have been proposed.

[Standard metabolism and macrotaxonomy of crustaceans]. / Standartnyi obmen i makrosistematika rakoobraznykh.

The influence of temperature and other environmental factors on the rate of oxygen consumption has been studied in adult forms of crustaceans. The allometric relationship between respiration and body weight was calculated for 15 crustacean orders on the basis of published data on the standard metabolic rate and body weight in 225 crustacean species. The macrotaxonomy of the studied crustacean orders was proposed on the basis of the obtained values of coefficient a from the allometric relationship.

[Evolutionary bioenergetic trap and progressive evolution of animals]. / Evoliutsionnaia bioénergeticheskaia lovushka i progressivnaia évoliutsiia zhivotnykh.

We propose a macroscopic pathway to increase energy metabolism during progressive evolution with reducing size of animal body. If standard metabolism significantly increases in the course of body size reduction through increased coefficient b from the allometric equation (1), two cases are possible: coefficient b remains constant (1) or returns to the normal value (2) at increasing body weight in a given animal group. In the first case, an animal group appears in an evolutionary trap considering possible increase in body size, since the standard metabolism at increasing weight becomes lower starting from a certain point as compared to other animals of the same type. In the second case, increasing body size elevates standard metabolism relative to other animals of the same type, which offers an evolutionary advantage to this group.

[The lifespan and Rubner constant at different temperatures in Drosophila melanogaster]. / Prodolzhitel'nost' zhizni i konstanta Rubnera pri raznykh temperaturakh u Drosophila melanogaster.

According to the Rubner's hypothesis, the total amount of oxygen consumed during life is constant for animals. This value is designated as the Rubner constant. Experimental data on the energetic exchange and life span in D. melanogaster allowed to conclude that the total oxygen consumption during the imaginal stage and during the whole ontogeny was not constant and changed under the influence of environmental temperature factor.

[Changes in the epidermal growth factor receptors in the liver cells of rats in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatic carcinogenesis]. / Izmenenie retseptorov épidermal'nogo faktora rosta v kletkakh pecheni krys pri gepatokantserogeneze, indutsirovannom N-nitrozodiétilaminom.

A sharp decrease in the number of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF-R) in the rat liver plasma membranes had been found at different stages of diethylnitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis. The complete loss of high-affinity binding sites for EGF did not prevent EGF-dependent autophosphorylation of EGF-R. Hepatocytes from the rat liver tumors in the primary culture had two classes of EGF-R: high and low affinity ones, though their number had been twice less than in the normal hepatocytes. The dynamics of internalization and down-regulation of EGF-R was very similar in the primary culture of transformed and normal hepatocytes. It testifies that there are some factors of microenvironment in the liver during carcinogenesis which cause the loss of EGF-R (down-regulation) and a decrease of their affinity (activation of protein kinase C). A possible autocrine or paracrine nature of these factors is discussed.