Prevalencia y tendencia de sobrepeso, obesidad y consumo de alimentos no recomendables en escolares del norte de México / Prevalence and trend of overweight, obesity and consumption of undesirable foods in schoolchildren in northern Mexico

Introducción. En los refrigerios escolares se ha incrementado el consumo de los productos industrializados y se ha observado una disminución en la ingesta de alimentos frescos. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y tendencia de sobrepeso, obesidad y consumo de alimentos no recomendables en escolares del norte de México. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo y transversal, realizado del año 2015 a 2022 en una muestra de 468 niños de ambos sexos de 9 a 12 años de escuelas públicas, se les realizó mediciones antropométricas de peso, estatura y circunferencia de cintura. Para diagnosticar el estado nutricional se utilizó el puntaje Z del índice de masa corporal (IMC) por medio del software Anthro Plus. El consumo alimentario de los escolares se evaluó por medio de una lista de cotejo durante cinco días consecutivos por observación directa los alimentos y bebidas que los escolares llevaron de casa para consumir durante el horario escolar. Resultados. Se encontró que el sobrepeso (SBP) y la obesidad (OB) aumentó durante la pandemia, siendo mayor el SBP en las niñas (17,0%) y mayor la OB en los niños (46,8%). En cuanto a la ingesta alimentaria se observó que durante la pandemia aumentó el consumo de alimentos no recomendables asociándose con el IMC. Conclusiones. El sobrepeso y la obesidad aumentó durante la pandemia, siendo mayor el sobrepeso en las niñas y mayor la obesidad en los niños. En cuanto a la ingesta alimentaria se observó que durante la pandemia el consumo de alimentos no recomendables específicamente en las bebidas azucaradas aumentó y se asoció con el IMC(AU)

Introduction. School snacks have increased consumption of industrialized products and a decrease in the intake of fresh food has been observed. Objective. Determine the prevalence and trend of overweight, obesity and consumption of undesirable foods in schoolchildren in northern Mexico. Materials and methods. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 468 children of both sexes aged 9 to 12 in public schools and anthropometric measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were made. The body mass index (BMI) Z score was used to diagnose nutritional status using the Anthro Plus software. Food consumption of schoolchildren was evaluated by means of a checklist for five consecutive days by direct observation of the food and beverages that schoolchildren took from home to consume during school hours. Results. Overweight (PBS) and obesity (OB) were found to increase during the pandemic, with higher PBS in girls (17.0%) and higher OB in boys (46.8%). About food intake, it was observed that during the pandemic consumption of undesirable foods increased in association with the BMI. Conclusions. Overweight and obesity increased during the pandemic, being more overweight in girls and obesity in boys. As for food intake it was noted that during the pandemic consumption of foods not specifically recommended in sugary drinks increased and was associated with BMI(AU)

[Lifestyle in university students during confinement by COVID-19]. / Estilo de vida en estudiantes universitarios durante el confinamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthy eating and lifestyles. Objective: To determine the impact on diet and lifestyle in university students in the health area of the border areas of Mexico (Tamaulipas and Chiapas) during the confinement by COVID-19. Material and methods: This study was observational, descriptive, analytical, comparative cross-sectional, with convenience sampling with 409 students, 48.7% (199) from Tamaulipas, and 51.3% (210) from Chiapas. A survey with 30 items related to eating behavior and lifestyle was applied. Results: found an increase in obesity in Tamaulipas from 7.5% to 8.5% and in overweight in the state of Chiapas from 21.9% to 24.8% (p=0.001). A decrease in healthy eating was observed during confinement from 61.3% to 52.8% in Tamaulipas (p = 0.05) and from 70.5% to 57.1% in Chiapas (p = 0.001), with consumption of high carbohydrate foods (41.7%) and ultra-high-fat foods predominating on the northern border. processed (13.1%), while for the southern border there was a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables (35.2%) (p = 0.06). On both borders, physical activity decreased during confinement from 61.8% to 60.3% in Tamaulipas (p = 0.09) and 69.5% to 61.0% in Chiapas (p = 0.06). 52.3% and 52.4% of students in Tamaulipas and Chiapas also reported waking up during the night (p = 0.98). Conclusions: The diet and lifestyle of university students from the border areas of Mexico were affected during the confinement by COVID-19 with a decrease in the perception of healthy eating, an increase in the number of meals and a tendency to decrease in the number of meals. consumption of alcohol, tobacco and physical activity.

Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 impactó en la alimentación y en los estilos de vida saludables. Objetivo: determinar el impacto en la alimentación y el estilo de vida en los universitarios del área de la salud de las zonas fronterizas de México (Tamaulipas y Chiapas) durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Material y métodos: este estudio fue observacional, analítico, comparativo y prospectivo, de corte transversal, con muestreo por conveniencia con 409 estudiantes, 48.7% (199) de Tamaulipas, y 51.3% (210) de Chiapas, se aplicó una encuesta con 30 ítems relacionados con el comportamiento alimentario y estilo de vida. Resultados: se identificó un aumento de obesidad en Tamaulipas (de 7.5 a 8.5%) y de sobrepeso en el estado de Chiapas (de 21.9 a 24.8%) (p = 0.001). Se observó una disminución de la alimentación saludable durante el confinamiento de un 61.3% a 52.8% en Tamaulipas (p = 0.05), y de un 70.5% a 57.1% en Chiapas (p = 0.001); predominando en la frontera norte el consumo de alimentos ricos en carbohidratos (41.7%) y alimentos ultraprocesados (13.1%), mientras que para la frontera sur se encontró un mayor consumo de frutas y verduras (35.2%) (p = 0.06). En ambas fronteras disminuyeron la actividad física durante el confinamiento de 61.8% a 60.3% Tamaulipas (p = 0.09) y 69.5% a 61.0% Chiapas (p = 0.06). También manifestaron despertar durante la noche el 52.3% y el 52.4% de los estudiantes de Tamaulipas y Chiapas (p = 0.98). Conclusiones: la alimentación y el estilo de vida en estudiantes universitarios de zonas fronterizas de México se vieron afectados durante el confinamiento por COVID-19, con una disminución en la percepción de alimentación saludable, aumento en el número de comidas y tendencia a la disminución en el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y actividad física.

Alternativas para el aprovechamiento del cuajilote (Parmentiera edulis): una especie agroindustrial subutilizada / Alternatives for the use of cuajilote (Parmentiera edulis): an underutilized agro-industrial species

Resumen El fruto de la especie Parmentiera edulis, conocida como cuajilote, se produce de forma abundante por temporada, es rico en nutrientes y puede ser aprovechado para elaborar alimentos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la viabilidad técnica de utilizar el cuajilote en la formulación de alimentos y bebidas fermentadas para promover su aprovechamiento comercial. Se determinó la composición nutricional, el contenido fenólico y su capacidad antioxidante. Los frutos se deshidrataron y se obtuvo una harina que se mezcló al 0 % (control), 5 %, 10 % y 15 % con harina de maíz, para preparar tortillas, y se evaluó su composición nutricional y aceptación organoléptica. También, se elaboró una bebida fermentada y una bebida destilada, usando Sacharomyces cereviseae, a partir de pulpa de fruta con y sin cáscara. Los mostos para la bebida fermentada se pasteurizaron a 72 ºC/15 s. El fruto presentó alto contenido de proteína (6.5 ± 2.5 %) y fibra (3.9 ± 1.6 %), de compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante. En las tortillas, al aumentar la cantidad de cuajilote se elevó la cantidad de fibra y proteína. Sensorialmente, las tortillas adicionadas con 5 % y 10 % de cuajilote fueron mejor aceptadas. En la bebida fermentada no se encontró diferencia significativa en sus parámetros fisicoquímicos al elaborarla con y sin cáscara, excepto para la acidez total. Tampoco modificó el rendimiento de producción de bebida fermentada o de alcohol destilado. El cuajilote es un fruto poco incorporado a la dieta que presenta propiedades funcionales nutricionales adecuadas y puede ser aprovechado como materia prima en la elaboración de tortillas, aumentando su valor nutricional o para producir bebidas fermentadas o alcohol etílico.

Abstract The fruit of the species Parmentiera edulis, known as cuajilote, is abundantly produced per season, is rich in nutrients and can be used to make food. The objective of this work was to establish the technical feasibility of using cuajilote in the formulation of fermented foods and beverages to promote its commercial use. The nutritional composition, the phenolic content and its antioxidant capacity were determined. The fruits were dehydrated and a flour was obtained that was mixed at 0 % (control), 5 %, 10 % and 15 % with corn flour, to prepare tortillas, and its nutritional composition and organoleptic acceptance were evaluated. Also, a fermented beverage and a distilled beverage were elaborated, using Saccharomyces cereviseae, from fruit pulp with and without shell. The musts for the fermented beverage were pasteurized at 72 ºC/15 s. The fruit presented a high content of protein (6.5 ± 2.5 %) and fiber (3.9 ± 1.6 %) of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. In tortillas, increasing the amount of cuajilote increased the amount of fiber and protein. Sensorially, the tortillas added with 5 % and 10 % cuajilote were better accepted. In the fermented beverage, no significant difference was found in its physicochemical parameters when it was made with and without shell, except for total acidity. Nor did it modify the production yield of fermented beverage or distilled alcohol. Cuajilote is a fruit rarely incorporated into the diet that has adequate functional and nutritional properties and can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of tortillas, increasing its nutritional value or to produce fermented beverages or ethyl alcohol.

[Policies and strategies to combat obesity in Latin America]. / Políticas y estrategias para combatir la obesidad en Latinoamérica.

Background: Latin America is the region with the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity, therefore, strategies and policies have been implemented in some countries to reduce this health problem. Among these, fiscal policies, such as taxes on sugary drinks, high-calorie products, the regulation of advertising and food labeling. Objective: To describe the main strategies and policies against obesity, and the effect they have had on the population. Material and methods: A search was made for articles in English and Spanish published in Pubmed, Scielo, Google Scholar. The keywords were included: health policies, nutritional labeling in Latin America, food labeling, tax on sugary drinks and non-basic foods with high energy density. Results: Within the strategies, traffic light labeling, and warning labeling were the most accepted and understood. As for the taxation of sugar sweetened beverages, studies showed a positive effect on the reduction of consumption, purchase and sale, as well as a decrease in purchases of non-essential energy-dense foods. However, nutritional education in vulnerable groups is essential to better understand their interpretation. Conclusions: The studies analyzed suggest that food labeling, sugar sweetened beverages and non-essential energy-dense foods taxes could effectively reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population in the long term, as well as the costs associated with these diseases.

Introducción: América Latina es la región con mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, por lo que se han implementado estrategias y políticas en algunos países para reducir este problema. Entre estos, las políticas fiscales, como impuestos sobre las bebidas azucaradas, productos de alto contenido calórico, la reglamentación de la publicidad y el etiquetado de los alimentos. Objetivo: Describir las principales estrategias y políticas contra la obesidad, y el efecto que han tenido en la población. Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en inglés y español publicados en Pubmed, Scielo, Google académico. Se incluyeron las palabras clave: políticas de salud, etiquetado nutricional en Latinoamérica, etiquetado de alimentos, impuesto a las bebidas azucaradas y alimentos no básicos con alta densidad energética. Resultados: El etiquetado del semáforo y el etiquetado de advertencia fueron los más aceptados y comprendidos. En cuanto al gravamen de las bebidas azucaradas, los estudios mostraron un efecto positivo en la reducción del consumo, compra y venta, así como una disminución en las compras de alimentos no básicos con alta densidad energética. Sin embargo, la educación nutricional en los grupos vulnerables es esencial para comprender mejor su interpretación. Conclusiones: Los estudios analizados sugieren que el etiquetado de alimentos, los impuestos sobre las bebidas azucaradas y los alimentos no básicos con alta densidad energética podrían reducir efectivamente la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población a largo plazo, así como los costos asociados con estas enfermedades.

Efecto de una intervención nutricional en el consumo de alimentos en escolares de educación básica de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México / Effect of a nutritional intervention on food consumption in basic education schoolchildren in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Introducción: en los últimos años se ha incrementado el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en escolares y esto se ha relacionado con un aumento en la prevalencia de obesidad infantil. Objetivo: calcular el tamaño del efecto de una intervención nutricional en el consumo alimentario en escolares de educación básica de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México. Materiales y métodos: estudio longitudinal, con una muestra de 309 escolares de 12 escuelas primarias públicas; se formaron dos grupos: intervención (GI) y control (GC) con seguimiento de un año. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas. Para evaluar los alimentos incluidos en los refrigerios escolares se utilizó un registro de alimentos antes y después de la intervención y se caracterizaron como recomendables y no recomendables. Se calculó el tamaño del efecto (TE) utilizando el estadístico "g" de Hedges. Resultados: al final del estudio en ambos grupos se incrementó el consumo de agua, sin embargo, él TE fue grande en el GI (TE=0,84), mientras que en el GC fue moderado (TE=0,50). En el GI se encontró una reducción pequeña en el consumo de carnes procesadas (p=0,004; TE=0,28), cereales dulces (p=0,001; TE=0,36) y bebidas no lácteas endulzadas (p=0,001; TE=0,49); mientras que el GC mostró un incremento pequeño en el consumo de comida rápida y antojitos mexicanos (p=0,001; TE=0,46). Conclusiones: en el GI se observó una disminución y un TE pequeño en el consumo de carnes procesadas, cereales dulces y bebidas no lácteas endulzadas. Es necesario diseñar estrategias que promuevan el consumo de alimentos recomendables(AU)

Introduction: In recent years, the consumption of ultraprocessed foods in schoolchildren has increased and this has been linked to an increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity. Objective: To calculate the size of the effect of a nutritional intervention on food consumption in basic education schoolchildren in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Materials and methods: Longitudinal study, with a sample of 309 schoolchildren from 12 public elementary schools; two groups were formed: intervention (IG) and control (CG) with a follow-up of one year. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were made. To evaluate the foods included in school lunch, a food registry was used before and after the intervention and they were characterized as recommended and not recommended. The effect size (ES) was calculated using the Hedges'g statistic. Results: At the end of the study in both groups, water consumption increased, however the ES was big in the IG (ES=0.84); while in the CG it was moderate (ES=0.50). In the IG, a small reduction in the consumption of processed meats was observed (p=0.004; ES=0.28), sweet cereals (p=0.001; ES=0.36) and sweetened nondairy beverages decreased (p=0.001; ES=0.49); while the CG showed a small increase in the consumption of fast food and Mexican appetizers (p=0.001; ES=0.46). Conclusions: In the IG showed a TE small decrease in consumption of processed meats, sweet cereals, and sweetened non-dairy beverages. It is necessary to design strategies that promote the consumption of recommended foods(AU)

Optimization of PCR-based TYLCV molecular markers by response surface methodology.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most economically important vegetables worldwide. However, its production is affected by the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), causing the greatest devastation in the crop. One strategy to cope with TYLCV implies the use of resistant varieties, whose development can be accelerated by molecular markers. The aim of this study was to optimize endpoint PCR protocols for the detection of the molecular markers TG178, TG105A and P6-25, linked to Ty-1, Ty-2 and Ty-3 resistance genes, respectively, through a response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) for four factors (temperature of annealing (Ta), DNA amount, MgCl2 and primer concentrations). Applicability, the limit of detection and dynamic range were also analyzed. The optimized PCR conditions were: for TG178: Ta = 60 °C, 90 ng DNA, 3.36 mM MgCl2 and 0.13 µM primers; for TG105A: Ta = 54.4 °C, 10 ng DNA, 1.5 mM MgCl2 and 0.9 µM primers; for P6-25, Ta = 52.5 °C, 50 ng DNA, 2.5 mM MgCl2 and 0.5 µM primers. Dynamic ranges varied from 0.42 to 103.3 ng of DNA, while the limit of detection was 3.82, 0.42 and 11.47 ng of DNA for the TG178, TG105A and P6-25 molecular makers respectively and was 100% positive in replicates. CCD allowed the optimization of PCR protocols for molecular markers, which may further apply in identifying TYLCV resistant tomato lines.

Alimentos seleccionados por los padres para los refrigerios de sus hijos en etapa de educación básica en Reynosa, Tamaulipas / Lunch box contents of elementary school children in Reynosa, Tamaulipas

Resumen Los refrigerios que consumen los niños durante el recreo complementan su dieta diaria, y pueden representar un riesgo de obesidad si los padres los preparan con base en alimentos procesados, elevados en azúcar, sal y grasa. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el contenido de los refrigerios empacados en casa, así como el estado nutricio de escolares de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal. Se trabajó con 769 niños de 12 escuelas públicas de educación básica. Se tomaron peso y talla. Se registraron durante una semana los refrigerios por observación directa, mediante una lista de cotejo. El 44.7 % de los escolares presentó sobrepeso u obesidad. Los alimentos contenidos en los refrigerios fueron el sándwich (50.0 %), tacos (29.5 %) y tortas (14.5 %). Las bebidas azucaradas incluyeron jugo (44 %) y agua saborizada (38.2 %). El 18.8 % llevó frutas, 13.5 % verduras y 31.6 % agua. En promedio, el contenido de energía fue de 327 kcal, por lo tanto, sobrepasaron la recomendación de calorías, e incluían alimentos no saludables (alto contenido de azúcar y grasa en relación a su aportación nutrimental), siendo necesario realizar intervenciones de educación nutricional para promover el consumo de agua y alimentos saludables dentro del entorno escolar, para mejorar la calidad de los hábitos alimenticios, tanto en escuelas de medio tiempo, como de tiempo completo, las cuales, brindan el servicio de alimentación.

Abstract School lunch supplements children's dailydiet and may pose a risk of obesity if they are prepared based on processed foods high in sugar, salt and fat. The aim of this study was to identify the content of lunch packs, as well as the nutritional status of scholars from Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. To that aim, a descriptive and transversal study was conducted. We worked with 769 children from 12 public elementary schools. Students' size and weight were taken. The contents of their lunch packs were recorded for one week by direct observation through a checklist. 44.7 % of school children were overweight or obese. The foods contained in the lunch packs were sandwich (50.0 %), tacos (29.5 %) and big sandwich (14.5 %). Sugary drinks included juice (44 %) and flavored water (38.2 %). They also contained fruits (18.8 %), vegetables (13.5 %) and water (31.6 %). On average, the energy content was 327 kcal. Therefore, they exceeded the calorie recommendation and included unhealthy foods (high content of sugar and fat in relation to their nutritional contribution). This suggests the need to implement nutrition education intervention programs to promote the consumption of drinking water and healthy foods within the school environment to improve the quality of eating habits.

Digestibility and Acceptability of Wheat Flour Cookies Partially Substituted with High Amylose Maize Starch.

Cookies are one of the most consumed bakery products and the formulation could be modified to consider them as a functional food. The high amylose maize starch (HAMS) is considered as resistant starch (RS) type 2. The objective of this work was to assess the starch fractions, texture, sensory properties and acceptability of wheat flour cookies added with HAMS at different percentages. Adding 15% of HAMS into the formulation increased the amount of RS from 2.3 to 12.8%. In sensory analysis, children and adults showed a good acceptability of cookies since the addition of HAMS did not result in significant changes in flavor or color. Cookies made with HAMS could be considered as functional foods since they had an acceptable texture and low caloric content.

La diabetes y la alimentación determinantes en la progresión de aterosclerosis / Diabetes and type of diet as determinant factor in the progression of atherosclerosis

Resumen El propósito de esta revisión es analizar la progresión bioquímica de la placa aterosclerótica y la relación que presenta con la diabetes y la alimentación. Se exponen las evidencias científicas de pacientes con diabetes, que a diferencia de pacientes no diabéticos presentan niveles más elevados de algunos ácidos grasos en la placa de ateroma (como el palmítico, linoleico y oleico), elevada incidencia de trombosis coronaria relacionada con el incremento en el tamaño de la base necrótica y la disminución del tamaño de la capa fibrosa de los ateromas. Entre ambos grupos de pacientes se expone la diferencia en el perfil de lípidos de la placa aterosclerótica, así como los cambios celulares involucrados en la formación de la misma y la influencia de la alimentación sobre su desarrollo.

Abstract The purpose of this review is to analyze the biochemical progression of atherosclerotic plaque and its association with diet and diabetes. This study shows the scientific evidence of demonstrating that diabetic patients present high levels of fatty acids like palmitic acid and linoleic acid in their atheroma plaques in comparison with non-diabetic patients. This study also establishes how patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic heart diseases in the form of Coronary Thrombosis and have different anatomopathological appearance like higher necrotic core and thin fibrotic layer than the general population. Furthermore this review describes the different anatomopathological appearance and cellular changes involved in the formation of these plaques and how diet can affect the development of these plaques.

[Nutritional status of Mexican school age children, living in the frontier with United States]. / Evaluación nutricional de escolares en una ciudad fronteriza entre Estados Unidos y México.

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition and obesity coexist among Mexican children due to poverty, sedentariness and inadequate food intake. AIM: To assess the nutritional status of school age children in a Mexican city located in the frontier with United States. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional assessment of children from 28 basic schools in 2005, 2008 and 2013. Using a cluster sampling methodology, 5 children per course were selected in each school, reaching a final sample 840 children aged 7 to 12 years old. Body mass index z scores were calculated. RESULTS: The pre valence of overweight and obesity among these children was 49, 54 and 45% in the assessments performed in 2005, 2008 and 2013 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is a trend towards a decrease in the frequency of obesity in these children from 2005 to 2013.

Evaluación nutricional de escolares en una ciudad fronteriza entre Estados Unidos y México / Nutritional status of Mexican school age children, living in the frontier with United States

Background: Undernutrition and obesity coexist among Mexican children due to poverty, sedentariness and inadequate food intake. Aim: To assess the nutritional status of school age children in a Mexican city located in the frontier with United States. Material and Methods: Cross sectional assessment of children from 28 basic schools in 2005, 2008 and 2013. Using a cluster sampling methodology, 5 children per course were selected in each school, reaching a final sample 840 children aged 7 to 12 years old. Body mass index z scores were calculated. Results: The pre valence of overweight and obesity among these children was 49, 54 and 45% in the assessments performed in 2005, 2008 and 2013 respectively. Conclusions: There is a trend towards a decrease in the frequency of obesity in these children from 2005 to 2013.

[Diabetes and type of diet as determinant factor in the progression of atherosclerosis]. / La diabetes y la alimentación determinantes en la progresión de aterosclerosis.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the biochemical progression of atherosclerotic plaque and its association with diet and diabetes. This study shows the scientific evidence of demonstrating that diabetic patients present high levels of fatty acids like palmitic acid and linoleic acid in their atheroma plaques in comparison with non-diabetic patients. This study also establishes how patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic heart diseases in the form of Coronary Thrombosis and have different anatomopathological appearance like higher necrotic core and thin fibrotic layer than the general population. Furthermore this review describes the different anatomopathological appearance and cellular changes involved in the formation of these plaques and how diet can affect the development of these plaques.